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產生方式

當今是(shi)互聯網的(de)時(shi)代，我(wo)們仍(reng)然對電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)有著持續增長的(de)需(xu)(xu)求，因為我(wo)們發(fa)明了電(dian)(dian)腦、家(jia)電(dian)(dian)等更多使用電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)的(de)產品。不(bu)可否(fou)認新技術(shu)的(de)不(bu)斷(duan)出現使得電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)成為人們的(de)必需(xu)(xu)品。

電(dian)力(li)(li)的產生方式主(zhu)要有(you)：火力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)（煤等(deng)可燃燒物(wu)）、太陽能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)、大容量風力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)技術、核能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)、氫能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)、水利發(fa)(fa)電(dian)等(deng)。

21世紀能(neng)源(yuan)科學將(jiang)為人類(lei)文明(ming)再創輝(hui)煌，例如(ru)，燃(ran)料(liao)電池是將(jiang)氫、天然氣、煤氣、甲(jia)醇、肼等燃(ran)料(liao)的(de)化學能(neng)直接(jie)轉換成(cheng)電能(neng)的(de)一類(lei)化學電源(yuan)；生物(wu)質能(neng)是以生物(wu)質為載(zai)體的(de)能(neng)量，生物(wu)質能(neng)的(de)高效和(he)清(qing)潔利用技術也得到極大發展(zhan)。

發電方式

火力發電

一、優勢：

燃(ran)料容易獲取(qu)，熱機效率(lv)高，調峰較易實(shi)現，建設成本低，容易與冶金(jin)、化工、水泥(ni)等高能耗工業(ye)形(xing)成共生產業(ye)鏈。

二、弊端：

煙氣(qi)污染(ran)：煤炭直接燃(ran)燒排(pai)放(fang)的SO2、NOx等酸性氣(qi)體不斷增(zeng)長(chang)，使(shi)我國很多地區(qu)酸雨量(liang)增(zeng)加。全國每年(nian)產生140萬噸(dun)SO2。

粉塵污染：對電站附近環境(jing)造成(cheng)粉煤灰污染，對人們的生(sheng)活(huo)及植物(wu)的生(sheng)長(chang)造成(cheng)不(bu)良影響。全(quan)國(guo)每年產生(sheng)1500萬噸煙塵。

資(zi)源(yuan)消(xiao)耗：發(fa)電的汽輪機通(tong)常(chang)選用水(shui)作為冷卻介質，一(yi)座(zuo)100萬(wan)千瓦火力(li)發(fa)電廠每日(ri)的耗水(shui)量約為 十萬(wan)噸(dun)。全國每年消(xiao)耗5000萬(wan)噸(dun)標準。

核能發電

一(yi)、優勢：基(ji)本不受自然(ran)資(zi)源產地限制(zhi)，運行成本低，無(wu)溫室(shi)氣體排放。

二、要(yao)(yao)用反應堆產(chan)生核能，需要(yao)(yao)解決以(yi)下10個(ge)問題：

為核裂變鏈(lian)式反應(ying)提供必要(yao)的條件，使之得以進(jin)行。

鏈式反應必須能(neng)由人通過一定裝置進行控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。失去控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)裂變能(neng)不(bu)僅不(bu)能(neng)用于發(fa)電，還會釀成(cheng)災害。

裂(lie)變反應(ying)產生的能量要能從反應(ying)堆中安全取出。

裂(lie)變反(fan)應(ying)中產生的(de)中子和放射性(xing)物質對人體(ti)危(wei)害(hai)很大，必須設法避(bi)免它(ta)們對核電站工作人員和附近(jin)居民的(de)傷害(hai)。

核(he)能電(dian)廠會(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)高低階放(fang)射性(xing)廢料，或者是使用過(guo)之核(he)燃料，雖然所(suo)占體積不大(da)，但因具有放(fang)射線，故必須慎(shen)重(zhong)處(chu)理，且需面對相當大(da)的政治困擾(rao)。

核能(neng)發(fa)電(dian)廠熱效率較低(di)，因(yin)而比(bi)一般化石燃(ran)料電(dian)廠排放更多廢熱到(dao)環境里(li)，故核能(neng)電(dian)廠的熱污染(ran)較嚴重。

核能電(dian)(dian)廠投資成本太大，電(dian)(dian)力公司的財務(wu)風險較高。

核能(neng)電廠較不適(shi)宜做尖峰、離(li)峰之(zhi)隨載運轉(zhuan)。

興(xing)建核電廠較易引發政(zheng)治歧見紛爭。

核電廠的(de)反應器(qi)內有大量的(de)放射(she)性物(wu)質，如果(guo)在(zai)事(shi)故中釋放到(dao)外界環境，會對生態及民眾(zhong)造成(cheng)傷害(hai)。

核電在(zai)正常情況下(xia)固然是干凈的(de)(de)，但萬(wan)一(yi)發生核泄漏，后果同(tong)樣是可怕的(de)(de)。前(qian)蘇聯切(qie)爾諾(nuo)貝利核電站事故，已使900萬(wan)人受到了不同(tong)程度(du)的(de)(de)損(sun)害，而且(qie)這一(yi)影響并未終止(zhi)。

水力發電

優勢：幾乎完全無污(wu)染，運營(ying)成本(ben)低，便于調峰，可(ke)再生，有航運、水(shui)利等邊際效益(yi)。

弊端：水力發電(dian)要淹沒大(da)量(liang)土地，有可能(neng)導(dao)致生態(tai)環境破壞，而(er)(er)且大(da)型水庫一旦塌崩，后果將不堪(kan)設(she)想。另外，一個國家的水力資源(yuan)也是有限的，而(er)(er)且還(huan)要受季節的影響。

風力發電

優勢：無環境污(wu)染，運(yun)行成(cheng)本(ben)低，可(ke)再生(sheng)。

弊(bi)端(duan)：噪聲，視覺污(wu)染。占用(yong)大片土地(di)及(ji)林地(di)，對植被破壞大。不穩(wen)定，不可(ke)控。成本仍然很高。

太陽能光伏發電

優勢：運(yun)行無污染，可再生，設(she)備小型化(hua)，適(shi)合非集中(zhong)供(gong)電。

電力輸送

傳輸

電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)和(he)變電(dian)、配電(dian)、用(yong)(yong)電(dian)一起，構成電(dian)力系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)整體功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。通過(guo)輸(shu)電(dian)，把相距甚遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)（可達數千(qian)千(qian)米(mi)）發(fa)(fa)電(dian)廠和(he)負荷中心聯系起來(lai)，使電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)和(he)利用(yong)(yong)超越(yue)地(di)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)限制。和(he)其他能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)（如(ru)輸(shu)煤、輸(shu)油等）相比，輸(shu)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損耗小(xiao)、效益高(gao)、靈活方(fang)便、易于調(diao)控、環(huan)境(jing)污染少；輸(shu)電(dian)還可以將不同地(di)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)廠連接起來(lai)，實行(xing)峰谷調(diao)節。輸(shu)電(dian)是電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)利用(yong)(yong)優(you)越(yue)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)體現(xian)，在現(xian)代化社會中，它是重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源動脈。

輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)按結構形式(shi)可(ke)(ke)分為架空輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)和(he)地(di)(di)下輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)。前者由(you)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)桿(gan)塔、導線(xian)(xian)、絕緣子等構成，架設(she)在(zai)地(di)(di)面(mian)上；后(hou)者主(zhu)要用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，敷設(she)在(zai)地(di)(di)下（或水(shui)下）。輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)按所送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)性質可(ke)(ke)分為直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。19世紀(ji)80年代首先(xian)成功(gong)地(di)(di)實現了直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，后(hou)因受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓提不高的(de)(de)限制（輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量大體與(yu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)平方成比例）19世紀(ji)末為交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所取代。交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)成功(gong)，迎來(lai)(lai)了20世紀(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣化時(shi)代。20世紀(ji)60年代以來(lai)(lai)，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術(shu)的(de)(de)發展，直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又有新(xin)發展，與(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相配合，形成交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)混合的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統。

輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的高低是輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術發(fa)展水(shui)平(ping)的主(zhu)要(yao)標志。到20世紀90年代，世界各國常用(yong)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓有220千(qian)伏及以(yi)上的高壓輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)330～765千(qian)伏的超高壓輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1000千(qian)伏及以(yi)上的特高壓輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

變電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)中(zhong)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠將(jiang)天然的(de)一次(ci)(ci)能(neng)(neng)源轉變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向遠方的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用戶送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為了減小輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)損耗(hao)及(ji)線路(lu)阻抗壓(ya)降，需(xu)要將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高；為了滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用戶安全的(de)需(xu)要，又(you)要將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降低(di)，并分(fen)配(pei)給各個用戶，這就需(xu)要能(neng)(neng)升高和降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，并能(neng)(neng)分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所。所以變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)中(zhong)通過其變(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、接受(shou)和分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工裝置，它是(shi)聯(lian)系發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用戶的(de)中(zhong)間環節，同時通過變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所將(jiang)各電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網聯(lian)系起來，變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所的(de)作用是(shi)變(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，傳輸(shu)和分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置、二次(ci)(ci)系統(tong)及(ji)必要的(de)附屬設備組成(cheng)。

