芒果视频下载安装

產生方式

當今是(shi)互(hu)聯網的(de)(de)(de)時代，我們(men)仍然對(dui)電(dian)(dian)力(li)有著持續增長的(de)(de)(de)需求，因為我們(men)發明了電(dian)(dian)腦(nao)、家電(dian)(dian)等(deng)更多使用電(dian)(dian)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)產品。不可否認新技術的(de)(de)(de)不斷出現使得電(dian)(dian)力(li)成為人們(men)的(de)(de)(de)必需品。

電力(li)(li)的產生方(fang)式主要有：火力(li)(li)發(fa)電（煤(mei)等可(ke)燃燒物(wu)）、太陽能(neng)發(fa)電、大容量(liang)風(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)電技(ji)術(shu)、核能(neng)發(fa)電、氫能(neng)發(fa)電、水利發(fa)電等。

21世紀能(neng)源(yuan)科學(xue)將為人類(lei)文明再創輝煌，例如，燃料電池是(shi)將氫、天然氣、煤氣、甲醇、肼等燃料的(de)化(hua)學(xue)能(neng)直接轉換成(cheng)電能(neng)的(de)一類(lei)化(hua)學(xue)電源(yuan)；生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)質能(neng)是(shi)以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)質為載體的(de)能(neng)量(liang)，生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)質能(neng)的(de)高(gao)效和清潔利用技術也得到極(ji)大發展。

發電方式

火力發電

一、優勢：

燃料容易(yi)獲取，熱(re)機效率高(gao)(gao)，調(diao)峰(feng)較易(yi)實現，建設成(cheng)本低，容易(yi)與冶金、化工、水(shui)泥(ni)等高(gao)(gao)能耗工業形(xing)成(cheng)共生產業鏈。

二、弊端：

煙氣(qi)污染：煤(mei)炭(tan)直接燃燒排放的SO2、NOx等酸性氣(qi)體不斷增長(chang)，使(shi)我國很多地區酸雨量增加。全國每(mei)年(nian)產生140萬噸(dun)SO2。

粉塵污(wu)染：對電站附(fu)近環境造成粉煤(mei)灰污(wu)染，對人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)生活及(ji)植物的(de)(de)生長(chang)造成不良影響。全國每年(nian)產生1500萬噸煙塵。

資(zi)源消(xiao)耗(hao)：發(fa)電的汽輪(lun)機通(tong)常選用水(shui)作為冷卻(que)介質，一座100萬千瓦火力發(fa)電廠每日的耗(hao)水(shui)量約為十萬噸。全國每年(nian)消(xiao)耗(hao)5000萬噸標準。

核能發電

一、優勢：基本(ben)不受自(zi)然資(zi)源產地限制，運行成本(ben)低(di)，無溫(wen)室氣體(ti)排放(fang)。

二(er)、要用反應堆(dui)產(chan)生(sheng)核能，需要解決以下10個問題(ti)：

為核裂(lie)變鏈式反應提供必要的條件，使之得以進行。

鏈式反應必須能由人通過一定裝置(zhi)進(jin)行控制(zhi)。失去控制(zhi)的裂變(bian)能不僅不能用于發電，還會釀(niang)成災害(hai)。

裂變反應產生的能(neng)量要(yao)能(neng)從反應堆中安全(quan)取(qu)出。

裂變反應(ying)中產生的中子和放射性(xing)物質對(dui)(dui)人體危害很大(da)，必須設法避(bi)免它們對(dui)(dui)核電站工(gong)作人員(yuan)和附近居民(min)的傷害。

核(he)(he)能電廠會(hui)產(chan)生高低階放射性廢料，或者(zhe)是使用(yong)過之核(he)(he)燃(ran)料，雖然(ran)所占體積(ji)不(bu)大，但因具有放射線，故(gu)必(bi)須慎重處(chu)理，且需面對相(xiang)當大的政治困(kun)擾(rao)。

核(he)能(neng)發電廠熱(re)效(xiao)率較(jiao)低，因而比(bi)一般化(hua)石燃料電廠排放更(geng)多廢熱(re)到環(huan)境里(li)，故核(he)能(neng)電廠的熱(re)污(wu)染較(jiao)嚴(yan)重。

核能(neng)電廠投資(zi)成(cheng)本(ben)太大，電力公司的財務風險較高。

核能電廠較(jiao)不適宜(yi)做尖峰、離峰之隨(sui)載(zai)運轉(zhuan)。

興建核電廠較易引發政治歧見(jian)紛爭。

核電廠的反應器內有(you)大量的放(fang)(fang)射性(xing)物質，如果在事(shi)故中釋(shi)放(fang)(fang)到(dao)外界環(huan)境，會對生態(tai)及民眾造成(cheng)傷害。

核(he)電在正常情(qing)況下固然(ran)是干凈的，但萬(wan)一(yi)發生(sheng)核(he)泄漏，后果同樣是可怕的。前(qian)蘇聯切爾諾貝利核(he)電站事(shi)故，已使900萬(wan)人受到了(le)不同程度的損害，而(er)且這一(yi)影響并未終止。

水力發電

優(you)勢：幾乎完全無(wu)污染，運營(ying)成本低，便于調峰，可再生，有航運、水利等邊際效益。

弊端(duan)：水(shui)(shui)力發電要(yao)淹(yan)沒大量土(tu)地，有(you)可能導致生態環(huan)境破(po)壞，而且大型(xing)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)一(yi)旦塌崩(beng)，后果將不堪設想(xiang)。另(ling)外(wai)，一(yi)個國家的(de)水(shui)(shui)力資源也(ye)是(shi)有(you)限的(de)，而且還要(yao)受季節的(de)影響。

風力發電

優勢：無環境(jing)污染，運(yun)行(xing)成本低，可再(zai)生。

弊(bi)端：噪(zao)聲，視覺污染(ran)。占用大片土地及林地，對植(zhi)被破壞(huai)大。不穩定，不可(ke)控(kong)。成(cheng)本仍然很高(gao)。

