《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)》亦稱《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)》、《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》,是專門解(jie)釋(shi)《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》的(de)一(yi)部典籍,其(qi)起(qi)訖年代與《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》一(yi)致,即公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)722年至(zhi)公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)481年,其(qi)釋(shi)史(shi)十分簡(jian)略,而著重闡釋(shi)《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》所謂的(de)“微(wei)言(yan)大義”,用(yong)問答的(de)方式解(jie)經(jing)。《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)》與《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》起(qi)訖時(shi)間相同。相傳(chuan)其(qi)作(zuo)者為(wei)子夏的(de)弟子,戰國時(shi)齊(qi)人(ren)公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)高。起(qi)初只是口說流傳(chuan),西漢景(jing)帝時(shi),傳(chuan)至(zhi)玄孫公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)壽(shou),由(you)公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)壽(shou)與胡母生(子都)一(yi)起(qi)將《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)》著于竹(zhu)帛。《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)》有東漢何休撰《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)解(jie)詁》、唐朝徐彥作(zuo)《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)疏》、清朝陳立撰《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)義疏》。
《公羊(yang)傳(chuan)》的作者舊題是戰國時齊人公羊(yang)高,他受(shou)學于(yu)孔子弟子子夏,后(hou)來成為傳(chuan)《春秋》的三大(da)家之(zhi)一(yi)。
《公(gong)羊傳》是(shi)春(chun)秋三(san)傳之(zhi)一即注釋《春(chun)秋》的(de)書,有(you)左氏、公(gong)羊、谷梁三(san)家,稱為“春(chun)秋三(san)傳”。另有(you)鄒氏、夾氏二(er)家,早在漢朝即已(yi)失傳。《漢書·藝文志(zhi)》,《史記(ji)·十二(er)諸侯年表》,將春(chun)秋三(san)傳的(de)淵源說得很(hen)詳細(xi)。晉范寧(ning)評《春(chun)秋》三(san)傳的(de)特色說:“《左氏》艷而富,其(qi)失也(ye)巫(指(zhi)多(duo)敘鬼神之(zhi)事)。《谷梁》清而婉,其(qi)失也(ye)短。《公(gong)羊》辯而裁,其(qi)失也(ye)俗。”
《尚書(shu)》和《春秋》∶“左史記(ji)言(yan),右史記(ji)事,言(yan)為《尚書(shu)》,事為《春秋》。”這是中(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)代有記(ji)載的(de)(甲骨文)最早的(de)兩部書(shu)。
《春(chun)秋》是(shi)記事的(de)(de),后(hou)多散佚,僅留下經(jing)孔子整(zheng)理的(de)(de)魯國(guo)的(de)(de)《春(chun)秋》,漢代(dai)有重新編撰整(zheng)理的(de)(de)“春(chun)秋三傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)”,即《公(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》、《谷(榖)梁(liang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》、《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》。《春(chun)秋》和《左(zuo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》是(shi)編年體史(shi)書。
春秋(qiu)經文,言簡義深,如無注(zhu)釋(shi),則(ze)無法了解(jie)。注(zhu)釋(shi)春秋(qiu)的(de)書,有左(zuo)氏(shi)(shi)、公羊、谷(榖)梁三家(jia),稱為春秋(qiu)三傳。另(ling)有鄒氏(shi)(shi)、夾氏(shi)(shi)二家(jia),早在漢朝即已失傳。所以自漢至今(jin),學者只藉三傳研讀(du)春秋(qiu)。
《公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)春秋(qiu)》作(zuo)(zuo)為家學,最初只是口耳相傳,至公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)高的玄孫公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)壽(漢(han)(han)景帝時人(ren))方與齊人(ren)胡(hu)毋生(sheng)(sheng)(《漢(han)(han)書(shu)》作(zuo)(zuo)胡(hu)母生(sheng)(sheng),復姓胡(hu)毋,名子(zi)都(dou),生(sheng)(sheng)是“先生(sheng)(sheng)”的意思)合作(zuo)(zuo),將《春秋(qiu)公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)傳》定稿“著于竹帛”。所以《公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)傳》的作(zuo)(zuo)者,班固《漢(han)(han)書(shu)·藝文(wen)志》籠統地稱之(zhi)為“公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)子(zi)”,顏師古說是公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)高,《四庫全書(shu)總目》則(ze)署作(zuo)(zuo)漢(han)(han)公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)壽,說法不一。
《公羊(yang)傳》的(de)(de)體裁特點(dian),是經(jing)(jing)傳合并,傳文逐(zhu)句傳述(shu)《春秋》經(jing)(jing)文的(de)(de)大義,與《左傳》以記載(zai)史(shi)實(shi)為(wei)主(zhu)不同。《公羊(yang)傳》是今文經(jing)(jing)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)重要(yao)經(jing)(jing)籍,歷(li)代今文經(jing)(jing)學(xue)(xue)家時常(chang)用它作為(wei)議(yi)論政治的(de)(de)工具。同時它還是研究(jiu)先秦至漢間儒家思想的(de)(de)重要(yao)資(zi)料。
后世(shi)注釋《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)》的書籍主要有東漢(han)何休(xiu)撰《春(chun)秋(qiu)公(gong)羊解(jie)詁(gu)》、唐(tang)朝徐彥作《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)疏》、清(qing)朝陳立撰《公(gong)羊義疏》。
鄭玄在《六藝(yi)論》中有所批評(ping):“左(zuo)氏善(shan)於禮(li),公(gong)羊善(shan)於讖,谷梁善(shan)於經。”
東(dong)晉(jin)范(fan)甯(《後漢(han)書》作者范(fan)曄之祖父)在(zai)他所撰的(de)《春(chun)秋(qiu)榖(gu)梁經傳(chuan)集解序(xu)》中評(ping)論《春(chun)秋(qiu)》三傳(chuan)的(de)特色說(shuo):"《左氏》艷而(er)富(fu),其(qi)(qi)失也巫。《谷梁》清而(er)婉,其(qi)(qi)失也短。《公羊》辯而(er)裁,其(qi)(qi)失也俗(su)。"《公羊傳(chuan)》的(de)成就在(zai)於發揮《春(chun)秋(qiu)》的(de)褒貶,從而(er)找出“微(wei)言大義(yi)(yi)”和(he)“非(fei)常異義(yi)(yi)可怪之論”(皆東(dong)漢(han)何休(xiu)語)。
原文