變壓(ya)器(qi)是變電(dian)(dian)(dian)所的中心設(she)(she)備(bei)，變壓(ya)器(qi)利用(yong)的是電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感(gan)應原理。配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置是變電(dian)(dian)(dian)所中所有的開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)、載流導體輔(fu)助設(she)(she)備(bei)連接在一起的裝(zhuang)置。其(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)是接受和分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置主要(yao)由母(mu)線、高壓(ya)斷路(lu)器(qi)開(kai)關(guan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)線圈、互感(gan)器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)、避雷器(qi)、高壓(ya)熔(rong)斷器(qi)、二次設(she)(she)備(bei)及必要(yao)的其(qi)他(ta)輔(fu)助設(she)(she)備(bei)所組成。

二(er)(er)次(ci)設(she)備是指一次(ci)系統狀態測量(liang)、控(kong)制、監察和保護的(de)設(she)備裝置。由這些設(she)備構(gou)成的(de)回路叫二(er)(er)次(ci)回路，總稱二(er)(er)次(ci)系統。

二(er)次系統的(de)設備包含(han)測量裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、控(kong)制裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、繼電保護裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、自(zi)動控(kong)制裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、直流(liu)系統及必要的(de)附(fu)屬設備。

電壓等級

電(dian)力系統(tong)電(dian)壓等級有(you)220V、380V（0.4 kV）、3 kV、6 kV、10 kV、20 kV、35 kV、66 kV、110 kV、220 kV、330 kV、500 kV、750kV、1000kV。隨著電(dian)機制造工(gong)藝(yi)的提高(gao)，10 kV電(dian)動(dong)機已批量生(sheng)產，所以(yi)(yi)3 kV、6 kV已較少使用(yong)，20 kV、66 kV也很少使用(yong)。供電(dian)系統(tong)以(yi)(yi)10 kV、35 kV為主。輸(shu)配電(dian)系統(tong)以(yi)(yi)110 kV以(yi)(yi)上為主。發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)發(fa)電(dian)機有(you)6 kV、10 kV與20kV三種，以(yi)(yi)20 kV為主，用(yong)戶均(jun)為220V、380V（0.4 kV）低壓系統(tong)。

根據《城(cheng)市(shi)電(dian)力網規定設計(ji)規則》規定：輸電(dian)網為(wei)1000kV、500 kV、330 kV、220 kV、110kV，高壓(ya)(ya)配(pei)電(dian)網為(wei)110kV、66kV，中壓(ya)(ya)配(pei)電(dian)網為(wei)20kV、10kV、6 kV，低壓(ya)(ya)配(pei)電(dian)網為(wei)0.4 kV（220V/380V）。

發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)廠發(fa)(fa)(fa)出6 kV或10 kV電(dian)(dian)，除發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)廠自己用（廠用電(dian)(dian)）之外，也可以用10 kV電(dian)(dian)壓送給發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)廠附近用戶，10 kV供(gong)電(dian)(dian)范圍為(wei)10Km、35 kV為(wei)20~50Km、66 kV為(wei)30~100Km、110 kV為(wei)50~150Km、220 kV為(wei)100~300Km、330 kV為(wei)200~600Km、500 kV為(wei)150~850Km。

變配電站

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)等(deng)級均通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)來轉(zhuan)換，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)升(sheng)高為(wei)(wei)升(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)（變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)為(wei)(wei)升(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)站(zhan)），電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)低為(wei)(wei)降(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)（變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)為(wei)(wei)降(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)站(zhan)）。一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)另一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)選(xuan)用(yong)兩個(ge)(ge)線(xian)圈(quan)（繞組）的(de)(de)雙圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)，一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)兩種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)選(xuan)用(yong)三(san)個(ge)(ge)線(xian)圈(quan)（繞組）的(de)(de)三(san)圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。

變(bian)(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)除升(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)與降壓(ya)(ya)之分(fen)外(wai)，還以規模(mo)大(da)小分(fen)為(wei)(wei)樞(shu)紐(niu)站(zhan)(zhan)，區(qu)域站(zhan)(zhan)與終(zhong)端站(zhan)(zhan)。樞(shu)紐(niu)站(zhan)(zhan)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級(ji)(ji)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)為(wei)(wei)三個(ge)（三圈變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)），550kV /220kV /110kV。區(qu)域站(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)也有(you)三個(ge)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級(ji)(ji)（三圈變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)），220 kV /110kV /35kV或110kV /35kV /10kV。終(zhong)端站(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)直接(jie)接(jie)到用戶，大(da)多數為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級(ji)(ji)（兩(liang)圈變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)）110kV /10 kV或35 kV /10 kV。用戶本身的變(bian)(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)只有(you)兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級(ji)(ji)（雙圈變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)）110 kV /10kV、35kV /0.4kV、10kV /0.4kV，其中以10kV /0.4kV為(wei)(wei)最多。

接線方案

1）一(yi)次接線(xian)種類

變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站一(yi)次回路接線(xian)(xian)(xian)是指輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路進(jin)入變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站之后，所有電(dian)(dian)力(li)設備(bei)（變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)及進(jin)出(chu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)開關等(deng)）的(de)相互連接方式。其接線(xian)(xian)(xian)方案(an)有：線(xian)(xian)(xian)路變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)組(zu)，橋形接線(xian)(xian)(xian)，單母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，單母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)段，雙母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，雙母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)段，環網供電(dian)(dian)等(deng)。

2）線路變壓器組

變電站(zhan)只有一路進線與一臺變壓器，而且再無發(fa)展的情況(kuang)下采(cai)用線路變壓器組接線。

3）橋形接線

有兩(liang)(liang)路(lu)進線、兩(liang)(liang)臺變壓(ya)(ya)器，而且再沒有發展的情況下，采用橋形接線。針對(dui)變壓(ya)(ya)器，聯絡(luo)斷路(lu)器在兩(liang)(liang)個進線斷路(lu)器之(zhi)內為內橋接線，聯絡(luo)斷路(lu)器在兩(liang)(liang)個進線斷路(lu)器之(zhi)外為外橋接線。

4）單母線

變電(dian)站進出(chu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)較多時，采用(yong)單母線(xian)(xian)(xian)，有兩路(lu)進線(xian)(xian)(xian)時，一般一路(lu)供(gong)電(dian)、一路(lu)備用(yong)（不(bu)同(tong)時供(gong)電(dian)），二者可(ke)設備用(yong)電(dian)源(yuan)互(hu)自投，多路(lu)出(chu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)均由(you)一段(duan)母線(xian)(xian)(xian)引出(chu)。

5）單母線分段

有兩(liang)路以上(shang)進(jin)線(xian)(xian)，多路出(chu)線(xian)(xian)時(shi)，選用單母線(xian)(xian)分(fen)段，兩(liang)路進(jin)線(xian)(xian)分(fen)別接(jie)(jie)到(dao)兩(liang)段母線(xian)(xian)上(shang)，兩(liang)段母線(xian)(xian)用母聯開(kai)關連(lian)接(jie)(jie)起來。出(chu)線(xian)(xian)分(fen)別接(jie)(jie)到(dao)兩(liang)段母線(xian)(xian)上(shang)。

單(dan)母(mu)線分段運行(xing)方式比較(jiao)多。一(yi)般為(wei)一(yi)路(lu)主供，一(yi)路(lu)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)（不合(he)閘），母(mu)聯(lian)合(he)上(shang)，當主供斷電時(shi)，備(bei)用(yong)(yong)合(he)上(shang)，主供、備(bei)用(yong)(yong)與(yu)母(mu)聯(lian)互(hu)鎖。備(bei)用(yong)(yong)電源(yuan)容(rong)量(liang)較(jiao)小時(shi)，備(bei)用(yong)(yong)電源(yuan)合(he)上(shang)后，要斷開一(yi)些出線。這(zhe)是比較(jiao)常用(yong)(yong)的一(yi)種運行(xing)方式。

對于特別重要的負荷，兩(liang)路進線(xian)均為主(zhu)供(gong)，母聯開(kai)(kai)關斷開(kai)(kai)，當一路進線(xian)斷電(dian)時，母聯合上(shang)，來(lai)電(dian)后(hou)斷開(kai)(kai)母聯再合上(shang)進線(xian)開(kai)(kai)關。

單母(mu)線分(fen)段(duan)(duan)也有利于變電站內部檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)，檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)時可以停(ting)掉(diao)一段(duan)(duan)母(mu)線，如果是單母(mu)線不分(fen)段(duan)(duan)，檢(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)時就要全站停(ting)電，利用旁路母(mu)線可以不停(ting)電，旁路母(mu)線只用于電力(li)系統變電站。

6）雙母線

雙(shuang)(shuang)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)主要用于發電(dian)廠及(ji)大(da)型(xing)變電(dian)站，每(mei)路(lu)(lu)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)都由一(yi)個(ge)斷路(lu)(lu)器經過兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)隔離開(kai)(kai)關分別接(jie)到兩(liang)(liang)條(tiao)(tiao)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)上(shang)，這(zhe)樣(yang)在母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)檢修時，就可以利(li)用隔離開(kai)(kai)關將線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)倒在一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)上(shang)。雙(shuang)(shuang)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)也有分段(duan)與不(bu)分段(duan)兩(liang)(liang)種，雙(shuang)(shuang)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)分段(duan)再加旁路(lu)(lu)斷路(lu)(lu)器，接(jie)線(xian)(xian)方(fang)式(shi)復雜，但檢修就非常(chang)方(fang)便了，停(ting)電(dian)范(fan)圍可減少。

