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基本結構

電話機是通過電信號(hao)雙向傳輸話音的終(zhong)端設備。

歷(li)史上(shang)對電(dian)話(hua)機(ji)的改進和發明(ming)包括：碳粉話(hua)筒、電(dian)話(hua)人工交換(huan)板(ban)、撥號盤、自動(dong)(dong)電(dian)話(hua)交換(huan)機(ji)、程控電(dian)話(hua)交換(huan)機(ji)、雙音(yin)多頻撥號、語音(yin)數(shu)字采樣等(deng)。新技術包括：ISDN、DSL、模(mo)擬移動(dong)(dong)電(dian)話(hua)和數(shu)字移動(dong)(dong)電(dian)話(hua)機(ji)等(deng)。

基本按鍵

電話(hua)(hua)(hua)電源線、電話(hua)(hua)(hua)線、收線開關、受話(hua)(hua)(hua)器、增音按(an)鈕(niu)、送話(hua)(hua)(hua)器、本機號碼片、鈴聲(sheng)及免(mian)提(ti)(ti)喇叭、記(ji)憶代碼鍵(jian)(jian)、記(ji)憶號碼片、數字按(an)鍵(jian)(jian)、記(ji)憶取(qu)出鍵(jian)(jian)、記(ji)憶儲存(cun)鍵(jian)(jian)、重撥(bo)鍵(jian)(jian)、工(gong)作指示(shi)燈、免(mian)提(ti)(ti)鍵(jian)(jian)、R鍵(jian)(jian)、免(mian)提(ti)(ti)送話(hua)(hua)(hua)器、鈴聲(sheng)調節開關、P/T開關、免(mian)提(ti)(ti)接收音量(liang)調節旋鈕(niu)。

工作原理

電(dian)話通信是通過(guo)聲能(neng)與(yu)電(dian)能(neng)相(xiang)互(hu)轉換、并利用“電(dian)”這個媒介來(lai)傳輸語言的一種通信技術。兩個用戶要進(jin)行通信，最(zui)簡單的形式就是將兩部電(dian)話機用一對線路連(lian)接起(qi)來(lai)。

當發話(hua)(hua)者拿起(qi)電話(hua)(hua)機對著送話(hua)(hua)器講話(hua)(hua)時，聲帶的振動激勵(li)空(kong)氣振動，形成(cheng)聲波(bo)。

聲波(bo)作用于送話器上，使(shi)之(zhi)產生電流，稱為話音電流。

話(hua)音電流沿(yan)著線(xian)路(lu)傳送到對方電話(hua)機的受話(hua)器內(nei)。

而受(shou)話(hua)器(qi)作用與送話(hua)器(qi)剛好相(xiang)反(fan)——把(ba)電流(liu)轉化為聲波，通(tong)過空氣傳至人的耳(er)朵中(zhong)。