原文:靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)為無(wu)道,使(shi)諸大(da)夫(fu)皆內朝(chao),然后處乎(hu)(hu)臺上(shang)引彈(dan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)彈(dan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),己趨(qu)(qu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)辟丸(wan),是(shi)樂而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)已矣。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)已朝(chao)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)出(chu),與諸大(da)夫(fu)立(li)于(yu)(yu)朝(chao),有(you)(you)人(ren)荷畚,自閨(gui)(gui)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)出(chu)者(zhe)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“彼何(he)(he)(he)也(ye)(ye)(ye),夫(fu)畚曷為出(chu)乎(hu)(hu)閨(gui)(gui)?”呼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不至(zhi),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“子(zi)(zi)大(da)夫(fu)也(ye)(ye)(ye),欲(yu)(yu)視(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)(ze)就(jiu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)視(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)就(jiu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)視(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),則(ze)(ze)赫然死(si)人(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“是(shi)何(he)(he)(he)也(ye)(ye)(ye)?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“膳宰也(ye)(ye)(ye),熊蹯不熟,公(gong)(gong)(gong)怒以(yi)斗摮(ao)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),支(zhi)解將使(shi)我棄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“嘻(xi)!”趨(qu)(qu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)入(ru)(ru)(ru)。靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)望見趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)訴而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)再拜。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)逡(qun)巡北面(mian)再拜稽(ji)首,趨(qu)(qu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)出(chu),靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)心怍焉(yan)(yan),欲(yu)(yu)殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)使(shi)勇士(shi)某者(zhe)往殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),勇士(shi)入(ru)(ru)(ru)其大(da)門,則(ze)(ze)無(wu)人(ren)門焉(yan)(yan)者(zhe);入(ru)(ru)(ru)其閨(gui)(gui),則(ze)(ze)無(wu)人(ren)閨(gui)(gui)焉(yan)(yan)者(zhe);上(shang)其堂,則(ze)(ze)無(wu)人(ren)焉(yan)(yan)。俯而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)窺其戶(hu),方食(shi)魚飧。勇士(shi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“嘻(xi)!子(zi)(zi)誠(cheng)仁(ren)人(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)!吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)門,則(ze)(ze)無(wu)人(ren)焉(yan)(yan);入(ru)(ru)(ru)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)閨(gui)(gui),則(ze)(ze)無(wu)人(ren)焉(yan)(yan);上(shang)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堂,則(ze)(ze)無(wu)人(ren)焉(yan)(yan);是(shi)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)易也(ye)(ye)(ye)。子(zi)(zi)為晉國重卿而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)食(shi)魚飧,是(shi)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儉也(ye)(ye)(ye)。君將使(shi)我殺(sha)子(zi)(zi),吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不忍殺(sha)子(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。雖然,吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)亦不可復見吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)君矣。”遂刎頸而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)死(si)。靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)聞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)怒,滋欲(yu)(yu)殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甚,眾莫可使(shi)往者(zhe)。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)伏甲于(yu)(yu)宮中,召(zhao)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)車右(you)祁(qi)彌明(ming)者(zhe),國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力士(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),仡然從乎(hu)(hu)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)入(ru)(ru)(ru),放乎(hu)(hu)堂下(xia)(xia)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)立(li)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)已食(shi),靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)謂(wei)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聞子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劍,蓋利(li)劍也(ye)(ye)(ye),子(zi)(zi)以(yi)示我,吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)將觀焉(yan)(yan)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)起(qi)(qi)將進(jin)劍,祁(qi)彌明(ming)自下(xia)(xia)呼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“盾(dun)(dun)(dun)食(shi)飽(bao)則(ze)(ze)出(chu),何(he)(he)(he)故拔劍于(yu)(yu)君所?”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)知之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),躇階(jie)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)走(zou)。靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)周狗,謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獒(ao)(ao),呼獒(ao)(ao)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)屬(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),獒(ao)(ao)亦躇階(jie)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。祁(qi)彌明(ming)逆而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)踆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),絕(jue)其頷(han)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)顧曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獒(ao)(ao)不若臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獒(ao)(ao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)!”然而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)宮中申鼓而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)起(qi)(qi),有(you)(you)起(qi)(qi)于(yu)(yu)甲中者(zhe)抱(bao)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)乘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)顧曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)何(he)(he)(he)以(yi)得此(ci)于(yu)(yu)子(zi)(zi)?