二次回路

1）二次回路種類

變(bian)配電站二次回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)路包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)：測量、保護、控制(zhi)與信(xin)號(hao)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)路部分(fen)。測量回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)路包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)：計量測量與保護測量。控制(zhi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)路包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)：就地手動合分(fen)閘、防(fang)跳(tiao)(tiao)聯鎖、試驗、互(hu)投聯鎖、保護跳(tiao)(tiao)閘以(yi)及(ji)合分(fen)閘執行部分(fen)。信(xin)號(hao)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)路包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)開關運行狀態信(xin)號(hao)、事故(gu)跳(tiao)(tiao)閘信(xin)號(hao)與事故(gu)預告(gao)信(xin)號(hao)。

2）測量回路

測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)回(hui)路(lu)分為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)回(hui)路(lu)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓回(hui)路(lu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)回(hui)路(lu)各種設備(bei)串聯于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)互感器(qi)(qi)二次側（5A），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)互感器(qi)(qi)是將(jiang)原(yuan)邊負荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)統一變(bian)為5A測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。計量(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)分別用(yong)(yong)各自的(de)互感器(qi)(qi)（計量(liang)(liang)(liang)用(yong)(yong)互感器(qi)(qi)精度(du)要求高），計量(liang)(liang)(liang)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)串接于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)度(du)表(biao)，功率表(biao)與(yu)(yu)功率因數表(biao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)串接于(yu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)。微機保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)一般將(jiang)計量(liang)(liang)(liang)及保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)集中于(yu)一體，分別有計量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)與(yu)(yu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)測量回路，220/380V低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系統直接(jie)接(jie)220V或380V，3KV以(yi)上高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系統全部經過電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)互感器(qi)將各種等(deng)級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變為(wei)統一的(de)(de)(de)100V電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)以(yi)及電(dian)(dian)(dian)度表(biao)(biao)、功率表(biao)(biao)與(yu)功率因數表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)線圈經其端子(zi)并接(jie)在100V電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)母線上。微機保護(hu)單元(yuan)計量電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)與(yu)保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)統一為(wei)一種電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)端子(zi)。

3）控制回路

（1）合分(fen)閘回路

合(he)(he)分閘(zha)(zha)通過合(he)(he)分閘(zha)(zha)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)開(kai)關(guan)進(jin)(jin)行操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)作，常規保(bao)護為(wei)提示(shi)操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)作人員及事故(gu)跳閘(zha)(zha)報警(jing)需(xu)要(yao)，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)開(kai)關(guan)選用預合(he)(he)-合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)-合(he)(he)后及預分-分閘(zha)(zha)-分后的(de)多檔轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)開(kai)關(guan)。以使(shi)利用不對應(ying)接線(xian)進(jin)(jin)行合(he)(he)分閘(zha)(zha)提示(shi)與(yu)事故(gu)跳閘(zha)(zha)報警(jing)，國家已(yi)有標(biao)準(zhun)圖(tu)設計(ji)。采用微(wei)機保(bao)護以后，要(yao)進(jin)(jin)行遠分合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)作后，還要(yao)到就地進(jin)(jin)行轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)開(kai)關(guan)對位操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)作，這就失去了遠分操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)作的(de)意義，所以應(ying)取(qu)消不對應(ying)接線(xian)，選用中間自復位的(de)只有合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)與(yu)分閘(zha)(zha)的(de)三檔轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)開(kai)關(guan)。

（2）防跳回路

當合閘(zha)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)出現(xian)故(gu)障(zhang)時進(jin)行分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)，或(huo)(huo)短路(lu)事故(gu)未排(pai)除(chu)，又(you)進(jin)行合閘(zha)（誤操作），這時就(jiu)會出現(xian)斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)器(qi)反(fan)復合分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)，不(bu)(bu)僅容(rong)易引起或(huo)(huo)擴大事故(gu)，還會引起設備損(sun)壞或(huo)(huo)人(ren)身事故(gu)，所以(yi)(yi)高壓開(kai)關控制回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)應設計(ji)防(fang)跳(tiao)。防(fang)跳(tiao)一般選用電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)啟動，電(dian)(dian)壓保(bao)持的(de)(de)雙線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)。電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)串接(jie)(jie)(jie)于分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)作為啟動線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)。電(dian)(dian)壓線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)于合閘(zha)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)，作為保(bao)持線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)，當分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)時，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)經分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)起動。如果合閘(zha)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)有故(gu)障(zhang)，或(huo)(huo)處于手動合閘(zha)位置，電(dian)(dian)壓線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)起啟動并通過(guo)其(qi)常(chang)(chang)開(kai)接(jie)(jie)(jie)點自保(bao)持，其(qi)常(chang)(chang)閉接(jie)(jie)(jie)點馬(ma)上(shang)斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)合閘(zha)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)，保(bao)證斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)器(qi)在分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)過(guo)程中不(bu)(bu)能馬(ma)上(shang)再合閘(zha)。防(fang)跳(tiao)繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)還可以(yi)(yi)通過(guo)其(qi)常(chang)(chang)開(kai)接(jie)(jie)(jie)點將電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)自保(bao)持，這樣可以(yi)(yi)減輕保(bao)護(hu)(hu)繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)出口接(jie)(jie)(jie)點斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)負荷(he)，也減少了保(bao)護(hu)(hu)繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)保(bao)持時間要求。

有些微機(ji)保(bao)護(hu)裝置(zhi)自己(ji)已具(ju)有防(fang)(fang)跳(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，這樣就可(ke)以不再(zai)設(she)計防(fang)(fang)跳(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)回路(lu)。斷(duan)路(lu)器操作(zuo)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)選用(yong)彈(dan)(dan)簧儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)時，如果選用(yong)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)后(hou)可(ke)以進(jin)行(xing)一(yi)次(ci)合閘(zha)與分閘(zha)的彈(dan)(dan)簧儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)操作(zuo)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)（也有用(yong)于重合閘(zha)的儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)后(hou)可(ke)以進(jin)行(xing)二次(ci)合閘(zha)與分閘(zha)的彈(dan)(dan)簧儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)操作(zuo)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)），因為儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)一(yi)般都要求10秒(miao)左(zuo)右，當儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)開(kai)關(guan)經常處于斷(duan)開(kai)位置(zhi)時，儲(chu)(chu)一(yi)次(ci)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，合完之(zhi)后(hou)，將儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)開(kai)關(guan)再(zai)處于斷(duan)開(kai)位置(zhi)，可(ke)以跳(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)一(yi)次(ci)閘(zha)；跳(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)閘(zha)之(zhi)后(hou)，要手動儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)之(zhi)后(hou)才能(neng)(neng)(neng)進(jin)行(xing)合閘(zha)，此時，也可(ke)以不再(zai)設(she)計防(fang)(fang)跳(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)回路(lu)。

（3）試驗與互投聯鎖與控制

對于手(shou)車開關柜，手(shou)車推出后(hou)要進(jin)行斷路器合分(fen)閘試驗，應設計合分(fen)閘試驗按鈕。進(jin)線與母聯斷路，一般應根據要求進(jin)行互投聯鎖或控制(zhi)。

（4）保護跳閘

保(bao)(bao)護(hu)跳閘出(chu)口(kou)經過(guo)連接片(pian)接于跳閘回路，連接片(pian)用于保(bao)(bao)護(hu)調試，或運(yun)行(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中解除某些保(bao)(bao)護(hu)功(gong)能。

（5）合分閘(zha)回路

合(he)分閘回路為(wei)經合(he)分閘母線為(wei)操作機構提供電(dian)源，以及其(qi)控制回路，一(yi)般(ban)都應單獨畫出。

4）信號回路

（1）開(kai)關運行狀態信號(hao)由合(he)閘與分閘指示兩個裝于開(kai)關柜上的信號(hao)燈組(zu)成(cheng)：經過操(cao)作轉換開(kai)關不對應(ying)(ying)接線后(hou)(hou)接到正電源上。采用微機保護后(hou)(hou)，轉換開(kai)關取(qu)消了(le)不對應(ying)(ying)接線，所(suo)以信號(hao)燈正極可以直接接到正電源上。

（2）事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)有(you)(you)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)跳(tiao)閘(zha)與(yu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)預告兩種信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)，事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)跳(tiao)閘(zha)報警也(ye)要通過(guo)轉化開關不對應后，接(jie)到事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)跳(tiao)閘(zha)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)母線上(shang)，再引到中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系統(tong)。事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)預告信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)通過(guo)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼(ji)電器(qi)(qi)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)引到中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系統(tong)。采用微(wei)(wei)機(ji)保(bao)護后，將斷路(lu)器(qi)(qi)操作機(ji)構輔助接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼(ji)電器(qi)(qi)的(de)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)分別接(jie)到微(wei)(wei)機(ji)保(bao)護單元(yuan)的(de)開關量輸入(ru)端子，需要有(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系統(tong)時，如(ru)果(guo)微(wei)(wei)機(ji)保(bao)護單元(yuan)可以提供事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)跳(tiao)閘(zha)與(yu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)預告輸出接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)，可將其引到中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系統(tong)。否則(ze)，應利用信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼(ji)電器(qi)(qi)的(de)另(ling)一(yi)對接(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)引到中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系統(tong)。