這樣，就完成了最簡(jian)單的通話過程。

發展歷史

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)是美(mei)國人A.G.貝爾于(yu)(yu)1876年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)明的(de)(de)。他(ta)用(yong)兩(liang)根(gen)導(dao)線連接兩(liang)個結構完全(quan)相同、在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵(tie)上(shang)裝有振動(dong)膜片的(de)(de)送(song)(song)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器(qi)(qi)和受話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器(qi)(qi)，首先實現(xian)兩(liang)端通(tong)(tong)(tong)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。但通(tong)(tong)(tong)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)距(ju)離(li)短、效率低。1878年(nian)(nian)出(chu)現(xian)了(le)炭(tan)精送(song)(song)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器(qi)(qi)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)送(song)(song)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器(qi)(qi)效率大大提高。受話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器(qi)(qi)結構也有改(gai)進(jin)(jin)。最早的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)是磁石電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)，靠自備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)手(shou)搖發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)送(song)(song)呼叫信號。1880年(nian)(nian)出(chu)現(xian)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)，改(gai)由共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)交換(huan)機(ji)(ji)集(ji)中供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，省去手(shou)播發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。1891年(nian)(nian)出(chu)現(xian)了(le)旋轉撥(bo)號盤(pan)式(shi)自動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)，它可以發(fa)(fa)出(chu)直(zhi)流撥(bo)號脈(mo)沖，控制自動(dong)交換(huan)機(ji)(ji)動(dong)作，選擇(ze)被叫用(yong)戶，自動(dong)完成交換(huan)功能。從(cong)而把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)通(tong)(tong)(tong)信推向一個新階段。到(dao)20世紀60年(nian)(nian)代(dai)末期(qi)出(chu)現(xian)了(le)按(an)(an)鍵(jian)式(shi)全(quan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)。除(chu)脈(mo)沖發(fa)(fa)號方(fang)式(shi)外，又出(chu)現(xian)了(le)雙(shuang)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)多頻(pin)（DTMF）發(fa)(fa)號方(fang)式(shi)。隨著程控交換(huan)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展，雙(shuang)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)頻(pin)按(an)(an)鍵(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)已(yi)逐步(bu)普及。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)正(zheng)在向集(ji)成化邁進(jin)(jin)，話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)專用(yong)集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)已(yi)廣泛用(yong)于(yu)(yu)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)各(ge)組成部分。各(ge)種多功能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)和特種用(yong)途電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)也應(ying)運而生(sheng)。到(dao)20世紀90年(nian)(nian)代(dai)初，已(yi)有了(le)將(jiang)撥(bo)號、通(tong)(tong)(tong)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、振鈴三種功能集(ji)于(yu)(yu)一塊(kuai)集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)上(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)。隨著話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)識別技術的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展，直(zhi)接用(yong)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)“撥(bo)號”的(de)(de)新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)也正(zheng)在出(chu)現(xian)

最(zui)初(chu)的電(dian)話機(ji)（終端）是由(you)微(wei)型(xing)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)和電(dian)池構成的磁石式電(dian)話機(ji)，打電(dian)話時，使用者用手搖微(wei)型(xing)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)發(fa)出電(dian)信(xin)號呼(hu)叫(jiao)對方，對方啟機(ji)后構成通話回(hui)路。后來，1877年(nian)(nian)愛迪生（T.E.Edison）發(fa)明了(le)碳素送話器和誘(you)導(dao)線(xian)路后通話距離延長了(le)。同一(yi)年(nian)(nian)又發(fa)明了(le)共(gong)電(dian)式電(dian)話機(ji)。1891年(nian)(nian)終于(yu)發(fa)展到A.B.Strowger發(fa)明了(le)自動式電(dian)話機(ji)。

基本功能

電(dian)話(hua)(hua)機設置在(zai)電(dian)話(hua)(hua)通信起點和(he)終(zhong)點的(de)用戶側，是(shi)電(dian)話(hua)(hua)網的(de)用戶終(zhong)端設備(bei)。現(xian)(xian)代(dai)的(de)電(dian)話(hua)(hua)機能夠方便地(di)實現(xian)(xian)終(zhong)端用戶之間的(de)呼叫和(he)通話(hua)(hua)，是(shi)經過一百多年來許多人的(de)研(yan)究和(he)無數次的(de)改(gai)進而形(xing)成的(de)。盡管它們(men)的(de)式樣千(qian)差萬別，但一般都有如下基本功能：

1、聲電互換

因(yin)為要進行(xing)快(kuai)速的(de)、遠距離(li)的(de)通(tong)信(xin)，不能直接(jie)傳送聲音(yin)(yin)，而必須先把聲音(yin)(yin)變成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)信(xin)號（即以(yi)電(dian)(dian)作為載(zai)體），到對方(fang)后再把電(dian)(dian)信(xin)號還原成(cheng)為聲音(yin)(yin)。

2、摘機識別

當主叫方拿起電(dian)話機(ji)時(shi)，交換機(ji)應有(you)(you)能知道“有(you)(you)人要打電(dian)話”的功能，以(yi)便(bian)交換機(ji)做好接續準(zhun)備。

3、發送信號

自動電話(hua)機正是通(tong)過發(fa)送(song)撥號(hao)信(xin)號(hao)來(lai)指揮電話(hua)交換機的工作，并進而建立兩個電話(hua)機之間的連接的。