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“子(zi)(zi)某時所食(shi)活(huo)我于(yu)(yu)暴桑下(xia)(xia)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“子(zi)(zi)名為誰?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)君孰為介?子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乘矣,何(he)(he)(he)問吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)名?”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)驅而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)出(chu),眾無(wu)留之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穿(chuan)緣民眾不說,起(qi)(qi)弒靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong),然后迎趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)入(ru)(ru)(ru),與之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)立(li)于(yu)(yu)朝(chao),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)立(li)成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)黑臀。
譯(yi)文:晉靈公不(bu)(bu)行正道,讓(rang)(rang)大(da)夫(fu)們(men)都到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)內(nei)朝上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)朝,自己(ji)卻站(zhan)(zhan)在(zai)(zai)臺(tai)子上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)用(yong)彈弓射上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)夫(fu),他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)夫(fu)們(men)奔走(zou)躲(duo)避(bi)彈丸,晉靈公以此取樂而(er)已。有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)完(wan)朝出(chu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),與大(da)夫(fu)們(men)站(zhan)(zhan)在(zai)(zai)外朝,有人(ren)(ren)抬了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個筐(kuang)從宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)門(men)出(chu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)問(wen):“那是(shi)(shi)什么(me)(me),筐(kuang)為(wei)什么(me)(me)從小(xiao)門(men)出(chu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)?”叫那人(ren)(ren),那人(ren)(ren)卻不(bu)(bu)過來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),說:“您(nin)是(shi)(shi)大(da)夫(fu),想(xiang)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)就(jiu)過來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)吧(ba)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)湊近(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan),赫(he)然(ran)(ran)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個死人(ren)(ren)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)問(wen):“這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)什么(me)(me)人(ren)(ren)?”那人(ren)(ren)回(hui)答(da):“是(shi)(shi)膳宰(zai),他(ta)(ta)沒(mei)(mei)把(ba)熊(xiong)掌(zhang)做熟(shu),國(guo)君(jun)生氣拿(na)斗打(da)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)把(ba)他(ta)(ta)打(da)死了(le),肢解了(le)尸(shi)體讓(rang)(rang)我(wo)丟出(chu)去。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)“啊(a)”了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聲(sheng),就(jiu)快(kuai)步進(jin)(jin)宮(gong)(gong)。靈公看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)見趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)進(jin)(jin)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),驚(jing)恐地向他(ta)(ta)拜(bai)了(le)兩拜(bai)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)遲疑不(bu)(bu)前,向北面兩拜(bai)磕(ke)頭(tou)(tou)至(zhi)地,然(ran)(ran)后就(jiu)快(kuai)步出(chu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)了(le)。靈公心中(zhong)(zhong)有愧,就(jiu)想(xiang)殺了(le)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)派勇(yong)士(shi)某人(ren)(ren)去殺趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)。勇(yong)士(shi)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)門(men),沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)有人(ren)(ren)守護;進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)院內(nei)小(xiao)門(men),也(ye)沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)守護;走(zou)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)廳堂,也(ye)沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)。勇(yong)士(shi)低頭(tou)(tou)從門(men)縫(feng)偷看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan),看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)見趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)正在(zai)(zai)吃只有魚(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晚飯。勇(yong)士(shi)說:“啊(a),他(ta)(ta)真是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個仁(ren)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)。我(wo)進(jin)(jin)大(da)門(men)沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren),進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)內(nei)室沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren),走(zou)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)廳堂也(ye)沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren),可(ke)見他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節省啊(a)。他(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)晉國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重臣(chen),卻吃只有魚(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晚飯,可(ke)見他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簡樸(pu)啊(a)。國(guo)君(jun)讓(rang)(rang)我(wo)殺他(ta)(ta),我(wo)不(bu)(bu)忍心殺他(ta)(ta)。雖(sui)然(ran)(ran)這(zhe)樣,我(wo)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)能再見我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)君(jun)了(le)。”于(yu)是(shi)(shi)就(jiu)自刎而(er)死。