（3）中(zhong)(zhong)央信(xin)號系(xi)統(tong)為安裝于值班室內的集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)報(bao)警系(xi)統(tong)，由事故跳(tiao)閘(zha)與(yu)事故預告兩套聲光報(bao)警組成，光報(bao)警用光字(zi)牌，不(bu)用信(xin)號燈，光字(zi)牌分集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)分散兩種(zhong)。采用變電站(zhan)綜合自動化(hua)系(xi)統(tong)后，可(ke)以不(bu)再(zai)設計(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)央信(xin)號系(xi)統(tong)，或(huo)將其簡(jian)化(hua)，只設計(ji)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)報(bao)警作為計(ji)算機報(bao)警的后備報(bao)警。

歷史沿革

發展歷史

1875年，巴黎北(bei)火車站建成(cheng)世界上(shang)第一座火電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)，為附(fu)近照明供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。1879年，美國(guo)舊金山實驗(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)開始發電(dian)(dian)(dian)，是世界上(shang)最早出售電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。80年代(dai)，在英國(guo)和美國(guo)建成(cheng)世界上(shang)第一批水電(dian)(dian)(dian)站。1913年，全世界的年發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量達 500億千瓦(wa)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)已作為一個獨(du)立的工業(ye)部門，進入人(ren)類(lei)的生(sheng)產活動(dong)領域。

20世(shi)紀30、40年(nian)(nian)代，美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業的(de)(de)先進國(guo)(guo)家，擁有(you)20萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)的(de)(de)機(ji)組31臺(tai)，容(rong)量為(wei)(wei)30萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)的(de)(de)中型(xing)火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠9座。同一時(shi)期(qi)，水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組達5～10萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)。1934年(nian)(nian)，美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)開工(gong)興建的(de)(de)大古力水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站，計劃容(rong)量是 888萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)，1941年(nian)(nian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，到1980年(nian)(nian)裝機(ji)容(rong)量達649萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa) ，至(zhi)80年(nian)(nian)代中期(qi)一直是世(shi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)上(shang)最大的(de)(de)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站。1950年(nian)(nian)，全(quan)(quan)世(shi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量增至(zhi)9589億千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi) ，是1913年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)19倍。50 、60、70年(nian)(nian)代，平均(jun)(jun)年(nian)(nian)增長(chang)率分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)9.4%、8.0%、5.3% 。1950～1980年(nian)(nian)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量增長(chang)7.9倍，平均(jun)(jun)年(nian)(nian)增長(chang)率7.6%，約相當于每10年(nian)(nian)翻一番。1986年(nian)(nian)，全(quan)(quan)世(shi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 20.3% ，火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)63.7%，核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)15.6%；美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)11.4%，火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)72.1%， 核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)16.0%；前蘇聯水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 13.5%，火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)76.4%，核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)10.1%；日本水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)12.9%，火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)61.8%，核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)25.1%；中國(guo)(guo)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)21.0%，火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)79.0%。世(shi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)上(shang)核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比重最大的(de)(de)是法國(guo)(guo)，1989年(nian)(nian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)74.6%。

電(dian)(dian)網、水、火電(dian)(dian)利(li)潤(run)(run)增速差異顯著。國家統計局于公布(bu)了(le)2010年(nian)1-8月(yue)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)利(li)潤(run)(run)數據(ju)(ju)，電(dian)(dian)力生產(chan)與(yu)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)業(ye)(ye)整(zheng)體實現(xian)利(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額936.1億(yi)，同比(bi)(bi)(bi)增長119%；細(xi)分(fen)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)來(lai)看(kan)，火電(dian)(dian)利(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額為220.0億(yi)，同比(bi)(bi)(bi)增長-17.8%；水電(dian)(dian)利(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額248.4億(yi)，同比(bi)(bi)(bi)增長45.9%；電(dian)(dian)力供(gong)(gong)應(ying)利(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額380.0億(yi)，同比(bi)(bi)(bi)增長655%。從(cong)環(huan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)數據(ju)(ju)看(kan)，2010年(nian)6-8月(yue)，電(dian)(dian)力生產(chan)與(yu)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)業(ye)(ye)整(zheng)體實現(xian)利(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額462億(yi)，環(huan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)增長37%；細(xi)分(fen)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)看(kan)，火電(dian)(dian)6-8月(yue)利(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額50.5億(yi)，環(huan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)下(xia)降56%；水電(dian)(dian)6-8月(yue)利(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額206.4億(yi)，環(huan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)增長307%；電(dian)(dian)力供(gong)(gong)應(ying)6-8月(yue)利(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額168.1億(yi)，環(huan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)增長28%。電(dian)(dian)力供(gong)(gong)應(ying)業(ye)(ye)利(li)潤(run)(run)增速的(de)大幅度提(ti)高主(zhu)要(yao)由于09年(nian)四季度銷售電(dian)(dian)價的(de)調整(zheng)以(yi)及銷售電(dian)(dian)量逐季增加所導致。從(cong)下(xia)游主(zhu)要(yao)耗電(dian)(dian)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)來(lai)看(kan)，除鋼鐵外，化(hua)工(gong)、建材(cai)、有(you)色(se)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)利(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額均顯著超過07-08年(nian)的(de)同期水平，特別是建材(cai)。從(cong)環(huan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)數據(ju)(ju)看(kan)，除建材(cai)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)外，其他高耗電(dian)(dian)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)利(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)額環(huan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)有(you)所下(xia)滑。

2010三季度(du)水(shui)(shui)電利潤大幅度(du)增長(chang)。由于2010年三季度(du)來(lai)水(shui)(shui)好于往年，水(shui)(shui)電發電量也明(ming)顯增加，2010年6-8月水(shui)(shui)電利潤總(zong)額(e)206億，同比增長(chang)96%。隨著(zhu)國家(jia)對(dui)水(shui)(shui)電開發正面態(tai)度(du)的明(ming)朗，我們預計國家(jia)對(dui)水(shui)(shui)電開發的支持(chi)政策將(jiang)逐(zhu)步出臺，水(shui)(shui)電企業投資價(jia)值也將(jiang)逐(zhu)步明(ming)晰(xi)。

20世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)紀70年代(dai)，電(dian)(dian)力工業進入以大(da)機(ji)組(zu)、大(da)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)、超高壓以至特(te)高壓輸電(dian)(dian)，形成以聯合(he)系(xi)統(tong)為(wei)特(te)點的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)時期(qi)。1973年，瑞士BBC公司制造的(de)(de)(de)130萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)雙軸發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)在美(mei)國肯勃(bo)蘭電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)投入運(yun)(yun)行。蘇聯于1981年制造并投運(yun)(yun)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界上(shang)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)120萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)單軸汽(qi)輪發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)。到1977年，美(mei)國已有(you)(you)120座裝機(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量百萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。1985年，蘇聯有(you)(you)百萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)以上(shang)火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)59座。1983年，日本有(you)(you)百萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)32座，其中鹿兒島(dao)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)總容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量440萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa) ，是世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界上(shang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)燃油電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界上(shang)設(she)計容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)是巴西(xi)和巴拉圭(gui)合(he)建的(de)(de)(de)伊泰普水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，設(she)計容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量1260萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)，采用70萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)機(ji)組(zu)，與運(yun)(yun)行中的(de)(de)(de)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)美(mei)國大(da)古力水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)水(shui)(shui)輪機(ji)組(zu)70萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量相等。世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界上(shang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)核電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)是日本福島(dao)核電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量是909.6萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)。

總裝機容量(liang)幾百萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)的(de)大(da)型水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)、大(da)型火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和(he)(he)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)，促(cu)進了(le)(le)超高(gao)、特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)聯合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統的(de)發展。1935年(nian)(nian)，美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)首次將輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等(deng)級從110～220千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)提高(gao)到(dao)(dao)287千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)，出現了(le)(le)超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞(rui)典(dian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)二(er)分裂導線的(de)380千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)。1959年(nian)(nian)，蘇聯建(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)500千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)，長(chang)850千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)(mi)的(de)三分裂導線輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)。1965～1969年(nian)(nian)，加拿大(da)、蘇聯和(he)(he)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)先后建(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)735 、750和(he)(he)765千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)線路(lu)(lu)。1985年(nian)(nian)，蘇聯首次建(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)1150 千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)離890千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)(mi)，美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)正研究1100千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)和(he)(he)1500千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，意大(da)利研究1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，日本建(jian)(jian)(jian)設250千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)(mi)長(chang)1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)線路(lu)(lu)。高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（HVDC），瑞(rui)典(dian)、美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、蘇聯分別(bie)采(cai)用±100、±450 、±750千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，后者輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)離2414千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)(mi)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)600萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)。到(dao)(dao)1985年(nian)(nian)，全世界已有18個(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)、32個(ge)直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)投運，總輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送容量(liang)2000萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)。

中國電力發展階段

一、第一階段計劃經濟時期（1949-1978年）

自(zi)1949年到1978年，中(zhong)國電(dian)力(li)歷史(shi)分別(bie)有燃料(liao)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)、電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)、水(shui)利電(dian)力(li)部(bu)三個階段。在燃料(liao)部(bu)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)階段，電(dian)力(li)管理執行集(ji)中(zhong)管理的方法；時至水(shui)利電(dian)力(li)部(bu)，電(dian)力(li)與(yu)(yu)水(shui)利又經歷了分散與(yu)(yu)集(ji)中(zhong)各兩(liang)次不同管理，卻始終(zhong)擺脫(tuo)不了一個魔咒-----一分就亂(luan)，一收(shou)就危。