4、響鈴

即在對(dui)方來電話時，電話機能以鈴聲告訴主(zhu)人(ren)：“有人(ren)來電話了。”

5、電接續

電話(hua)機中，實現這五大(da)功能的部件依次是：送受話(hua)器、叉簧(huang)、撥號盤(pan)（或按鍵盤(pan)）、電話(hua)鈴和電話(hua)回路。

主要分類

有線電話

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)具有將(jiang)(jiang)終端的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)波轉換為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子信(xin)號(hao)(hao)，通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)線傳(chuan)送(song)(song)到遠(yuan)距(ju)離(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)方(fang)(fang)，同(tong)時將(jiang)(jiang)對(dui)方(fang)(fang)傳(chuan)送(song)(song)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子信(xin)號(hao)(hao)再生為(wei)(wei)語音(yin)(yin)（音(yin)(yin)波），使其通(tong)話(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能，以及發(fa)(fa)送(song)(song)可從多個對(dui)方(fang)(fang)中選擇的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)（撥(bo)號(hao)(hao)脈沖），告(gao)知(zhi)對(dui)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)呼(hu)叫音(yin)(yin)等功能。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)由(you)將(jiang)(jiang)語音(yin)(yin)轉換為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)發(fa)(fa)送(song)(song)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)送(song)(song)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)、將(jiang)(jiang)對(dui)方(fang)(fang)傳(chuan)送(song)(song)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)還原為(wei)(wei)語音(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)受話(hua)(hua)機(ji)、呼(hu)叫對(dui)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)撥(bo)號(hao)(hao)或按鈕、發(fa)(fa)送(song)(song)呼(hu)叫音(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鈴聲、將(jiang)(jiang)這些(xie)連接在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)線上(shang)(shang)執行其功能的(de)(de)(de)(de)線路網(wang)等組成。送(song)(song)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)內有裝滿(man)碳素顆(ke)粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)小箱子，其前方(fang)(fang)有薄(bo)硬鋁(lv)合金(jin)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)板(ban)。振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)板(ban)根據語音(yin)(yin)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)，振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)碳素顆(ke)粒，碳素顆(ke)粒傳(chuan)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，隨(sui)著顆(ke)粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)接觸程度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)發(fa)(fa)生變化，生成語音(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。受話(hua)(hua)機(ji)接受對(dui)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)語音(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)后，在(zai)線圈上(shang)(shang)生成語音(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)磁力，振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)鐵振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)板(ban)，發(fa)(fa)出(chu)聲音(yin)(yin)。

無線電話

無(wu)線環路(lu)-無(wu)繩電話

電話子母機

數字無繩電話

模擬無繩電話

移動電話手機

小靈通（無線電(dian)話）

智能電話

隨著IT技(ji)術的(de)不(bu)斷的(de)飛速發展，嵌入式終端(duan)設備的(de)處(chu)理(li)能(neng)力越來越強，21世紀初出現了一種帶個(ge)人數據助(zhu)理(li)（PDA）的(de)電(dian)話(hua)機“智能(neng)電(dian)話(hua)”。

智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)電話(hua)除了(le)(le)有(you)完整的(de)固定電話(hua)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)外，通常還具(ju)有(you)大容量的(de)名(ming)片管(guan)理(li)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)、來去電管(guan)理(li)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)、防(fang)止電話(hua)騷擾（電話(hua)防(fang)火墻）功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)、企業集(ji)團(tuan)電話(hua)名(ming)片（內部名(ming)片）管(guan)理(li)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)，以及輔(fu)助辦公的(de)許(xu)多(duo)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)，比(bi)如：日程安排、便箋(jian)、日歷(li)、計算器等(deng)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)。早期的(de)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)電話(hua)通過撥號上網，具(ju)有(you)一(yi)定的(de)信(xin)息交換能(neng)力，實(shi)現了(le)(le)發送(song)短信(xin)、接收文字信(xin)息的(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)。隨著(zhu)固網智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)電話(hua)在(zai)中國近(jin)十年的(de)發展，其處(chu)理(li)能(neng)力加強(qiang)，逐漸(jian)地增加了(le)(le)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)手機(ji)（Smartphone）具(ju)有(you)的(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)。