太陽能光伏發電

優勢(shi)：運行(xing)無(wu)污(wu)染，可再(zai)生，設備小型化，適(shi)合(he)非集中供(gong)電。

電力輸送

傳輸

電(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)傳輸(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)變電(dian)(dian)、配電(dian)(dian)、用(yong)電(dian)(dian)一起，構成電(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)(de)整體功能。通過(guo)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)，把相(xiang)(xiang)距甚遠的(de)(de)（可達(da)數千千米）發(fa)電(dian)(dian)廠和(he)(he)負荷中(zhong)心聯系起來(lai)，使電(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)開發(fa)和(he)(he)利用(yong)超(chao)越地(di)域的(de)(de)限制。和(he)(he)其他能源的(de)(de)傳輸(shu)(shu)（如輸(shu)(shu)煤、輸(shu)(shu)油(you)等(deng)）相(xiang)(xiang)比，輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)損耗小、效益高、靈活方(fang)便、易于調控、環境污(wu)染少(shao)；輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)還可以將不(bu)同(tong)地(di)點(dian)的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)廠連接起來(lai)，實行峰谷(gu)調節。輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)是電(dian)(dian)能利用(yong)優越性(xing)的(de)(de)重要體現(xian)，在現(xian)代化(hua)社會中(zhong)，它是重要的(de)(de)能源動脈。

輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)按(an)結(jie)構(gou)形式可分(fen)為(wei)架空輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)和地(di)下(xia)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)。前者(zhe)由(you)(you)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)桿塔、導線(xian)(xian)、絕緣子(zi)等(deng)構(gou)成，架設(she)在(zai)地(di)面上；后(hou)者(zhe)主要用電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，敷設(she)在(zai)地(di)下(xia)（或水下(xia)）。輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)按(an)所送電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)性質可分(fen)為(wei)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和交流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。19世紀(ji)80年(nian)代(dai)首先成功地(di)實現了直流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，后(hou)因(yin)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓提不高的(de)(de)限(xian)制(zhi)（輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量大體與輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)平方成比例(li)）19世紀(ji)末為(wei)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所取代(dai)。交流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)成功，迎來(lai)了20世紀(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣化時代(dai)。20世紀(ji)60年(nian)代(dai)以來(lai)，由(you)(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術的(de)(de)發展(zhan)，直流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)又有新發展(zhan)，與交流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)相配合，形成交直流(liu)(liu)(liu)混合的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統。

輸(shu)電電壓(ya)的高(gao)(gao)低是輸(shu)電技術發展水平的主(zhu)要標志(zhi)。到20世(shi)紀(ji)90年代，世(shi)界各(ge)國(guo)常用輸(shu)電電壓(ya)有220千伏(fu)及(ji)(ji)以上(shang)的高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)電330～765千伏(fu)的超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)電，1000千伏(fu)及(ji)(ji)以上(shang)的特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)電。

變電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠將(jiang)(jiang)天然的(de)一次能源轉變(bian)(bian)(bian)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，向遠方的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)(yong)戶送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為了(le)減小輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能損耗(hao)及線路(lu)阻抗壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降，需要將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)升(sheng)高；為了(le)滿足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)(yong)戶安全的(de)需要，又要將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降低(di)，并分(fen)配(pei)給各個用(yong)(yong)戶，這就需要能升(sheng)高和降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，并能分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)。所(suo)(suo)以變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)通過其變(bian)(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、接(jie)受和分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)裝置(zhi)，它(ta)是(shi)聯系(xi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)(yong)戶的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)間環節，同時(shi)通過變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)將(jiang)(jiang)各電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等級的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網聯系(xi)起(qi)來，變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)是(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，傳輸和分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)、二次系(xi)統及必(bi)要的(de)附(fu)屬設備組成。

變(bian)壓(ya)器是變(bian)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)的(de)(de)中(zhong)心設備，變(bian)壓(ya)器利(li)用的(de)(de)是電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感應原理。配電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)是變(bian)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)中(zhong)所(suo)有(you)的(de)(de)開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)器、載流(liu)導體輔助設備連接在一起的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。其(qi)作用是接受和分配電(dian)(dian)能。配電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)主要由母線、高壓(ya)斷路(lu)器開關(guan)、電(dian)(dian)抗器線圈(quan)、互(hu)感器、電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)容器、避雷(lei)器、高壓(ya)熔斷器、二次設備及必要的(de)(de)其(qi)他輔助設備所(suo)組成。

二(er)次(ci)設備(bei)是指一次(ci)系(xi)統(tong)狀態測量、控制、監(jian)察(cha)和保護的設備(bei)裝置。由這些設備(bei)構(gou)成的回路(lu)(lu)叫二(er)次(ci)回路(lu)(lu)，總稱二(er)次(ci)系(xi)統(tong)。

二次(ci)系統的(de)設(she)備包(bao)含(han)測量(liang)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、控制(zhi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、繼(ji)電保(bao)護裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、自動控制(zhi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、直流系統及必要的(de)附(fu)屬設(she)備。

電壓等級

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級(ji)有(you)220V、380V（0.4 kV）、3 kV、6 kV、10 kV、20 kV、35 kV、66 kV、110 kV、220 kV、330 kV、500 kV、750kV、1000kV。隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)制造(zao)工藝(yi)的提高，10 kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)已(yi)批量(liang)生產，所以3 kV、6 kV已(yi)較(jiao)少使用，20 kV、66 kV也很(hen)少使用。供電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)以10 kV、35 kV為(wei)主。輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)以110 kV以上為(wei)主。發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)有(you)6 kV、10 kV與20kV三種，以20 kV為(wei)主，用戶均(jun)為(wei)220V、380V（0.4 kV）低壓系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。

根據(ju)《城市(shi)電(dian)(dian)力網(wang)(wang)(wang)規定(ding)設計規則》規定(ding)：輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)為1000kV、500 kV、330 kV、220 kV、110kV，高壓(ya)配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)為110kV、66kV，中壓(ya)配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)為20kV、10kV、6 kV，低壓(ya)配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)為0.4 kV（220V/380V）。