1、燃料工業(ye)部(bu)(bu)時期(qi)（1949-1955年）。建國后，在中央領導下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)實行(xing)集(ji)中管制與(yu)統一調控。成立了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)部(bu)(bu)。但(dan)是當時的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)部(bu)(bu)只能直(zhi)接管理少數電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)，大部(bu)(bu)分電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)都實行(xing)軍官。有(you)地(di)方各大軍區管理。

1950年左右，各地軍管電(dian)廠逐步將權(quan)力(li)回(hui)歸(gui)到(dao)電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)部(bu)。電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)部(bu)成(cheng)立六大區域電(dian)力(li)管理(li)部(bu)門，對電(dian)力(li)集中壟斷垂直(zhi)管理(li)，政企合一。

2、電(dian)力工業(ye)部(bu)時(shi)期（1955年-1958年）。1955年7月，全國人大一致通過撤銷老燃料工業(ye)部(bu)，成立煤炭、電(dian)力、石油工業(ye)部(bu)。電(dian)力工業(ye)部(bu)成立以后，各地方成立輔助機構。加強(qiang)管理體制。并(bing)將水(shui)利部(bu)門(men)的一些權力集中(zhong)過來。從而(er)形(xing)成中(zhong)央跟地方雙重領導的格局。

3、水利(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部時期(qi)（1958-1966年(nian)）。1958年(nian)黨中央召開會議(yi)，定了(le)調(diao)調(diao)。要大力(li)(li)(li)發展(zhan)水利(li)(li)工程(cheng)。在長(chang)期(qi)發展(zhan)來(lai)看，認為水利(li)(li)比電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)還要重要。于(yu)是順乎時勢，將水利(li)(li)部與電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部合并為電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業部。

4、"文(wen)(wen)化(hua)大(da)革(ge)命"時期（1966年(nian)-1978年(nian)）。1966年(nian)"文(wen)(wen)化(hua)大(da)革(ge)命"開始后，水利(li)(li)電(dian)力部(bu)再(zai)次(ci)實(shi)行軍管(guan)，電(dian)力管(guan)理權(quan)力再(zai)一次(ci)落入地方手中。1970年(nian)，軍官結束(shu)。水利(li)(li)電(dian)力部(bu)有革(ge)命委員會(hui)(hui)領導。1975年(nian)革(ge)委會(hui)(hui)結束(shu)領導，權(quan)力再(zai)一次(ci)恢復到(dao)水利(li)(li)電(dian)力部(bu)。

文革(ge)對電(dian)(dian)力(li)造成的破(po)壞應(ying)驗了一放就亂(luan)的魔咒(zhou)。對中國電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業近乎造成了不可(ke)逆轉的傷害。

1975年水利(li)電(dian)(dian)力部恢復后，周總理提出(chu)加快發(fa)展電(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)的(de)倡導。為祖國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力事業(ye)撥亂反正，從此電(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)再次集中的(de)中央(yang)。

二、第(di)二階(jie)段(duan)，摸(mo)著石頭過河（1979-1997年）

從1978年(nian)黨的十一(yi)屆(jie)三(san)中(zhong)全(quan)會以后(hou)，中(zhong)國的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業體(ti)制進入了改(gai)革(ge)探(tan)索時期(qi)。在(zai)(zai)此期(qi)間(jian)中(zhong)央(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)管理部(bu)(bu)門又經過四次變更，即(ji)第(di)二次成(cheng)立電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)(bu)，第(di)二次成(cheng)立水利電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)，成(cheng)立能(neng)(neng)源部(bu)(bu)，最后(hou)第(di)三(san)次成(cheng)立電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)(bu)。在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業管理體(ti)制改(gai)革(ge)方面(mian)(mian)。曾(ceng)研究過全(quan)面(mian)(mian)包(bao)干經濟責任制，簡政放權、自(zi)負盈虧、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)養(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等方案，最后(hou)成(cheng)立了華能(neng)(neng)集(ji)團公(gong)司及各大區的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)團公(gong)司，這一(yi)時期(qi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)改(gai)革(ge)朝著國務(wu)院提出(chu)的"政企(qi)分開，省為實體(ti)，聯合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網，統一(yi)調度，集(ji)資辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)"的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)體(ti)制改(gai)革(ge)原則進行。

1、第二(er)次(ci)成立(li)電力(li)工(gong)業(ye)部（1979-1982年）1979年2月(yue)，國(guo)務院決(jue)定撤消水(shui)利電力(li)部，成立(li)電力(li)工(gong)業(ye)部和(he)水(shui)利部，這是我國(guo)第二(er)次(ci)成立(li)電力(li)工(gong)業(ye)部。

2、第二(er)次(ci)成(cheng)(cheng)立水利電力(li)部（1982-1988年(nian)）1982年(nian)3月，五屆(jie)四(si)次(ci)全國(guo)人(ren)民代表大會再次(ci)將(jiang)水利、電力(li)兩部合(he)并成(cheng)(cheng)立水利電力(li)部。這次(ci)合(he)并之后，接受以往的(de)經驗教訓(xun)，繼續沿著電力(li)工業集中統一的(de)方向(xiang)發展。

在水利(li)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部(bu)期間，黨中央(yang)、國務院(yuan)十分重視(shi)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)的(de)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)和(he)發展，1986年(nian)5月(yue)國務院(yuan)召(zhao)開會(hui)議研究電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)體制改革(ge)(ge)(ge)問題(ti)，6月(yue)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)體制改革(ge)(ge)(ge)小(xiao)組提(ti)出了(le)《加快電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)發展的(de)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)方(fang)(fang)案（草案）》的(de)報(bao)告(gao)，提(ti)出了(le)五項改革(ge)(ge)(ge)措施和(he)五項政策。1987年(nian)9月(yue)14日(ri)，李鵬副總理(li)提(ti)出了(le)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)體制改革(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)原則是(shi)："政企分開，省為實體，聯合電(dian)網(wang)，統一調(diao)度，集資辦電(dian)”和(he)因地制宜的(de)方(fang)(fang)針。在此之前，水利(li)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部(bu)曾提(ti)出全面包干的(de)經濟責任制，簡政放權以及自(zi)負盈虧、以電(dian)養電(dian)的(de)建議。1988年(nian)7月(yue)1日(ri)起進行(xing)華(hua)東(dong)電(dian)網(wang)體制改革(ge)(ge)(ge)試(shi)點，分別(bie)成立華(hua)東(dong)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)聯合公司和(he)上海市、江蘇省、浙(zhe)江省、安(an)徽省電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公司，同時保留華(hua)東(dong)電(dian)業(ye)(ye)管理(li)局和(he)省（市）電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)局名稱(cheng)，實行(xing)雙軌(gui)制運行(xing)，以創造條件(jian)實現政企分開。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業體(ti)制(zhi)改革和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業的(de)(de)發(fa)展，需(xu)要(yao)有相應的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)投(tou)資(zi)體(ti)制(zhi)改革相配(pei)套，在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)段(duan)時間(jian)里，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建設投(tou)資(zi)體(ti)制(zhi)最大(da)的(de)(de)變(bian)化是由撥款改為貸款；由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價嚴重偏低，為了(le)解決(jue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)投(tou)資(zi)不足，主要(yao)采取了(le)建立電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建設基金、賣用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)權和集資(zi)辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)辦(ban)法。為節約(yue)投(tou)資(zi)，在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建設中普通開(kai)展了(le)降低造價，縮短建設周期；基本建設項目投(tou)資(zi)包干責任制(zhi)和招投(tou)標制(zhi)度。為彌補投(tou)資(zi)不足，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業還率先利用外資(zi)，成立華(hua)能國際(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)開(kai)發(fa)公司；發(fa)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建設債券和適當提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)折舊。這(zhe)些(xie)措施(shi)打破(po)了(le)獨家辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)局面，出現了(le)多渠道、多元(yuan)化投(tou)資(zi)辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)局面，加快(kuai)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業的(de)(de)發(fa)展。

3、能源部時(shi)期(qi)（1988-1993年）

1988年5月，七屆一次全國(guo)人(ren)民代表大會(hui)決定，撤消水(shui)利電(dian)力(li)部(bu)，把電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)作并入(ru)新成立的(de)能源部(bu)，能源部(bu)承擔電(dian)力(li)行(xing)政和(he)企業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)職能。1988年5月22日，能源部(bu)正式成立，同(tong)年12月成立中國(guo)電(dian)力(li)企業(ye)聯合會(hui)，在(zai)網省(sheng)電(dian)力(li)管(guan)(guan)理(li)局、電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)局的(de)基礎上成立電(dian)力(li)集團(tuan)公司和(he)省(sheng)電(dian)力(li)公司。由此，實現了電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)的(de)行(xing)政管(guan)(guan)理(li)、企業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)和(he)行(xing)業(ye)自律性管(guan)(guan)理(li)職能的(de)初步(bu)分開，在(zai)電(dian)力(li)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體制改革中邁出了堅(jian)實的(de)一步(bu)。