晉靈公聽說后非常生氣,就(jiu)更想(xiang)殺趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)了(le),但(dan)眾多手下(xia)(xia)卻沒(mei)(mei)有能派去執行這(zhe)項任務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)晉靈公就(jiu)在(zai)(zai)宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)埋伏(fu)(fu)好(hao)甲(jia)兵(bing)(bing),叫趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)吃飯。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)車(che)右武士(shi)叫祁(qi)彌(mi)(mi)明(ming)(ming),是(shi)(shi)晉國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)力士(shi),壯勇(yong)地跟著趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)入(ru)(ru)宮(gong)(gong),來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)堂下(xia)(xia)站(zhan)(zhan)好(hao)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)吃好(hao)了(le),晉靈公對趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)說:“聽說你的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劍是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)利(li)劍,你拿(na)出(chu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)給我(wo),我(wo)觀賞一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)站(zhan)(zhan)起來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)想(xiang)把(ba)劍呈現給晉靈公,祁(qi)彌(mi)(mi)明(ming)(ming)在(zai)(zai)堂下(xia)(xia)大(da)喊:“趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)吃飽了(le)就(jiu)出(chu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),為(wei)什么(me)(me)在(zai)(zai)國(guo)君(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)住所(suo)里拔劍呢?”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聽頓(dun)時(shi)明(ming)(ming)白了(le),急忙沿階(jie)跑(pao)下(xia)(xia)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)。晉靈公有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條訓練有素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狗,叫作獒(ao)(ao)(ao)。晉靈公喊來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)獒(ao)(ao)(ao)叫它去追趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)。獒(ao)(ao)(ao)也(ye)迅速地沿階(jie)追下(xia)(xia)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)。祁(qi)彌(mi)(mi)明(ming)(ming)迎上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)去飛(fei)起一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)腳,踢(ti)斷了(le)獒(ao)(ao)(ao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)巴。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)回(hui)頭(tou)(tou)說:“國(guo)君(jun)您(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獒(ao)(ao)(ao)不(bu)(bu)如臣(chen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獒(ao)(ao)(ao)啊(a)!”然(ran)(ran)而(er)這(zhe)時(shi)宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)埋伏(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甲(jia)兵(bing)(bing)擊鼓沖了(le)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),其中(zhong)(zhong)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個人(ren)(ren)抱起趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)放到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)車(che)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)回(hui)頭(tou)(tou)問(wen):“我(wo)為(wei)什么(me)(me)會讓(rang)(rang)您(nin)這(zhe)么(me)(me)對待我(wo)?”甲(jia)兵(bing)(bing)說:“您(nin)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)在(zai)(zai)大(da)桑樹下(xia)(xia)給我(wo)吃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),讓(rang)(rang)我(wo)得以活(huo)命。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)問(wen):“您(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名字(zi)是(shi)(shi)什么(me)(me)?”甲(jia)兵(bing)(bing)說:“我(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)君(jun)為(wei)誰埋伏(fu)(fu)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甲(jia)兵(bing)(bing)?您(nin)趕快(kuai)乘車(che)走(zou)吧(ba),何必問(wen)我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名字(zi)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)驅車(che)沖了(le)出(chu)去,甲(jia)兵(bing)(bing)們(men)都沒(mei)(mei)有進(jin)(jin)行阻攔。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穿以民眾不(bu)(bu)滿(man)為(wei)由,起兵(bing)(bing)弒殺了(le)晉靈公,然(ran)(ran)后迎接趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)國(guo)都,與趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起執掌(zhang)朝政,立(li)成公黑臀為(wei)君(jun)。
《春秋公羊傳》作為今文學派(pai)的中堅,有獨特的理論(lun)色(se)彩(cai)。主要(yao)有三項(xiang):
1、政治性。講“改(gai)制”,宣揚“大一統(tong)”,撥(bo)亂反正,為后王(wang)立法。
2、變易性。它形(xing)成(cheng)了一(yi)套“三(san)世(shi)(shi)說(shuo)”歷史哲學理(li)論體系。《公羊傳》講“所(suo)見(jian)異辭,所(suo)聞異辭,所(suo)傳聞異辭”是其(qi)雛形(xing)。董仲舒(shu)加以(yi)發揮,劃分春秋十二公為“所(suo)見(jian)世(shi)(shi)”、“所(suo)聞世(shi)(shi)”、“所(suo)傳聞世(shi)(shi)”,表明(ming)春秋時期二百四十二年(nian)不(bu)(bu)是鐵板(ban)一(yi)塊,或(huo)凝(ning)固不(bu)(bu)變,而是可按一(yi)定(ding)標準劃分為不(bu)(bu)同的階(jie)段。
3、《春秋公羊(yang)傳》的(de)“三世(shi)(shi)說(shuo)”:“所傳聞(wen)世(shi)(shi)”是“據亂世(shi)(shi)”,“內其國外其夏”;“所聞(wen)世(shi)(shi)”是“升平世(shi)(shi)”,“內諸夏外夷狄(di)”;“所見(jian)世(shi)(shi)”是“太平世(shi)(shi)”,“夷狄(di)進至于(yu)爵,天下遠近大小若(ruo)一”。
按照(zhao)今文公羊家的(de)(de)闡發,《春秋》之“義”的(de)(de)重要內(nei)容(rong)之一是“張三(san)世(shi)(shi)”。即孔子(zi)將春秋242年的(de)(de)歷(li)史,劃分成(cheng)了“據亂世(shi)(shi)”、“升平世(shi)(shi)”、“太平世(shi)(shi)”。今文家的(de)(de)這種認(ren)識有兩點值得注意:
1、他們所“描述”的歷(li)史(shi)(shi)運動,并不符合史(shi)(shi)實但卻符合“理(li)想”。從(cong)春秋“本然”的歷(li)史(shi)(shi)來看,“三(san)世(shi)說(shuo)”的誣妄顯而易見。顧頡剛《春秋三(san)傳(chuan)及(ji)國語之(zhi)(zhi)綜合研究》即指出:“此三(san)世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)殊難稽信(xin)也。事實上春秋時愈(yu)(yu)降(jiang)則愈(yu)(yu)不太平,政亂民苦無可(ke)(ke)告訴,可(ke)(ke)謂太平乎?”