發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠發(fa)出6 kV或10 kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)，除(chu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠自己(ji)用(yong)(yong)（廠用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)）之(zhi)外，也可(ke)以用(yong)(yong)10 kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓送給發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠附近用(yong)(yong)戶，10 kV供電(dian)(dian)(dian)范圍為(wei)(wei)(wei)10Km、35 kV為(wei)(wei)(wei)20~50Km、66 kV為(wei)(wei)(wei)30~100Km、110 kV為(wei)(wei)(wei)50~150Km、220 kV為(wei)(wei)(wei)100~300Km、330 kV為(wei)(wei)(wei)200~600Km、500 kV為(wei)(wei)(wei)150~850Km。

變配電站

電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統各種電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級均通過電(dian)(dian)力(li)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)來轉換(huan)，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高為(wei)(wei)升壓(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)（變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)為(wei)(wei)升壓(ya)站(zhan)），電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降(jiang)低(di)為(wei)(wei)降(jiang)壓(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)（變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)為(wei)(wei)降(jiang)壓(ya)站(zhan)）。一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)另一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的選(xuan)用兩個線(xian)圈(quan)（繞(rao)組）的雙(shuang)圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)，一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)兩種電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的選(xuan)用三(san)個線(xian)圈(quan)（繞(rao)組）的三(san)圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)。

變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)除升壓與降壓之(zhi)分(fen)外，還以(yi)規模(mo)大(da)小分(fen)為(wei)樞紐站(zhan)，區域站(zhan)與終端(duan)(duan)站(zhan)。樞紐站(zhan)電(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)(deng)級(ji)一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)三個（三圈(quan)變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)），550kV /220kV /110kV。區域站(zhan)一(yi)般(ban)也(ye)有三個電(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)(deng)級(ji)（三圈(quan)變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)），220 kV /110kV /35kV或110kV /35kV /10kV。終端(duan)(duan)站(zhan)一(yi)般(ban)直(zhi)接(jie)接(jie)到用(yong)戶，大(da)多數為(wei)兩個電(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)(deng)級(ji)（兩圈(quan)變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)）110kV /10 kV或35 kV /10 kV。用(yong)戶本身(shen)的變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)一(yi)般(ban)只有兩個電(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)(deng)級(ji)（雙圈(quan)變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)）110 kV /10kV、35kV /0.4kV、10kV /0.4kV，其(qi)中以(yi)10kV /0.4kV為(wei)最多。

接線方案

1）一次接(jie)線種類

變電(dian)站一次回路接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)指輸電(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路進入變電(dian)站之后(hou)，所(suo)有電(dian)力設備（變壓(ya)器及進出(chu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)開關等(deng)）的(de)相互連接(jie)方(fang)式。其接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)案(an)有：線(xian)(xian)(xian)路變壓(ya)器組，橋形(xing)接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，單(dan)母線(xian)(xian)(xian)，單(dan)母線(xian)(xian)(xian)分段，雙母線(xian)(xian)(xian)，雙母線(xian)(xian)(xian)分段，環網供電(dian)等(deng)。

2）線(xian)路變壓器組

變電站只有一路(lu)進線(xian)與一臺變壓(ya)器，而且再無(wu)發展的情況下采用線(xian)路(lu)變壓(ya)器組(zu)接線(xian)。

3）橋形接線

有(you)兩路進線(xian)、兩臺變壓(ya)器(qi)，而且再沒(mei)有(you)發展的情(qing)況下，采用橋(qiao)形接(jie)線(xian)。針對變壓(ya)器(qi)，聯絡斷路器(qi)在兩個(ge)進線(xian)斷路器(qi)之內(nei)為內(nei)橋(qiao)接(jie)線(xian)，聯絡斷路器(qi)在兩個(ge)進線(xian)斷路器(qi)之外為外橋(qiao)接(jie)線(xian)。

4）單母線

變電(dian)站進(jin)出(chu)(chu)線較多(duo)時(shi)，采(cai)用(yong)單母(mu)線，有兩(liang)路(lu)進(jin)線時(shi)，一般一路(lu)供(gong)電(dian)、一路(lu)備用(yong)（不同時(shi)供(gong)電(dian)），二者可設備用(yong)電(dian)源互自投(tou)，多(duo)路(lu)出(chu)(chu)線均由一段(duan)母(mu)線引出(chu)(chu)。

5）單母線分段

有(you)兩(liang)(liang)路(lu)以(yi)上進線(xian)，多路(lu)出線(xian)時，選用單母(mu)(mu)線(xian)分段(duan)(duan)，兩(liang)(liang)路(lu)進線(xian)分別(bie)接到兩(liang)(liang)段(duan)(duan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)上，兩(liang)(liang)段(duan)(duan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)用母(mu)(mu)聯開關連(lian)接起來。出線(xian)分別(bie)接到兩(liang)(liang)段(duan)(duan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)上。

單母線分(fen)段運行(xing)(xing)方式比(bi)較多。一(yi)般為一(yi)路(lu)主(zhu)供，一(yi)路(lu)備用(yong)（不(bu)合閘(zha)），母聯(lian)合上(shang)，當主(zhu)供斷電(dian)時，備用(yong)合上(shang)，主(zhu)供、備用(yong)與母聯(lian)互鎖。備用(yong)電(dian)源(yuan)容量較小時，備用(yong)電(dian)源(yuan)合上(shang)后(hou)，要斷開一(yi)些出線。這是比(bi)較常用(yong)的一(yi)種(zhong)運行(xing)(xing)方式。

對于特別重(zhong)要的負荷，兩路進(jin)線均為主供(gong)，母聯(lian)開(kai)關斷(duan)開(kai)，當一路進(jin)線斷(duan)電時，母聯(lian)合上，來(lai)電后斷(duan)開(kai)母聯(lian)再合上進(jin)線開(kai)關。

單母(mu)線分(fen)段也(ye)有利于變電(dian)站內部檢(jian)修(xiu)，檢(jian)修(xiu)時(shi)可以停(ting)掉一段母(mu)線，如(ru)果是單母(mu)線不(bu)分(fen)段，檢(jian)修(xiu)時(shi)就要全站停(ting)電(dian)，利用旁路(lu)母(mu)線可以不(bu)停(ting)電(dian)，旁路(lu)母(mu)線只用于電(dian)力(li)系統變電(dian)站。