最早組建(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)是中國(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)。中國(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)。中國(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)。中國(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)是全民所有(you)制(zhi)的(de)(de)實(shi)業(ye)、金融、貿易、科技和(he)服務相結合(he)的(de)(de)多功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、綜合(he)性的(de)(de)企業(ye)集團(tuan)。是由(you)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)國(guo)(guo)際電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)精煤公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)原(yuan)材料公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、中國(guo)(guo)（華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)）工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技術開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)科技發(fa)(fa)(fa)展公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)金融公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)綜合(he)利用(yong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)實(shi)業(ye)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)服務公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)等九個(ge)(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)以及原(yuan)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)部(bu)歸口管理(li)(li)的(de)(de)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技術開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)綜合(he)利用(yong)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)南方（集團(tuan)）等四(si)個(ge)(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上聯合(he)組建(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)。這個(ge)(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)由(you)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源部(bu)與國(guo)(guo)家計委(wei)共(gong)同管理(li)(li)，以能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源部(bu)為主(zhu)，是我(wo)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)1988年組建(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)第一(yi)個(ge)(ge)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)。

大(da)區和(he)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)的公(gong)司(si)化改(gai)組分兩(liang)步進行。第一(yi)步是從(cong)1988年(nian)開(kai)始到1990年(nian)止，將大(da)區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)理局(ju)改(gai)組為(wei)(wei)聯(lian)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)，將省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)局(ju)改(gai)組為(wei)(wei)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)。國(guo)務院電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)理體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革方案明確規定：省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)和(he)聯(lian)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)都(dou)是獨(du)立(li)(li)核算(suan)、自負盈虧的實(shi)體(ti)，具有法人(ren)地位(wei)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)內各發供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單位(wei)的資產關(guan)系不變。聯(lian)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)由能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)部歸口(kou)管(guan)理，在國(guo)家計(ji)劃中實(shi)行單列。非(fei)跨省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)局(ju)，要(yao)逐(zhu)步改(gai)建為(wei)(wei)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)，獨(du)立(li)(li)經營(ying)，由能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)部和(he)省(sheng)人(ren)民政府雙重領導，并接(jie)受委托(tuo)行使(shi)所在地區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)行業(ye)(ye)管(guan)理職能(neng)(neng)。改(gai)革方案要(yao)求各公(gong)司(si)要(yao)落實(shi)，健全各種形式的承包(bao)(bao)經營(ying)責任制(zhi)，逐(zhu)步實(shi)行股份制(zhi)，采用售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量和(he)物質消耗工(gong)(gong)資含量包(bao)(bao)干辦法。獨(du)立(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)均可獨(du)立(li)(li)核算(suan)，與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)訂立(li)(li)經濟合同，接(jie)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)統(tong)一(yi)調度，非(fei)獨(du)立(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)按現(xian)行規定執行。這項改(gai)革到1990年(nian)6月基本完成。

第(di)二步是(shi)1991年(nian)底到(dao)1993年(nian)初，組建(jian)大(da)(da)型電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)。1991年(nian)12月(yue)(yue)14日(ri)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)(wu)院(yuan)批(pi)準的(de)第(di)一批(pi)試點的(de)55個大(da)(da)型企(qi)業(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)中(zhong)，能源部有7個，其中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)占6個，即華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)北(bei)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)、東(dong)北(bei)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)東(dong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)和(he)西北(bei)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)，全部都是(shi)跨地區(qu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)公司(si)。1992年(nian)10月(yue)(yue)10日(ri)，能源部向國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)計委、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)體改委、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)(wu)院(yuan)經(jing)貿辦(ban)上報(bao)關于同(tong)意(yi)組建(jian)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)東(dong)北(bei)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)東(dong)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)北(bei)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)的(de)函(han)，隨后又報(bao)送了(le)同(tong)意(yi)組建(jian)西北(bei)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)的(de)函(han)，經(jing)批(pi)準后，于1993年(nian)1月(yue)(yue)11日(ri)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)北(bei)、東(dong)北(bei)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)東(dong)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)、西北(bei)五大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)宣(xuan)告成立。

4、第(di)三次成立電力(li)工業部（1993-1997年）

1993年(nian)3月(yue)，八屆第(di)一次全國(guo)(guo)人(ren)民代表大(da)會通過決(jue)議，撤消能(neng)源部(bu)(bu)(bu)，第(di)三次成立電(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)(bu)(bu)。國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院批(pi)準(zhun)的(de)組建電(dian)(dian)力部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)指導(dao)思想是："政企(qi)職責分(fen)開，大(da)力簡(jian)政放(fang)權，由部(bu)(bu)(bu)門管(guan)理轉向行業(ye)管(guan)理，加強(qiang)規劃、協調、監督(du)、服務(wu)職能(neng)；精簡(jian)內(nei)設機構和(he)(he)編制，合理配置職能(neng)，提高宏(hong)觀(guan)管(guan)理水平(ping)；實事求(qiu)是，平(ping)穩過渡，合理分(fen)流富(fu)裕人(ren)員。"要(yao)求(qiu)在堅持(chi)"政企(qi)分(fen)開，省(sheng)為實體(ti)(ti)，聯合電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)，統一調度，集資辦電(dian)(dian)"和(he)(he)"因(yin)地因(yin)網(wang)(wang)制宜(yi)"的(de)方針指引下(xia)，下(xia)放(fang)和(he)(he)轉移對企(qi)業(ye)人(ren)、財(cai)、物及經營管(guan)理的(de)職能(neng)，加強(qiang)宏(hong)觀(guan)管(guan)理的(de)職能(neng)，由于國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院批(pi)準(zhun)的(de)文(wen)件(jian)明確要(yao)求(qiu)支(zhi)持(chi)辦好五大(da)電(dian)(dian)力集團，各電(dian)(dian)管(guan)局(ju)和(he)(he)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力局(ju)仍(reng)維(wei)持(chi)現行體(ti)(ti)制，所以在電(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)(bu)(bu)時(shi)期，電(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)體(ti)(ti)制改革沒(mei)有顯著的(de)變化。

電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)成立(li)(li)后，繼續保(bao)留(liu)中國電(dian)力(li)企業(ye)聯(lian)合會，作為全國電(dian)力(li)企業(ye)、事業(ye)電(dian)位(wei)的聯(lian)合組(zu)織，其性質不變，由(you)電(dian)力(li)部(bu)歸口(kou)管理。華能(neng)集團實(shi)行以電(dian)力(li)部(bu)為主與國家(jia)計委雙重領導的體制(zhi)。另外(wai)，在葛洲壩(ba)工(gong)程(cheng)局的基礎上，成立(li)(li)了葛洲壩(ba)集團公司。

為(wei)確保三峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)的順利進行，1993年1月3日國(guo)務院決(jue)定(ding)成(cheng)立國(guo)務院三峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)委員會(hui)，同時成(cheng)立中國(guo)長(chang)江(jiang)三峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)發總公司，全面負(fu)責三峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)和經營(ying)。1994年12月14日，三峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)正式(shi)開(kai)工(gong)(gong)建設(she)(she)。

電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)部(bu)成(cheng)(cheng)立后，根據國(guo)家(jia)體改委(wei)等(deng)部(bu)門(men)有關股(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)試點(dian)辦法的(de)規定(ding)，于1993年9月(yue)印發(fa)了(le)《電(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)股(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)試點(dian)暫行(xing)(xing)(xing)規定(ding)》，規定(ding)明確電(dian)(dian)網企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和發(fa)電(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)都可以(yi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)股(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)改造(zao)，具備(bei)條件的(de)經主管部(bu)門(men)同意后，可以(yi)到(dao)國(guo)（境）外發(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)股(gu)(gu)票，債券；但電(dian)(dian)網公司（指發(fa)、供電(dian)(dian)一體的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)）實行(xing)(xing)(xing)股(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)應以(yi)公有制(zhi)為(wei)主體，保(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)集(ji)團公司、省（區、市）電(dian)(dian)力(li)公司在企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)的(de)控股(gu)(gu)地位(wei)。1994年8月(yue)4日，山東華能發(fa)電(dian)(dian)股(gu)(gu)份有限(xian)公司股(gu)(gu)票在美國(guo)紐約證(zheng)券交易所掛牌(pai)上(shang)市，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)首家(jia)直接去美國(guo)紐約上(shang)市的(de)大型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，隨后中(zhong)國(guo)有一大批發(fa)電(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在國(guo)內外上(shang)市。

中國電力(li)工業經過30年碰壁，與20年摸著(zhu)石(shi)頭過河(he)，最后(hou)終于走上了(le)穩(wen)定發展的道(dao)路。時(shi)至2013年，電監會又并入(ru)了(le)能源局。電網已拆分(fen)為國家電網與南(nan)方(fang)電網兩(liang)家。已經走上了(le)改(gai)放給市場(chang)的權力(li)放給市場(chang)，政企分(fen)離的合(he)理發展道(dao)路。 

2015年9月中(zhong)國(guo)與伊朗(lang)簽署了大(da)宗電(dian)力和(he)能(neng)源合(he)作協議，進一步推(tui)動雙(shuang)邊合(he)作，尤(you)其是加強在電(dian)力和(he)能(neng)源領域(yu)的合(he)作。 