至少從(cong)漢(han)代起(qi),今文(wen)公羊(yang)(yang)家已經對于人(ren)類(lei)歷(li)史運(yun)動的規律性進行了富有想(xiang)象力的探討。根據公羊(yang)(yang)家的論述(shu),人(ren)類(lei)歷(li)史的演(yan)進,從(cong)“據亂世”進入相對平(ping)和穩定的“升平(ping)世”,再到“太平(ping)世”,是一(yi)(yi)條(tiao)“理(li)(li)想(xiang)”的社會(hui)發展軌轍。在(zai)這套理(li)(li)論中,蘊(yun)涵著“歷(li)史的運(yun)動是有規律的”這樣一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)可貴的思想(xiang)胚芽。
2、“三(san)(san)世(shi)說”在(zai)本質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)性上是(shi)(shi)(shi)循環論的(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)在(zai)據亂世(shi)――升(sheng)平(ping)世(shi)――太平(ping)世(shi)“三(san)(san)世(shi)”循環范圍內,又存(cun)在(zai)著一個不斷“向前”發展的(de)(de)(de)序列,因而也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個“進化(hua)”的(de)(de)(de)序列。何休注《公羊傳》,更糅(rou)合了《禮記·禮運》關(guan)于大(da)同、小(xiao)康的(de)(de)(de)描繪(hui),發展成為具有一定(ding)(ding)系統性的(de)(de)(de)“三(san)(san)世(shi)說”歷史(shi)(shi)哲學(xue),論證歷史(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)進化(hua)的(de)(de)(de),變易(yi)和變革是(shi)(shi)(shi)歷史(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)普(pu)遍(bian)法則。
何休注《春(chun)秋(qiu)公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》時(shi)(shi)的進一步發揮:所(suo)(suo)見(jian)(jian)者(zhe)(zhe),謂昭(zhao)定哀(ai),己與父(fu)時(shi)(shi)事(shi)也;所(suo)(suo)聞者(zhe)(zhe),謂文(wen)宣成(cheng)襄,王父(fu)時(shi)(shi)事(shi)也;所(suo)(suo)傳(chuan)(chuan)聞者(zhe)(zhe),謂隱桓莊閔僖,高祖曾(ceng)祖時(shi)(shi)事(shi)也。……於(wu)所(suo)(suo)傳(chuan)(chuan)聞之(zhi)世,見(jian)(jian)治(zhi)(zhi)起於(wu)衰亂之(zhi)中,用(yong)心尚粗(cu)糙,故(gu)內其(qi)國(guo)而外諸夏;……於(wu)所(suo)(suo)聞之(zhi)世,見(jian)(jian)治(zhi)(zhi)升平,內諸夏而外夷(yi)狄;……至(zhi)所(suo)(suo)見(jian)(jian)之(zhi)世,著(zhu)治(zhi)(zhi)太平,夷(yi)狄進至(zhi)於(wu)爵(jue),天下遠(yuan)近(jin)大小若一。……所(suo)(suo)以三(san)世者(zhe)(zhe),禮為(wei)父(fu)母(mu)(mu)三(san)年,為(wei)祖父(fu)母(mu)(mu)期,為(wei)曾(ceng)祖父(fu)母(mu)(mu)齊衰三(san)月,立(li)愛自(zi)親始,故(gu)《春(chun)秋(qiu)》據哀(ai)錄隱,上治(zhi)(zhi)祖禰(ni)。(《春(chun)秋(qiu)公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)經傳(chuan)(chuan)解(jie)詁·隱公(gong)(gong)元年》)
照何休(xiu)的(de)解(jie)釋,春秋二(er)百(bai)四十二(er)年的(de)歷史(shi),經過了(le)所(suo)傳聞(wen)的(de)衰亂世、所(suo)聞(wen)的(de)升平世和所(suo)見的(de)太平世這樣三個階段。而(er)所(suo)以會是三個階段者,蓋由于(yu)“禮”是尚三的(de)等等。這是何休(xiu)的(de)歷史(shi)進化(hua)論,公(gong)羊傳本(ben)身并沒有這么多意思。自(zi)東漢以后,封建社會結構趨(qu)于(yu)穩定,主張“尊(zun)古(gu)”的(de)古(gu)文經學更適于(yu)作為(wei)政治指導思想,取代(dai)了(le)主張“改制”、“變易”的(de)今(jin)文學說(shuo)的(de)尊(zun)崇地位。今(jin)文公(gong)羊學說(shuo)從(cong)此消沉一(yi)千(qian)余年,迄清(qing)中葉方被重新(xin)提起。
《公羊傳(chuan)》寫(xie)定于(yu)漢初,系(xi)用漢代(dai)通行的隸書書寫(xie),它是今文經(jing)學中(zhong)富有理論色彩的代(dai)表性典籍(ji)。公羊學者認(ren)為,《春(chun)(chun)秋經(jing)》是孔子借春(chun)(chun)秋242年史事以表示自己的政治觀點,處(chu)處(chu)包含“微言(yan)大(da)義”。這(zhe)同古文學派認(ren)為《春(chun)(chun)秋經(jing)》是一部歷史著作不同。
《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)》其戰國初(chu)至(zhi)漢初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)承系統是:子夏→公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)高→公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)平→公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)地→公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)敢→公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)壽(shou)→胡毋子都(生);公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)學派對《春(chun)秋》的(de)(de)(de)研究開始僅口說流傳(chuan),至(zhi)漢景帝時,胡母生和(he)他的(de)(de)(de)老師(shi)公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)壽(shou)用漢代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)隸書“著于竹帛(bo)”,才使《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)》成書。