6）雙母線

雙(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)主要(yao)用(yong)于(yu)發電(dian)廠及大型變電(dian)站，每路線(xian)(xian)(xian)路都由一個(ge)斷路器經(jing)過兩(liang)個(ge)隔離開關(guan)分(fen)別接到兩(liang)條母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)上，這樣在母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)時，就可(ke)以利(li)用(yong)隔離開關(guan)將(jiang)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路倒在一條件母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)上。雙(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)也有(you)分(fen)段與不分(fen)段兩(liang)種(zhong)，雙(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)段再加(jia)旁路斷路器，接線(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)式復雜，但(dan)檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)就非常方(fang)便(bian)了，停(ting)電(dian)范(fan)圍可(ke)減少。

二次回路

1）二次回(hui)路種(zhong)類

變配電站二次回(hui)路(lu)(lu)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)：測(ce)(ce)量、保(bao)護(hu)、控制與信號(hao)(hao)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。測(ce)(ce)量回(hui)路(lu)(lu)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)：計量測(ce)(ce)量與保(bao)護(hu)測(ce)(ce)量。控制回(hui)路(lu)(lu)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)：就地手動合分(fen)閘(zha)、防(fang)跳(tiao)聯鎖(suo)、試驗(yan)、互投(tou)聯鎖(suo)、保(bao)護(hu)跳(tiao)閘(zha)以及合分(fen)閘(zha)執行(xing)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。信號(hao)(hao)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)開關(guan)運行(xing)狀態信號(hao)(hao)、事(shi)故跳(tiao)閘(zha)信號(hao)(hao)與事(shi)故預告信號(hao)(hao)。

2）測量回路

測量(liang)(liang)(liang)回路(lu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)回路(lu)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓回路(lu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)回路(lu)各種設備串聯于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)(hu)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)二次側(ce)（5A），電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)(hu)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)是將原邊負(fu)荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)統一(yi)變為5A測量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。計(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與保護分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)(bie)用各自的互(hu)(hu)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)（計(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)用互(hu)(hu)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)精(jing)度要求高），計(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)測量(liang)(liang)(liang)串接(jie)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)度表，功(gong)率表與功(gong)率因數表電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端子(zi)。保護測量(liang)(liang)(liang)串接(jie)于(yu)保護繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端子(zi)。微機保護一(yi)般將計(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)及保護集中于(yu)一(yi)體，分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)(bie)有計(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端子(zi)與保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端子(zi)。

電壓測量回路，220/380V低壓系統(tong)直(zhi)接接220V或(huo)380V，3KV以(yi)上(shang)高壓系統(tong)全部經過電壓互感器將(jiang)各(ge)種等級的高電壓變(bian)為(wei)統(tong)一的100V電壓，電壓表(biao)(biao)以(yi)及電度表(biao)(biao)、功率表(biao)(biao)與功率因數表(biao)(biao)的電壓線(xian)(xian)圈經其端(duan)子并接在(zai)100V電壓母線(xian)(xian)上(shang)。微(wei)機保護單元計量電壓與保護電壓統(tong)一為(wei)一種電壓端(duan)子。

3）控制回路

（1）合分閘回路

合(he)(he)分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)通(tong)過合(he)(he)分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)轉換(huan)開(kai)(kai)關進(jin)(jin)(jin)行操作(zuo)，常規保(bao)護為提示操作(zuo)人員及事(shi)故跳閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)報警需要，轉換(huan)開(kai)(kai)關選(xuan)用預(yu)合(he)(he)-合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)-合(he)(he)后(hou)及預(yu)分-分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)-分后(hou)的多檔(dang)轉換(huan)開(kai)(kai)關。以(yi)使利用不(bu)對(dui)應(ying)接線(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行合(he)(he)分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)提示與(yu)事(shi)故跳閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)報警，國家已有標準圖(tu)設(she)計。采用微(wei)機保(bao)護以(yi)后(hou)，要進(jin)(jin)(jin)行遠(yuan)分合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)操作(zuo)后(hou)，還(huan)要到就(jiu)地(di)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行轉換(huan)開(kai)(kai)關對(dui)位操作(zuo)，這就(jiu)失去了遠(yuan)分操作(zuo)的意(yi)義，所以(yi)應(ying)取消不(bu)對(dui)應(ying)接線(xian)，選(xuan)用中(zhong)間(jian)自復位的只有合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)與(yu)分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)的三檔(dang)轉換(huan)開(kai)(kai)關。

（2）防跳回路

當合(he)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)出現(xian)(xian)故(gu)障時進行分閘(zha)(zha)，或(huo)短路(lu)事故(gu)未排除，又進行合(he)閘(zha)(zha)（誤操作），這(zhe)(zhe)時就會(hui)出現(xian)(xian)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)反(fan)復(fu)合(he)分閘(zha)(zha)，不僅容易引起或(huo)擴(kuo)大事故(gu)，還(huan)會(hui)引起設備損壞或(huo)人(ren)身事故(gu)，所(suo)以(yi)高壓開(kai)關控制回(hui)路(lu)應設計防(fang)(fang)跳。防(fang)(fang)跳一(yi)般(ban)選用電(dian)流(liu)啟(qi)動，電(dian)壓保持的(de)雙線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)。電(dian)流(liu)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)串接(jie)于(yu)分閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)作為啟(qi)動線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)。電(dian)壓線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)接(jie)于(yu)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)，作為保持線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)，當分閘(zha)(zha)時，電(dian)流(liu)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)經分閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)起動。如(ru)果合(he)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)有故(gu)障，或(huo)處于(yu)手動合(he)閘(zha)(zha)位置，電(dian)壓線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)起啟(qi)動并通(tong)過(guo)(guo)其(qi)常開(kai)接(jie)點自(zi)保持，其(qi)常閉(bi)接(jie)點馬上斷(duan)開(kai)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)，保證斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)在(zai)分閘(zha)(zha)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中不能(neng)馬上再合(he)閘(zha)(zha)。防(fang)(fang)跳繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)的(de)電(dian)流(liu)回(hui)路(lu)還(huan)可以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)其(qi)常開(kai)接(jie)點將電(dian)流(liu)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)自(zi)保持，這(zhe)(zhe)樣可以(yi)減(jian)輕保護繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)的(de)出口接(jie)點斷(duan)開(kai)負荷，也減(jian)少了保護繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)的(de)保持時間要求。