2015年11月18日，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)電機工程(cheng)學(xue)會發布(bu)了“十三五”電力科(ke)技(ji)重(zhong)大技(ji)術(shu)(shu)方向研(yan)究(jiu)報(bao)告，提出未來5年中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)電力科(ke)技(ji)領域將(jiang)重(zhong)點開展(zhan)9個(ge)重(zhong)大技(ji)術(shu)(shu)方向、38項(xiang)關鍵技(ji)術(shu)(shu)研(yan)究(jiu)工作。

相關政策

2014年中國電力市場發展戰略(lve)

進(jin)入21世紀以來，電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)就面臨著(zhu)巨大的(de)(de)沖(chong)擊，尤其是在全球金融(rong)危機的(de)(de)影響下，電(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)所面對(dui)的(de)(de)機遇和挑戰也變得更多。為了提高電(dian)(dian)力(li)銷量，保(bao)證企業(ye)在競爭中(zhong)(zhong)立(li)于不(bu)(bu)敗之(zhi)地(di)，并(bing)對(dui)企業(ye)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)具有前瞻性的(de)(de)分(fen)析，國(guo)家采(cai)取有效策略不(bu)(bu)斷擴寬電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)就顯得尤為重要。據(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)產業(ye)洞察(cha)網了解(jie)，國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)門已經逐步認識到了電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)實現擴大的(de)(de)重要意義，明確了電(dian)(dian)力(li)是國(guo)家基礎行(xing)(xing)業(ye)之(zhi)一，并(bing)盡可能的(de)(de)采(cai)取行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)有效的(de)(de)對(dui)策予以完善。

一、轉變思想，樹立競爭意識

企(qi)(qi)(qi)業生存的(de)基礎是市場(chang)，思想(xiang)(xiang)又是行動的(de)先導，為了擴展電(dian)力市場(chang)，企(qi)(qi)(qi)業一定(ding)要轉變(bian)以(yi)往的(de)思想(xiang)(xiang)觀念，明確(que)以(yi)市場(chang)為主體的(de)競爭策略，堅(jian)持市場(chang)的(de)導向作用。在此基礎上，企(qi)(qi)(qi)業還(huan)要樹(shu)立(li)競爭意(yi)識，培養(yang)效益(yi)觀念，加(jia)強(qiang)市場(chang)管(guan)理，并結(jie)合(he)黨中央的(de)政(zheng)策規章，使企(qi)(qi)(qi)業形(xing)成良好的(de)信譽和形(xing)象，增強(qiang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業的(de)凝(ning)聚力，讓市場(chang)消費者信任(ren)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業，從(cong)而最大限度的(de)拓寬電(dian)力市場(chang)。例如，在國家提出(chu)西部大開發戰略后(hou)，云南某電(dian)力企(qi)(qi)(qi)業就立(li)足(zu)整體，抓住(zhu)機遇，樹(shu)立(li)了競爭意(yi)識，并不斷(duan)完(wan)善自身的(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業形(xing)象，在機遇面(mian)前(qian)沒有錯(cuo)過，準(zhun)確(que)掌(zhang)握了市場(chang)定(ding)位(wei)，擴寬了電(dian)力市場(chang)，取得了巨大的(de)經濟效益(yi)。

二(er)、健全完善電(dian)力市場規章制(zhi)度(du)

想(xiang)(xiang)要(yao)做好(hao)任何事情都(dou)要(yao)有健(jian)全(quan)(quan)完善的(de)規(gui)章制(zhi)度(du)(du)作基礎，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)有效擴(kuo)展也是如此。由(you)于以(yi)往(wang)計劃經(jing)濟體制(zhi)的(de)束縛，再加(jia)上人們思想(xiang)(xiang)觀(guan)念的(de)局限(xian)性，就使得我國有關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)規(gui)章制(zhi)度(du)(du)不夠健(jian)全(quan)(quan)。在新時(shi)期(qi)背景下，為了有效拓(tuo)展電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)，黨和(he)(he)國家一(yi)定要(yao)健(jian)全(quan)(quan)完善相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)規(gui)章制(zhi)度(du)(du)，以(yi)《電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)法(fa)(fa)》和(he)(he)相(xiang)關(guan)法(fa)(fa)律為依據，結合當前(qian)的(de)具(ju)體情況予以(yi)進(jin)一(yi)步完善。具(ju)體來說，要(yao)細化電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)準入規(gui)則，明確(que)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價，規(gui)范(fan)企(qi)業的(de)行為，并(bing)制(zhi)定配套的(de)監督管理法(fa)(fa)規(gui)，明確(que)違(wei)法(fa)(fa)的(de)具(ju)體懲(cheng)罰措施，從而規(gui)范(fan)企(qi)業行為，保證市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)公(gong)開性和(he)(he)科學性，凈化電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)，確(que)保其進(jin)一(yi)步拓(tuo)展。

三、建立以用戶為核心(xin)的電(dian)力(li)市場(chang)并拓(tuo)展新市場(chang)

想要(yao)(yao)增加社(she)會用(yong)電數(shu)量(liang)，并(bing)逐步(bu)拓(tuo)展電力市(shi)場，就要(yao)(yao)堅持(chi)供電以客(ke)(ke)戶(hu)為核心，根據(ju)用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)具體(ti)需求構(gou)建電力市(shi)場。首(shou)先，電力企業(ye)(ye)要(yao)(yao)保證(zheng)供電質(zhi)量(liang)，質(zhi)量(liang)是市(shi)場得以拓(tuo)寬的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)因(yin)素(su)之一，質(zhi)量(liang)過硬(ying)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)爭取到更多的(de)用(yong)戶(hu)；其次，在工作的(de)具體(ti)過程中，要(yao)(yao)堅持(chi)“預防為主(zhu)，安全第一”的(de)原則(ze)，在保證(zheng)電能(neng)(neng)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)基礎上，也要(yao)(yao)確(que)保安全生產，定(ding)期(qi)對(dui)供電設(she)施進行(xing)檢查(cha)維(wei)修，避免(mian)出現安全隱患，逐步(bu)提高設(she)施的(de)使用(yong)年限；最(zui)后，要(yao)(yao)完(wan)善企業(ye)(ye)自(zi)身的(de)服務(wu)(wu)水平，樹(shu)立(li)為用(yong)戶(hu)服務(wu)(wu)的(de)觀念，創新服務(wu)(wu)意識，并(bing)定(ding)期(qi)對(dui)客(ke)(ke)戶(hu)進行(xing)走訪(fang)調查(cha)，了解他們對(dui)電能(neng)(neng)供應的(de)滿意度，從而找到企業(ye)(ye)的(de)不足(zu)(zu)，滿足(zu)(zu)客(ke)(ke)戶(hu)需要(yao)(yao)。

眾所周知，我(wo)國區域(yu)分(fen)配不(bu)協調(diao)(diao)，各地(di)區對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)需求數量存在(zai)很(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)差異，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)使(shi)用的(de)(de)中心(xin)集中在(zai)東(dong)(dong)部和東(dong)(dong)南(nan)沿(yan)海地(di)區。想要拓展(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)，就一(yi)定要打破這(zhe)種不(bu)平(ping)衡的(de)(de)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結構，開(kai)辟新興市(shi)場(chang)。對此，企業(ye)可(ke)以(yi)建立跨區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)在(zai)不(bu)同區域(yu)間進(jin)(jin)行(xing)有效調(diao)(diao)節，并(bing)加(jia)大(da)宏觀調(diao)(diao)控(kong)力度來平(ping)衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價。此外，企業(ye)也可(ke)以(yi)借鑒國外的(de)(de)先(xian)進(jin)(jin)經驗，開(kai)展(zhan)政策(ce)促(cu)銷活動(dong)(dong)，實(shi)行(xing)以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代(dai)油、以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代(dai)柴、以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代(dai)煤(mei)等(deng)形式(shi)，并(bing)加(jia)強對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車、熱泵設(she)備、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)熱鍋爐等(deng)產品的(de)(de)推廣，從而逐步(bu)增加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)在(zai)市(shi)場(chang)消費(fei)中的(de)(de)占有率。例如(ru)，一(yi)旦進(jin)(jin)入(ru)夏季，我(wo)國長(chang)江以(yi)南(nan)地(di)區使(shi)用空調(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)數量就會(hui)大(da)幅(fu)提(ti)高，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況也會(hui)增加(jia)。國家針對這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)現象，對蓄(xu)冰制冷空調(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價方面實(shi)行(xing)了(le)相(xiang)關的(de)(de)優惠政策(ce)，企業(ye)可(ke)以(yi)利(li)用這(zhe)一(yi)特點逐步(bu)拓寬(kuan)市(shi)場(chang)，提(ti)高經濟效益。

四、提(ti)高員工素質(zhi)能力

電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場(chang)的(de)有效拓(tuo)展(zhan)要(yao)依靠企業(ye)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)的(de)業(ye)務能(neng)力(li)(li)和綜合素質來完成，隨著社會主義市場(chang)經濟的(de)全面(mian)開(kai)放，以及現(xian)代化技術的(de)逐(zhu)步興起，給電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企業(ye)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)素質能(neng)力(li)(li)提(ti)出了(le)更高的(de)要(yao)求。想(xiang)要(yao)有效拓(tuo)寬電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場(chang)，企業(ye)就一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)培(pei)養高素質、高能(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)。