漢初傳《公羊(yang)》有三家(jia),司馬遷在《儒林列傳》中(zhong)說(shuo):“言(yan)《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》于(yu)(yu)齊(qi)、魯自胡毋(wu)生(sheng),于(yu)(yu)趙(zhao)自董(dong)(dong)仲舒(shu)(shu)(shu),……公孫弘(hong)治(zhi)《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》不如(ru)董(dong)(dong)仲舒(shu)(shu)(shu)……故漢興至于(yu)(yu)五世之間,唯(wei)董(dong)(dong)仲舒(shu)(shu)(shu)名為(wei)明(ming)于(yu)(yu)《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》,其傳《公羊(yang)氏》也。胡毋(wu)生(sheng),齊(qi)人也,孝景時(shi)為(wei)博士,以(yi)老歸教授,齊(qi)之言(yan)《春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》者(zhe),多受胡毋(wu)生(sheng),公孫弘(hong)亦頗受焉。”在這三家(jia)中(zhong),盡(jin)管董(dong)(dong)仲舒(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)佼佼者(zhe),即(ji)他對《公羊(yang)》的闡發(fa)比胡毋(wu)生(sheng)與公孫弘(hong)深刻(ke),但(dan)始終只(zhi)是(shi)《公羊(yang)學》中(zhong)的一派,并非是(shi)《公羊(yang)》學的唯(wei)一宗師。特別是(shi),東漢《公羊(yang)》學的最大代(dai)表(biao)何休(xiu),在其名著《公羊(yang)解詁》中(zhong),明(ming)確胡毋(wu)生(sheng)是(shi)《公羊(yang)》宗師,而一個字(zi)都未提(ti)及董(dong)(dong)仲舒(shu)(shu)(shu)。
西漢(han)初(chu)期,時代(dai)需要(yao)封建大一(yi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)思(si)想(xiang)。《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)春(chun)秋(qiu)》就是(shi)齊學(xue)學(xue)者對孔子《春(chun)秋(qiu)》改(gai)造的(de)(de)結果(guo),因而受到了漢(han)武帝(di)的(de)(de)重視。漢(han)景帝(di)時,胡母生(sheng)(sheng)和董仲(zhong)舒(shu)被招為(wei)博士(shi)。二(er)人同業(ye)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)春(chun)秋(qiu)》(也有(you)學(xue)者認(ren)為(wei),他是(shi)胡母生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)弟子),董仲(zhong)舒(shu)曾(ceng)著書稱(cheng)其德(de)。正是(shi)董仲(zhong)舒(shu)、胡母生(sheng)(sheng)為(wei)代(dai)表的(de)(de)齊學(xue)學(xue)者將儒學(xue)理論改(gai)造成(cheng)了符(fu)合(he)大一(yi)統(tong)(tong)需要(yao)的(de)(de)新儒學(xue),才取得(de)(de)漢(han)武帝(di)欣(xin)賞(shang),獲得(de)(de)了“罷黜百家,獨尊儒術”的(de)(de)學(xue)術統(tong)(tong)治(zhi)地(di)位(wei)。胡母生(sheng)(sheng)弟子眾多,有(you)名(ming)的(de)(de)除公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫弘外(wai),還有(you)蘭陵褚大、東平嬴(ying)公(gong)(gong)(gong)、廣川(chuan)段仲(zhong)、溫之呂步(bu)舒(shu)。后來,又有(you)齊人任(ren)公(gong)(gong)(gong)、貢(gong)禹(yu)、管路、左咸、魯(lu)眭孟、顏安樂、嚴彭祖等均(jun)以治(zhi)《春(chun)秋(qiu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳》得(de)(de)顯(xian)。
《公羊(yang)春秋》在中(zhong)(zhong)國傳統文化中(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)有重要(yao)地位,東(dong)漢的何(he)休(xiu)、唐代的徐彥、清代中(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)期常(chang)州(zhou)學派(pai)的莊存與(yu)、孔廣(guang)森、劉逢(feng)祿(lu)、龔自珍、魏源(yuan),直到近代維新(xin)派(pai)的康(kang)有為、梁啟超等,都(dou)是公羊(yang)學派(pai)中(zhong)(zhong)有影響(xiang)的人物。
1995年,蔣慶出版(ban)《公羊學(xue)引論》一書,為當代公羊學(xue)重興之濫(lan)觴。
《公羊(yang)傳》的(de)歷史思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)比《谷梁傳》更為豐富,其影(ying)響也更深遠(yuan)。在漢代,公羊(yang)學大(da)顯于(yu)世。魏晉以后(hou)(hou)雖經(jing)一(yi)千多(duo)年的(de)消(xiao)沉,至鴉片戰爭前后(hou)(hou)卻重新(xin)復興(xing),而且(qie)風(feng)靡(mi)一(yi)時,成為近代維(wei)新(xin)運(yun)動的(de)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)武器,并且(qie)是十(shi)九世紀(ji)、二十(shi)世紀(ji)之交中(zhong)國(guo)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)界接受(shou)西(xi)方進化論的(de)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)基(ji)礎。“公羊(yang)學”的(de)產生和兩次盛行(xing),是思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)史、史學史上(shang)發人深思(si)的(de)歷史現象(xiang),其秘密在于(yu)《公羊(yang)傳》中(zhong)蘊含著一(yi)套獨有(you)的(de)政治———歷史哲學。
《公羊(yang)傳(chuan)》寫定(ding)于漢初,系用漢代通(tong)行的隸(li)字(zi)書寫,它是今(jin)文經學中富有理論色彩的代表性典籍。公羊(yang)學者認(ren)為,《春(chun)秋經》是孔子借春(chun)秋242年(nian)史事以表示自己的政(zheng)治觀點(dian),處處包含(han)“微言大(da)義”。這同(tong)古文學派認(ren)為《春(chun)秋經》是一(yi)部歷史著(zhu)作不同(tong)。從這一(yi)根(gen)本點(dian)出發,《公羊(yang)傳(chuan)》包含(han)著(zhu)一(yi)些可供(gong)人們發揮的歷史思(si)想:
第一,《公(gong)羊傳》認為(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)在《春秋經》中貫穿了(le)“大一統(tong)”、“撥亂(luan)反正(zheng)”等(deng)政治“大義”。大力彰揚孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)擁戴周天(tian)(tian)子(zi)“天(tian)(tian)下(xia)共主(zhu)”的(de)(de)立場,作為(wei)(wei)(wei)儒家思想最(zui)重要的(de)(de)原則,為(wei)(wei)(wei)戰國晚期正(zheng)在進(jin)行的(de)(de)“統(tong)一”作輿論(lun)的(de)(de)準備(bei)。甚至直接成為(wei)(wei)(wei)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)專(zhuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)漢(han)代(dai)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)而制(zhi)定(ding)的(de)(de)治國綱領!