智能(neng)電(dian)話(hua)已有(you)(you)通(tong)過(guo)因特網上(shang)網的(de)能(neng)力及較強的(de)多媒(mei)的(de)體功(gong)能(neng)。可以(yi)進行網絡瀏覽(lan)、音視(shi)頻的(de)播放、具(ju)有(you)(you)電(dian)子書(shu)、電(dian)子相(xiang)框等(deng)功(gong)能(neng)。同時智能(neng)電(dian)話(hua)在輔助(zhu)辦公、輔助(zhu)營銷、娛(yu)樂等(deng)方面的(de)功(gong)能(neng)也有(you)(you)了大(da)大(da)的(de)加強。在對(dui)傳統固定電(dian)話(hua)顛覆(fu)的(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)，實(shi)現了更多的(de)商務功(gong)能(neng)和PDA功(gong)能(neng)。

使用環境

使用條件

環境溫度：-10℃~40℃

相對(dui)濕度：45%~95%

大氣壓力：860~1060mbar

環境噪聲：≤60dB(A)

技術性能

1、工作頻率：300~3400HZ

2、脈沖通斷比：1.6±0.2∶1

3、雙音頻(pin)(pin)撥號頻(pin)(pin)偏(pian)：≤±1.5%

4、雙(shuang)音(yin)頻(pin)(pin)信號電平：①低頻(pin)(pin)群：-9±3dB；②高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)群：-7±3dB；③頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)組(zu)合中高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)分量比低頻(pin)(pin)分量高(gao)2±1dB

5、振(zhen)鈴聲級：≥70dB(A)

6、電聲性能：

①在0公(gong)里(li)時，客觀(guan)發送參考當量≥+3；在3公(gong)里(li)時，客觀(guan)發送參考當量≤+15；在5公(gong)里(li)時，客觀(guan)發送參考當量≤+15。

②在0公里(li)(li)時，客(ke)觀(guan)(guan)接收(shou)參考(kao)當量≥－5；在3公里(li)(li)時，客(ke)觀(guan)(guan)接收(shou)參考(kao)當量≤+2；在5公里(li)(li)時，客(ke)觀(guan)(guan)接收(shou)摻考(kao)當量≤+2。

③在0公里時，客觀(guan)側(ce)(ce)音參考(kao)當(dang)量≥+3；在3公里時，客觀(guan)側(ce)(ce)音參考(kao)當(dang)量≥+10；在5公里時，客觀(guan)側(ce)(ce)音參考(kao)當(dang)量≥+10。

未來發展

高科(ke)技電(dian)話機(ji)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)都是(shi)隨著無(wu)線通信(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)發達而(er)形成的(de)(de)。電(dian)話機(ji)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)趨勢(shi)經(jing)過(guo)Digital電(dian)話機(ji)和(he)PCS后發展(zhan)到(dao)可(ke)(ke)以用衛(wei)星通信(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)IMT-200服(fu)務。IMT-200支持信(xin)(xin)息的(de)(de)高速傳(chuan)送(song)，Packet，畫像等(deng)多媒體的(de)(de)服(fu)務，將來世界各個(ge)地方都可(ke)(ke)以使用所有(you)(you)聲(sheng)音(yin)電(dian)話，電(dian)報用戶直通電(dian)路，傳(chuan)呼(hu)和(he)電(dian)子郵(you)件(jian)；隨著電(dian)子郵(you)件(jian)的(de)(de)普及(ji)，網(wang)絡也日益化，網(wang)絡電(dian)話已是(shi)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)阻擋(dang)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)趨勢(shi)。現有(you)(you)的(de)(de)固定電(dian)話，已經(jing)不(bu)能提供人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)需(xu)要了(le)。未來的(de)(de)固定電(dian)話講裝備攝像頭(tou)，帶有(you)(you)色彩的(de)(de)液晶顯示器，我們(men)在接(jie)固定電(dian)話的(de)(de)時(shi)候，都能夠看到(dao)雙方。