第(di)一，企(qi)業(ye)要(yao)提高企(qi)業(ye)人員(yuan)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)水(shui)平，堅(jian)持(chi)先進(jin)設備的(de)引進(jin)，并(bing)逐(zhu)步完善(shan)他們(men)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)能力。第(di)二，堅(jian)持(chi)實(shi)施“引進(jin)來與走出去”并(bing)存的(de)發展戰(zhan)略，加強員(yuan)工之間的(de)交流和(he)合作，派遣有能力的(de)員(yuan)工對(dui)外學習(xi)交流。第(di)三，企(qi)業(ye)要(yao)定期組(zu)織(zhi)人員(yuan)培訓，做好崗(gang)位選拔(ba)工作，在保證員(yuan)工具有高能力的(de)基礎上，還要(yao)完善(shan)他們(men)的(de)道德素(su)質，樹立他們(men)為企(qi)業(ye)服務的(de)理念(nian)，從而進(jin)一步拓展電力市場。 [4]

電力發展“十三五”規劃

11月7日，《電力(li)發展“十三五”規劃》發布(bu)，對我們有(you)以下指導(dao)意(yi)義。

要(yao)科學認識我(wo)國的(de)(de)電力發展空(kong)間：根據《規(gui)劃》，到2020年，我(wo)國人(ren)均裝機突破1.4千瓦(wa)，人(ren)均用電量5000千瓦(wa)時左(zuo)右，接近中等發達(da)國家(jia)水平。電力在能源中的(de)(de)比(bi)重應該越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)大，也就(jiu)是能源要(yao)走向電氣化，特別在終端能源中，以電的(de)(de)形式用能比(bi)重要(yao)提高，而(er)非電的(de)(de)形式如直接燃(ran)煤等則不斷減少。《規(gui)劃》提出的(de)(de)2020年人(ren)均用電量5000千瓦(wa)時左(zuo)右與(yu)2020年GDP水平相適應，今后還有一(yi)定的(de)(de)發展空(kong)間。

未來煤電(dian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展應趨(qu)嚴：在(zai)經濟(ji)新常態(tai)下(xia)，能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)也進入新常態(tai)，表現是能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)隨(sui)著經濟(ji)的增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)也在(zai)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)，但增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)速(su)度(du)趨(qu)緩。我們要認識(shi)到，可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)、核電(dian)以及天然氣發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)等低(di)碳能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)的提高，應該能(neng)(neng)滿(man)足新常態(tai)下(xia)電(dian)力(li)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)的需求。退一步(bu)而(er)言，假(jia)若(ruo)低(di)碳能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)能(neng)(neng)力(li)不足，仍需增(zeng)加煤電(dian)的發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)量，提升煤電(dian)的發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)小時數也能(neng)(neng)做到。

把儲(chu)能(neng)技(ji)術(shu)基礎研(yan)究做扎實：儲(chu)能(neng)技(ji)術(shu)在(zai)能(neng)源科技(ji)上堪稱顛(dian)覆性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)且是(shi)(shi)占領(ling)戰略制高點的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)。儲(chu)能(neng)技(ji)術(shu)如(ru)果在(zai)未來(lai)有實質(zhi)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)進展，就可(ke)以有效解決棄(qi)風、棄(qi)光甚至(zhi)(zhi)棄(qi)水的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。要使間歇式的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)再生能(neng)源實現(xian)規模化發展，儲(chu)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)關鍵，而且高能(neng)量、高密度(du)的(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)非常利于新(xin)能(neng)源汽(qi)車的(de)(de)(de)發展。另外，儲(chu)能(neng)對微網建設也至(zhi)(zhi)關重要。至(zhi)(zhi)此，我們(men)應(ying)該(gai)充分(fen)認識(shi)到：儲(chu)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)可(ke)以實現(xian)多方面用途的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)。

清(qing)潔、低(di)碳(tan)、綠色(se)(se)是這(zhe)輪變(bian)革(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)：“十二五”期間我國(guo)(guo)提出(chu)了能(neng)源(yuan)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)，經過兩(liang)年的(de)(de)(de)時間，能(neng)源(yuan)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)已經取得了重大(da)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。因此，“十三五”將在這(zhe)一(yi)基(ji)礎之上不斷推進(jin)能(neng)源(yuan)領域的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)革(ge)(ge)，基(ji)本的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)就是使能(neng)源(yuan)更(geng)加清(qing)潔、綠色(se)(se)、低(di)碳(tan)。而且，這(zhe)一(yi)變(bian)革(ge)(ge)不僅是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)到現階段提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)必然(ran)(ran)要求(qiu)，也是全球能(neng)源(yuan)變(bian)革(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)。在我看來(lai)，電(dian)力的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)潔、低(di)碳(tan)、綠色(se)(se)包含(han)兩(liang)層(ceng)含(han)義：一(yi)是對煤電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)潔化利用和改造；二是盡可能(neng)多地增(zeng)加可再生能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)量。總體而言，對煤炭進(jin)行清(qing)潔化利用是較(jiao)低(di)層(ceng)次的(de)(de)(de)解決方(fang)(fang)案，更(geng)高層(ceng)次的(de)(de)(de)解決方(fang)(fang)案是發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)綠色(se)(se)低(di)碳(tan)能(neng)源(yuan)替代煤炭。不過，從較(jiao)低(di)層(ceng)次轉向(xiang)更(geng)高層(ceng)次需(xu)要一(yi)個過程(cheng)，這(zhe)中(zhong)間需(xu)要適度增(zeng)加天然(ran)(ran)氣(qi)發(fa)電(dian)來(lai)作為(wei)過渡，再發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)到大(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)可再生能(neng)源(yuan)，逐步形成綠色(se)(se)低(di)碳(tan)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)源(yuan)體系。

碳(tan)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)將成(cheng)為重要控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)指(zhi)標：碳(tan)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)將成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行業(ye)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)很(hen)重要的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)指(zhi)標。《規(gui)劃》中提出了(le)煤電(dian)(dian)機組(zu)二氧化碳(tan)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)強度降至(zhi)865克/千瓦時的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標。此(ci)外，《“十三五”控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)溫室氣體排(pai)放(fang)(fang)工作方(fang)案》里(li)也提到，到2020年(nian)(nian)，大型發(fa)電(dian)(dian)集(ji)團單位供電(dian)(dian)二氧化碳(tan)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)在550克二氧化碳(tan)/千瓦時以內。這(zhe)意味(wei)著我(wo)國一(yi)(yi)大部分發(fa)電(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)煤電(dian)(dian)比(bi)例不能(neng)超過(guo)50%，這(zhe)個(ge)要求是很(hen)高的(de)(de)(de)。總體來(lai)(lai)看，五大發(fa)電(dian)(dian)集(ji)團由于近年(nian)(nian)來(lai)(lai)已經在大力(li)(li)布局可再生能(neng)源，要完成(cheng)這(zhe)個(ge)任(ren)務基本沒(mei)有太(tai)大難(nan)度，但一(yi)(yi)些地方(fang)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公司可能(neng)就壓力(li)(li)比(bi)較大。如(ru)果完不成(cheng)，到時候就要通過(guo)購買碳(tan)指(zhi)標、參與碳(tan)交易的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)來(lai)(lai)完成(cheng)任(ren)務。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)替(ti)(ti)代(dai)是(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)進步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體現(xian)：《規(gui)劃(hua)》重點(dian)提(ti)(ti)到，到2020年電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)占終端能(neng)(neng)源消(xiao)費比重要(yao)(yao)提(ti)(ti)升至27%。一方面，燃(ran)(ran)燒煤炭(tan)、石油是(shi)(shi)造成大氣(qi)(qi)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)因素，尤其散煤燃(ran)(ran)燒危害更(geng)大。每噸散煤燃(ran)(ran)燒排(pai)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物是(shi)(shi)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)燃(ran)(ran)煤排(pai)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)5~10倍，對(dui)大氣(qi)(qi)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻(xian)率高達50%左右。另一方面，天然(ran)氣(qi)(qi)雖然(ran)較(jiao)煤炭(tan)而言(yan)更(geng)為清潔，但它在(zai)利(li)用(yong)過程中(zhong)也(ye)會(hui)(hui)釋放(fang)一部(bu)分氮氧(yang)化(hua)物，氮氧(yang)化(hua)物也(ye)是(shi)(shi)形成灰霾(mai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)原(yuan)因之一。因此，提(ti)(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)在(zai)終端能(neng)(neng)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)用(yong)，對(dui)防治大氣(qi)(qi)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)確(que)實大有裨益。另外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)替(ti)(ti)代(dai)不僅僅是(shi)(shi)一個提(ti)(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)力在(zai)能(neng)(neng)源消(xiao)費終端比重的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，更(geng)是(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)進步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體現(xian)。從(cong)發達國家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)終端用(yong)能(neng)(neng)來(lai)看，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)占比也(ye)非常(chang)高。我(wo)國要(yao)(yao)進入(ru)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)社(she)會(hui)(hui)，能(neng)(neng)源系統、用(yong)能(neng)(neng)方式也(ye)要(yao)(yao)和(he)發達國家(jia)(jia)接(jie)近。“十(shi)一五(wu)”、“十(shi)二(er)五(wu)”時(shi)(shi)期，我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)精力是(shi)(shi)解決用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)問題，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力已經做到了寬裕，這個時(shi)(shi)候(hou)提(ti)(ti)出大規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)替(ti)(ti)代(dai)也(ye)具備現(xian)實基礎。