第二,《公(gong)(gong)羊傳》又包含(han)有歷(li)史(shi)變易觀點(dian),人們可以據之推(tui)演,劃分歷(li)史(shi)的(de)發展階段(duan)。此即著(zhu)名的(de)公(gong)(gong)羊三(san)世(shi)說(shuo)(shuo)。更重(zhong)要的(de)是,其對(dui)于三(san)世(shi)異辭說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)解釋包含(han)一個很寶貴的(de)觀點(dian):不把春秋242年視為鐵板一塊、凝固不變,而看作(zuo)可按一定標準劃分為不同的(de)發展階段(duan)。
第三(san),《公(gong)(gong)羊傳》專講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)“微(wei)言大(da)(da)義”。上述兩項都是極重要的“微(wei)言大(da)(da)義”,其(qi)他(ta)明顯的還(huan)有:隱公(gong)(gong)三(san)年講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)譏世卿;莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)四年講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)“九世復(fu)仇”;閔公(gong)(gong)元年講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)“為(wei)(wei)尊者諱(hui),為(wei)(wei)親者諱(hui),為(wei)(wei)賢者諱(hui)”等。諸如此類都可以大(da)(da)加引申比(bi)附。
總括來說,《公羊傳》的歷史哲學具有政(zheng)治性(xing)、變易(yi)性(xing)和可比附性(xing)三大特點,在儒家(jia)經典中并不多見。
《公羊傳》的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)精神是宣揚儒(ru)家(jia)思想(xiang)中(zhong)撥亂(luan)反正、大義滅親,對亂(luan)臣賊子要(yao)(yao)(yao)無情鎮壓的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)面(mian),為強化中(zhong)央專制(zhi)集權和“大一(yi)(yi)統”服務。《公羊傳》尤為今文(wen)經(jing)學派(pai)所推崇,是今文(wen)經(jing)學的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)典(dian)籍,歷代今文(wen)經(jing)學家(jia)都常用它作(zuo)為議(yi)論政治的(de)(de)工具。它也(ye)是研究戰國、秦、漢(han)間(jian)儒(ru)家(jia)思想(xiang)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)資料。?
三傳今古文之爭
三傳今古(gu)文(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)爭,自漢代(dai)到近代(dai),仍然得不到結論。四庫(ku)簡目(mu)綜評,左(zuo)氏褒貶或有不確之(zhi)(zhi)處,但(dan)所(suo)述事實,都是根(gen)據古(gu)代(dai)正史,如(ru)果(guo)不明事跡的(de)始末,何能臆(yi)斷是非?所(suo)以,研讀春秋,必以左(zuo)傳為根(gen)柢。
《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》自子夏到公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)壽,經過六傳(chuan)(chuan),皆是口耳授受,又加經師(shi)附益,難免不失圣人之意,然而大義相(xiang)傳(chuan)(chuan),究竟有(you)其所受之本。谷梁(liang)子與公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)同(tong)師(shi),文(wen)比(bi)公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)更少,但有(you)些精義,或為公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)所不及。此論可謂公(gong)(gong)允。
左氏所(suo)(suo)記的(de)事(shi)實(shi)(shi),有(you)很多是出乎一般人(ren)(ren)了解之(zhi)外(wai)者,如莊公(gong)(gong)八(ba)年,齊侯(hou)在野(ye)外(wai)看見(jian)一頭大豕(shi),竟是冤死的(de)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)彭生所(suo)(suo)變,齊侯(hou)怒(nu)而(er)(er)射之(zhi),豕(shi)人(ren)(ren)立(li)而(er)(er)啼(ti)。又如昭公(gong)(gong)七年,鄭子(zi)產講述禹王之(zhi)父鯀死后化為黃熊(一作熊)。其(qi)它尚(shang)有(you)很多鬼神之(zhi)事(shi),以(yi)及卜筮(shi)禍(huo)福之(zhi)期等(deng)。這在講究現實(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)生的(de)學(xue)者看來,確是奇異。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)范寧(ning)在他的(de)谷(gu)梁傳(chuan)(chuan)序文里說:“左氏艷而(er)(er)富,其(qi)失也巫(wu)”。然而(er)(er)理(li)藉事(shi)明,奇事(shi)愈多,則其(qi)供給學(xue)者的(de)見(jian)聞(wen)愈廣,學(xue)者可(ke)以(yi)深悉前因后果,眼界(jie)為之(zhi)大開(kai),探(tan)索經義自然便(bian)利。故(gu)以(yi)左傳(chuan)(chuan)為主,兼采公(gong)(gong)谷(gu)二家,實(shi)(shi)為研(yan)讀春秋的(de)正途。
傳(chuan)說《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)》是(shi)戰國時(shi)代公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)高編撰的(de),先是(shi)師徒(tu)口耳(er)相傳(chuan),直到西漢景帝時(shi)才(cai)寫定成書(shu)。和《左傳(chuan)》《谷(gu)梁傳(chuan)》一(yi)(yi)樣,《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)》開始是(shi)與《春秋(qiu)(qiu)》分開流傳(chuan)的(de),大概在(zai)西漢后期哀(ai)帝時(shi),著(zhu)名學者劉歆“引傳(chuan)文(wen)以解經”,才(cai)把(ba)孔子編定的(de)魯國史(shi)書(shu)《春秋(qiu)(qiu)》尊為(wei)“經”,把(ba)《左氏春秋(qiu)(qiu)》《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)春秋(qiu)(qiu)》《谷(gu)梁春秋(qiu)(qiu)》稱為(wei)解釋經書(shu)的(de)“傳(chuan)”,后人以傳(chuan)附經,合(he)(he)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)編,從(cong)此便把(ba)這三本書(shu)合(he)(he)稱為(wei)“春秋(qiu)(qiu)三傳(chuan)”。
《漢(han)書(shu)·藝文志(zhi)》的(de)(de)“春秋”類有(you):“《公(gong)羊傳》十一(yi)卷”。班固(gu)注:“公(gong)羊子,齊(qi)人(ren)。”唐代顏(yan)師古(gu)注:“名高”。“公(gong)羊”的(de)(de)含義是(shi)(shi)什(shen)么(me)呢?有(you)人(ren)認(ren)為是(shi)(shi)復姓,有(you)人(ren)懷疑“公(gong)羊”、“谷梁”都是(shi)(shi),“卜商”(即(ji)子夏)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)音,近人(ren)蔡元培、顧頡(jie)剛等認(ren)為“公(gong)”和“谷”雙聲,“羊”和“梁”疊韻(yun),因而(er)“公(gong)羊”即(ji)是(shi)(shi)“谷梁”,這(zhe)兩部書(shu)的(de)(de)作者(zhe)可能是(shi)(shi)同一(yi)個人(ren),這(zhe)種(zhong)分(fen)析不(bu)一(yi)定(ding)可信。