有些微機保(bao)護(hu)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)自(zi)己(ji)已具有防跳(tiao)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，這(zhe)樣就可以(yi)(yi)不(bu)再設(she)(she)計防跳(tiao)回(hui)路。斷路器操作(zuo)(zuo)機構選(xuan)用(yong)彈簧(huang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)時，如果選(xuan)用(yong)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)可以(yi)(yi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)一(yi)次(ci)合(he)閘與分(fen)閘的彈簧(huang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)操作(zuo)(zuo)機構（也(ye)有用(yong)于重合(he)閘的儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)可以(yi)(yi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)二(er)次(ci)合(he)閘與分(fen)閘的彈簧(huang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)操作(zuo)(zuo)機構），因為儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)一(yi)般都要求10秒左(zuo)右，當儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)開關經(jing)常處于斷開位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)一(yi)次(ci)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，合(he)完之后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，將儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)開關再處于斷開位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，可以(yi)(yi)跳(tiao)一(yi)次(ci)閘；跳(tiao)閘之后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，要手動儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)之后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)才能(neng)(neng)(neng)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)合(he)閘，此時，也(ye)可以(yi)(yi)不(bu)再設(she)(she)計防跳(tiao)回(hui)路。

（3）試(shi)驗與互(hu)投聯鎖與控制(zhi)

對于手車(che)開(kai)關柜，手車(che)推(tui)出(chu)后要進(jin)(jin)行斷路(lu)(lu)器合(he)(he)分(fen)閘試(shi)驗，應設計合(he)(he)分(fen)閘試(shi)驗按鈕。進(jin)(jin)線與母(mu)聯斷路(lu)(lu)，一般應根據要求進(jin)(jin)行互(hu)投聯鎖或控制。

（4）保護跳閘

保護跳閘出口(kou)經(jing)過(guo)連(lian)接片(pian)接于跳閘回路(lu)，連(lian)接片(pian)用(yong)于保護調試，或運行過(guo)程(cheng)中解除某些保護功(gong)能。

（5）合分閘回路

合分(fen)閘回(hui)路(lu)為(wei)經合分(fen)閘母線為(wei)操作機構提供電源，以及(ji)其控制回(hui)路(lu)，一般(ban)都應單獨畫出。

4）信號回路

（1）開關(guan)(guan)運行狀態信號(hao)由合(he)閘與(yu)分(fen)閘指示(shi)兩個裝于開關(guan)(guan)柜上(shang)(shang)的(de)信號(hao)燈(deng)組成(cheng)：經過操(cao)作轉換開關(guan)(guan)不對應接(jie)線(xian)后接(jie)到(dao)正電(dian)源(yuan)上(shang)(shang)。采(cai)用微機保護后，轉換開關(guan)(guan)取消了不對應接(jie)線(xian)，所以(yi)信號(hao)燈(deng)正極可(ke)以(yi)直接(jie)接(jie)到(dao)正電(dian)源(yuan)上(shang)(shang)。

（2）事(shi)(shi)(shi)故信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)有(you)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故跳閘(zha)與事(shi)(shi)(shi)故預告(gao)(gao)(gao)兩(liang)種(zhong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)，事(shi)(shi)(shi)故跳閘(zha)報警也要通(tong)過轉(zhuan)化開(kai)關不對(dui)應后，接(jie)到(dao)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故跳閘(zha)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)母線上，再引到(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統。事(shi)(shi)(shi)故預告(gao)(gao)(gao)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)通(tong)過信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)繼(ji)電器(qi)接(jie)點(dian)引到(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統。采(cai)用微機保護后，將斷路器(qi)操(cao)作機構輔助接(jie)點(dian)與信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)繼(ji)電器(qi)的接(jie)點(dian)分別接(jie)到(dao)微機保護單元(yuan)的開(kai)關量(liang)輸入端子，需(xu)要有(you)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統時，如果微機保護單元(yuan)可以提供事(shi)(shi)(shi)故跳閘(zha)與事(shi)(shi)(shi)故預告(gao)(gao)(gao)輸出接(jie)點(dian)，可將其引到(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統。否則，應利用信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)繼(ji)電器(qi)的另一對(dui)接(jie)點(dian)引到(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統。

（3）中(zhong)央信(xin)號系統(tong)(tong)為安裝于(yu)值(zhi)班(ban)室內的集(ji)中(zhong)報(bao)警系統(tong)(tong)，由事故跳(tiao)閘(zha)與事故預告兩(liang)套聲光報(bao)警組(zu)成，光報(bao)警用光字(zi)牌，不(bu)用信(xin)號燈，光字(zi)牌分集(ji)中(zhong)與分散兩(liang)種。采用變電(dian)站綜合(he)自動化(hua)(hua)系統(tong)(tong)后，可以不(bu)再設計(ji)中(zhong)央信(xin)號系統(tong)(tong)，或將其(qi)簡(jian)化(hua)(hua)，只設計(ji)集(ji)中(zhong)報(bao)警作為計(ji)算機報(bao)警的后備報(bao)警。

歷史沿革

發展歷史

1875年(nian)，巴黎(li)北火車站建(jian)成世界上第(di)一座火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)，為(wei)附近照明供電(dian)(dian)。1879年(nian)，美(mei)國(guo)舊金山(shan)實驗電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)開(kai)始發電(dian)(dian)，是世界上最早出(chu)售電(dian)(dian)力(li)的電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。80年(nian)代，在英國(guo)和美(mei)國(guo)建(jian)成世界上第(di)一批水電(dian)(dian)站。1913年(nian)，全世界的年(nian)發電(dian)(dian)量達 500億千瓦時，電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業已作為(wei)一個獨(du)立(li)的工業部門，進(jin)入人類的生產活動領域。

20世(shi)(shi)紀30、40年(nian)(nian)(nian)代，美(mei)國(guo)(guo)成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)的(de)先進國(guo)(guo)家，擁有20萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)的(de)機組31臺，容(rong)量(liang)為30萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)的(de)中型火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠9座(zuo)。同一時期(qi)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組達(da)5～10萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)。1934年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美(mei)國(guo)(guo)開工興建的(de)大(da)古力水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站，計劃容(rong)量(liang)是(shi) 888萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)，1941年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，到1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)裝機容(rong)量(liang)達(da)649萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa) ，至(zhi)(zhi)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代中期(qi)一直(zhi)是(shi)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上最(zui)大(da)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站。1950年(nian)(nian)(nian)，全世(shi)(shi)界(jie)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)增至(zhi)(zhi)9589億千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時，是(shi)1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)19倍。50 、60、70年(nian)(nian)(nian)代，平均年(nian)(nian)(nian)增長率(lv)(lv)分別(bie)為9.4%、8.0%、5.3% 。1950～1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)增長7.9倍，平均年(nian)(nian)(nian)增長率(lv)(lv)7.6%，約相(xiang)當(dang)于每(mei)10年(nian)(nian)(nian)翻一番。1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)，全世(shi)(shi)界(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 20.3% ，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)63.7%，核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)15.6%；美(mei)國(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)11.4%，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)72.1%，核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)16.0%；前蘇聯(lian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 13.5%，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)76.4%，核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)10.1%；日(ri)本水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)12.9%，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)61.8%，核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)25.1%；中國(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)21.0%，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)79.0%。世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比重最(zui)大(da)的(de)是(shi)法國(guo)(guo)，1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)74.6%。

電(dian)網、水、火電(dian)利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)增(zeng)(zeng)速差異顯(xian)著。國家統計局于公布了2010年(nian)1-8月(yue)工(gong)業(ye)企業(ye)利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)數(shu)據，電(dian)力生(sheng)產與供(gong)應業(ye)整體實(shi)現利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)936.1億(yi)，同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)119%；細分(fen)行(xing)業(ye)來看(kan)，火電(dian)利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)為220.0億(yi)，同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)-17.8%；水電(dian)利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)248.4億(yi)，同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)45.9%；電(dian)力供(gong)應利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)380.0億(yi)，同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)655%。從(cong)環(huan)(huan)比(bi)數(shu)據看(kan)，2010年(nian)6-8月(yue)，電(dian)力生(sheng)產與供(gong)應業(ye)整體實(shi)現利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)462億(yi)，環(huan)(huan)比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)37%；細分(fen)行(xing)業(ye)看(kan)，火電(dian)6-8月(yue)利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)50.5億(yi)，環(huan)(huan)比(bi)下降56%；水電(dian)6-8月(yue)利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)206.4億(yi)，環(huan)(huan)比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)307%；電(dian)力供(gong)應6-8月(yue)利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)168.1億(yi)，環(huan)(huan)比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)28%。電(dian)力供(gong)應業(ye)利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)增(zeng)(zeng)速的大幅度提高(gao)主要由于09年(nian)四季(ji)度銷售(shou)電(dian)價的調整以及銷售(shou)電(dian)量逐(zhu)季(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)加所(suo)導致。從(cong)下游主要耗(hao)電(dian)行(xing)業(ye)來看(kan)，除(chu)鋼(gang)鐵(tie)外(wai)，化工(gong)、建(jian)材(cai)(cai)、有色(se)行(xing)業(ye)利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)均顯(xian)著超過(guo)07-08年(nian)的同期水平，特別是建(jian)材(cai)(cai)。從(cong)環(huan)(huan)比(bi)數(shu)據看(kan)，除(chu)建(jian)材(cai)(cai)行(xing)業(ye)外(wai)，其(qi)他高(gao)耗(hao)電(dian)行(xing)業(ye)利(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)(e)(e)環(huan)(huan)比(bi)有所(suo)下滑。

2010三(san)季度(du)水(shui)電利潤(run)大幅度(du)增(zeng)長。由于2010年(nian)三(san)季度(du)來水(shui)好(hao)于往年(nian)，水(shui)電發(fa)電量也明(ming)顯增(zeng)加，2010年(nian)6-8月水(shui)電利潤(run)總額206億，同比增(zeng)長96%。隨著國家對水(shui)電開發(fa)正面(mian)態度(du)的(de)明(ming)朗，我們預(yu)計國家對水(shui)電開發(fa)的(de)支持政策將逐(zhu)步出臺，水(shui)電企(qi)業投資價(jia)值也將逐(zhu)步明(ming)晰(xi)。

20世(shi)紀70年(nian)代(dai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)進入(ru)以大(da)(da)機(ji)組(zu)、大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠、超高(gao)壓以至特(te)(te)高(gao)壓輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，形成以聯合(he)系統為特(te)(te)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)新時期。1973年(nian)，瑞士BBC公司(si)制造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)130萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)雙軸(zhou)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)在美(mei)國肯勃蘭電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠投(tou)入(ru)運行。蘇聯于1981年(nian)制造(zao)并投(tou)運世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)(shang)容(rong)(rong)量最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)120萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)單(dan)軸(zhou)汽輪發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)。到1977年(nian)，美(mei)國已有120座裝機(ji)容(rong)(rong)量百萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)以上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)型火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠。1985年(nian)，蘇聯有百萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)以上(shang)(shang)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠59座。1983年(nian)，日本(ben)有百萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)以上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠32座，其中鹿兒島(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠總容(rong)(rong)量440萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa) ，是世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)(shang)最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃油電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠。世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)(shang)設計(ji)容(rong)(rong)量最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是巴西和巴拉圭合(he)建的(de)(de)(de)(de)伊泰普(pu)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，設計(ji)容(rong)(rong)量1260萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)，采用70萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)機(ji)組(zu)，與運行中的(de)(de)(de)(de)世(shi)界(jie)最(zui)大(da)(da)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)美(mei)國大(da)(da)古力(li)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)世(shi)界(jie)最(zui)大(da)(da)水(shui)輪機(ji)組(zu)70萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)容(rong)(rong)量相等(deng)。世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)(shang)最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是日本(ben)福島(dao)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，容(rong)(rong)量是909.6萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)。