清代洪頤煊《經義叢鈔》認為,“明”字的古(gu)音讀(du)“芒(mang)”,“芒(mang)”和“羊(yang)(yang)”同韻,所以(yi)“《春(chun)秋》家公羊(yang)(yang)高,亦即《孟子(zi)》所謂公明高也”。此說也缺乏(fa)說服力(li)。關于公羊(yang)(yang)子(zi),正(zheng)史上沒有發現其(qi)他(ta)記載(zai)。
《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)》未成(cheng)書(shu)之前(qian)(qian),口耳相傳(chuan),它的(de)傳(chuan)承過(guo)程,據東(dong)漢何休《春秋公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)·序》唐徐彥疏引戴(dai)宏序說:“子(zi)夏傳(chuan)與(yu)公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)高,高傳(chuan)與(yu)其(qi)子(zi)平(ping),平(ping)傳(chuan)與(yu)其(qi)子(zi)地,地傳(chuan)與(yu)其(qi)子(zi)敢(gan),敢(gan)傳(chuan)與(yu)其(qi)子(zi)壽(shou)。至漢景帝時,壽(shou)乃(nai)共弟子(zi)齊人(ren)胡毋子(zi)都著于(yu)竹帛(bo)。”這段(duan)話有三(san)點值得注意:第一(yi),說《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)》傳(chuan)自孔子(zi)的(de)弟子(zi)子(zi)夏。第二,《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)》的(de)成(cheng)書(shu)從子(zi)夏(生于(yu)魯定公(gong)(gong)二年,即公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)507年)到漢景帝初(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)156年),經過(guo)了340年左右。第三(san),漢景帝時,《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)》才寫(xie)定成(cheng)書(shu)。
關(guan)于(yu)(yu)第一點,楊伯峻《經書淺談》指出:“《公(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》中‘大一統(tong)’這(zhe)個觀念,要在秦漢以(yi)后才能有,這(zhe)就足以(yi)證明《公(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》不(bu)出于(yu)(yu)子夏。”他又(you)說:“總之,無論(lun)公(gong)羊(yang)高(gao)或谷梁赤,都未必是(shi)子夏的(de)學生,托名子夏,不(bu)過借以(yi)自重罷了。”關(guan)于(yu)(yu)第二點,戴宏所說的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承線(xian)索(suo)明顯有誤,340年間(jian)公(gong)羊(yang)氏(shi)僅傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)五代,每代要相(xiang)距(ju)65年以(yi)上(shang),這(zhe)是(shi)不(bu)可能的(de)。關(guan)于(yu)(yu)第三點,說《公(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》作于(yu)(yu)漢景帝時,大致(zhi)可信。
《四(si)庫全(quan)書總目提要·春(chun)秋公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳注疏》認為:“今(jin)觀傳中有‘子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)沈子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)’、‘子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)司馬子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)’、‘子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)女子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)’、‘子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)北宮(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)’,又有‘高子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)’、‘魯子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)’,蓋皆傳授之(zhi)經(jing)師,不(bu)(bu)盡出于(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。定公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元年(nian)傳‘正(zheng)棺于(yu)兩楹之(zhi)間’二句,《谷梁傳》引(yin)之(zhi),直稱(cheng)‘沈子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)’,不(bu)(bu)稱(cheng)‘公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)’,是(shi)(shi)并其(qi)不(bu)(bu)著(zhu)姓氏者(zhe)(zhe),亦不(bu)(bu)盡出公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。且并有‘子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)曰(yue)’,尤不(bu)(bu)出于(yu)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang))高之(zhi)明證。”《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳》既然是(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)自(zi)己寫的(de)(de),就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)應引(yin)自(zi)己的(de)(de)說法。由(you)此可以證明,《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳》的(de)(de)作者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)高,自(zi)然更(geng)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏所傳的(de)(de)。看來,《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳》可能是(shi)(shi)集體創作,最后由(you)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)壽和他的(de)(de)弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)胡毋子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)都(dou)寫成書。