總裝機容量幾百萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)的(de)大型水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站、大型火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)，促進了超(chao)高(gao)(gao)、特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和聯(lian)合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)發展。1935年(nian)，美(mei)國(guo)首次(ci)將輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)等(deng)級從110～220千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏提高(gao)(gao)到(dao)287千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏，出現了超(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)。1952年(nian)，瑞(rui)典建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)二(er)分裂(lie)導線(xian)(xian)的(de)380千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏超(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)。1959年(nian)，蘇(su)聯(lian)建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)500千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏，長850千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)的(de)三(san)分裂(lie)導線(xian)(xian)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)。1965～1969年(nian)，加拿大、蘇(su)聯(lian)和美(mei)國(guo)先(xian)后建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)735 、750和765千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)。1985年(nian)，蘇(su)聯(lian)首次(ci)建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)1150 千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)離890千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)，美(mei)國(guo)正研(yan)究(jiu)1100千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏和1500千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，意大利研(yan)究(jiu)1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，日本建(jian)(jian)設250千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)長1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)。高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（HVDC），瑞(rui)典、美(mei)國(guo)、蘇(su)聯(lian)分別采(cai)用±100、±450 、±750千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，后者輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)離2414千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米(mi)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)600萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)。到(dao)1985年(nian)，全世界已有(you)18個(ge)國(guo)家、32個(ge)直流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)投運(yun)，總輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送容量2000萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)。

中國電力發展階段

一、第(di)一階(jie)段計劃經濟時期（1949-1978年）

自1949年(nian)到1978年(nian)，中(zhong)國電(dian)力(li)(li)歷史(shi)分別(bie)有燃料工業部、電(dian)力(li)(li)工業部、水利(li)(li)電(dian)力(li)(li)部三個階段(duan)。在燃料部與電(dian)力(li)(li)工業部階段(duan)，電(dian)力(li)(li)管(guan)理(li)執行集(ji)中(zhong)管(guan)理(li)的方法；時至水利(li)(li)電(dian)力(li)(li)部，電(dian)力(li)(li)與水利(li)(li)又經(jing)歷了(le)分散與集(ji)中(zhong)各兩次(ci)不同(tong)管(guan)理(li)，卻(que)始(shi)終擺脫不了(le)一(yi)個魔咒-----一(yi)分就(jiu)亂，一(yi)收就(jiu)危。

1、燃料工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)時期（1949-1955年）。建國(guo)后，在(zai)中央(yang)領(ling)導下，電(dian)力實(shi)行集中管制與(yu)統一(yi)調控(kong)。成立了(le)電(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)。但是(shi)當時的(de)電(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)只能直(zhi)接管理少數電(dian)廠(chang)，大部(bu)分電(dian)廠(chang)都實(shi)行軍官。有地方各大軍區管理。

1950年左右(you)，各地軍管(guan)(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠逐步將(jiang)權力(li)回歸到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業部(bu)(bu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業部(bu)(bu)成立(li)六大區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理部(bu)(bu)門，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)集中壟(long)斷垂直(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理，政企合一。

2、電力(li)工業部(bu)(bu)時(shi)期（1955年-1958年）。1955年7月(yue)，全(quan)國(guo)人大(da)一致通過撤銷老燃料工業部(bu)(bu)，成(cheng)立(li)煤炭(tan)、電力(li)、石油工業部(bu)(bu)。電力(li)工業部(bu)(bu)成(cheng)立(li)以(yi)后，各(ge)地方成(cheng)立(li)輔助(zhu)機構。加強管理體制。并將水利部(bu)(bu)門的一些權力(li)集中過來(lai)。從而形成(cheng)中央(yang)跟(gen)地方雙重(zhong)領導的格(ge)局。

3、水(shui)利(li)電力部時期（1958-1966年(nian)）。1958年(nian)黨中央召開會議(yi)，定了(le)調調。要(yao)大(da)力發展水(shui)利(li)工程。在長期發展來看(kan)，認為水(shui)利(li)比(bi)電力還要(yao)重(zhong)要(yao)。于是順乎時勢，將(jiang)水(shui)利(li)部與電力部合并為電力工業部。

4、"文化(hua)大(da)革命"時期(qi)（1966年(nian)(nian)-1978年(nian)(nian)）。1966年(nian)(nian)"文化(hua)大(da)革命"開始后，水利電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)部再次(ci)實行軍(jun)管，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)管理權力(li)(li)(li)(li)再一次(ci)落入地方(fang)手中。1970年(nian)(nian)，軍(jun)官結束。水利電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)部有(you)革命委員會(hui)領導(dao)(dao)。1975年(nian)(nian)革委會(hui)結束領導(dao)(dao)，權力(li)(li)(li)(li)再一次(ci)恢復到水利電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)部。

文革對(dui)電力(li)(li)造成的(de)破壞應驗(yan)了(le)一放就(jiu)亂(luan)的(de)魔咒(zhou)。對(dui)中(zhong)國電力(li)(li)工業近乎造成了(le)不可逆轉的(de)傷(shang)害。

1975年水利電力(li)部恢復后(hou)，周總理提出加快發展電力(li)工業(ye)的(de)倡導。為祖國電力(li)事(shi)業(ye)撥亂(luan)反正，從此電力(li)工業(ye)再次集(ji)中的(de)中央。

二、第(di)二階段，摸著石頭過河（1979-1997年）

從(cong)1978年黨的十一(yi)屆三中(zhong)全會以后，中(zhong)國的電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)進入了改(gai)革(ge)探索時(shi)期(qi)。在(zai)此期(qi)間(jian)中(zhong)央(yang)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)管理部(bu)門(men)又經(jing)(jing)過四(si)次變更，即第二次成立電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)，第二次成立水利電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部(bu)，成立能源部(bu)，最后第三次成立電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)。在(zai)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)管理體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)方(fang)(fang)面。曾(ceng)研究過全面包干經(jing)(jing)濟責任制(zhi)(zhi)，簡(jian)政放權、自負盈(ying)虧、以電(dian)養電(dian)等方(fang)(fang)案，最后成立了華能集團(tuan)公司(si)及(ji)各(ge)大區的電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)集團(tuan)公司(si)，這一(yi)時(shi)期(qi)的電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)改(gai)革(ge)朝著(zhu)國務院提出(chu)的"政企分開，省為實體(ti)，聯合電(dian)網，統一(yi)調度，集資辦電(dian)"的電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)原則進行。

1、第二(er)次成立(li)電力(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)（1979-1982年）1979年2月，國務院決(jue)定撤消(xiao)水利電力(li)(li)部(bu)，成立(li)電力(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)和(he)水利部(bu)，這是(shi)我國第二(er)次成立(li)電力(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)。

2、第二次(ci)成立水利電力部(bu)(bu)（1982-1988年）1982年3月，五(wu)屆四次(ci)全國人民代表大會再次(ci)將水利、電力兩部(bu)(bu)合并成立水利電力部(bu)(bu)。這次(ci)合并之后(hou)，接受(shou)以往的經驗教訓，繼續沿著電力工(gong)業集中統一的方向發展。

在水利(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部期間，黨中央、國(guo)務(wu)(wu)院十分重視電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)的(de)改(gai)革和發(fa)展，1986年(nian)5月國(guo)務(wu)(wu)院召(zhao)開(kai)會(hui)議研(yan)究(jiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)體制改(gai)革問題，6月電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)體制改(gai)革小(xiao)組提(ti)出(chu)了(le)(le)《加(jia)快(kuai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)發(fa)展的(de)改(gai)革方(fang)案(an)（草案(an)）》的(de)報告，提(ti)出(chu)了(le)(le)五(wu)項(xiang)改(gai)革措施和五(wu)項(xiang)政(zheng)策。1987年(nian)9月14日，李鵬副總理(li)提(ti)出(chu)了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)體制改(gai)革的(de)原則是："政(zheng)企分開(kai)，省(sheng)為實體，聯合電(dian)(dian)(dian)網，統一調度，集資辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)”和因地制宜的(de)方(fang)針。在此之前，水利(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部曾(ceng)提(ti)出(chu)全面包干的(de)經濟責任(ren)制，簡政(zheng)放權以及(ji)自負盈虧、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)養電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)建議。1988年(nian)7月1日起(qi)進(jin)行華(hua)(hua)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)網體制改(gai)革試點(dian)，分別(bie)成立華(hua)(hua)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)聯合公司和上(shang)海市、江(jiang)蘇省(sheng)、浙江(jiang)省(sheng)、安徽省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公司，同(tong)時保(bao)留華(hua)(hua)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)管理(li)局和省(sheng)（市）電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)局名稱，實行雙軌制運行，以創造條件實現政(zheng)企分開(kai)。

電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革和(he)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)的(de)(de)發(fa)展，需要(yao)(yao)有相應的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革相配套，在(zai)這段(duan)時間里，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)建(jian)設投(tou)(tou)資(zi)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)最大的(de)(de)變化是(shi)由(you)撥(bo)款改(gai)為(wei)貸款；由(you)于電(dian)(dian)價(jia)嚴重偏低(di)，為(wei)了(le)(le)解決電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)，主要(yao)(yao)采取了(le)(le)建(jian)立電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)建(jian)設基金、賣用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)權和(he)集(ji)資(zi)辦電(dian)(dian)等辦法。為(wei)節約(yue)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)建(jian)設中普通開展了(le)(le)降低(di)造價(jia)，縮短建(jian)設周期；基本建(jian)設項目投(tou)(tou)資(zi)包(bao)干責任制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)招投(tou)(tou)標(biao)制(zhi)(zhi)度。為(wei)彌補投(tou)(tou)資(zi)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)還率先利用(yong)(yong)外資(zi)，成(cheng)立華能國際電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)開發(fa)公司；發(fa)行電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)建(jian)設債券和(he)適(shi)當提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)折(zhe)舊。這些措施(shi)打破(po)了(le)(le)獨(du)家辦電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)局面，出現了(le)(le)多渠道、多元化投(tou)(tou)資(zi)辦電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)局面，加快了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)的(de)(de)發(fa)展。

3、能源部(bu)時期（1988-1993年）

1988年5月(yue)，七(qi)屆一次全國(guo)人民(min)代表大會決(jue)定，撤消水利電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)(bu)，把電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作并入新(xin)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)的(de)能源(yuan)部(bu)(bu)，能源(yuan)部(bu)(bu)承擔電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行政和企業(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)職(zhi)能。1988年5月(yue)22日，能源(yuan)部(bu)(bu)正式(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)，同年12月(yue)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業(ye)(ye)聯合會，在網省電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)局、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)局的(de)基(ji)礎上成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)集(ji)團公司和省電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司。由此，實(shi)現了電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)行政管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、企業(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)和行業(ye)(ye)自律(lv)性(xing)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)職(zhi)能的(de)初步分開，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體(ti)制改(gai)革中邁出了堅實(shi)的(de)一步。

最早(zao)組建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)(zhong)國華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)(zhong)國華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)(zhong)國華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)全民所(suo)有制的(de)(de)(de)實業(ye)、金(jin)融、貿易、科技(ji)(ji)和(he)服務(wu)相結合的(de)(de)(de)多功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、綜合性的(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)。是(shi)由華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)國際電(dian)力開(kai)發(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)精煤公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)原材料公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、中(zhong)(zhong)國（華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)）工(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)科技(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)展公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)金(jin)融公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)綜合利用公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)實業(ye)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)服務(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)等九個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)以及原水電(dian)部歸口管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)綜合利用開(kai)發(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)南方（集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)）等四個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)聯合組建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)由能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)部與國家計委共同管理(li)，以能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)部為(wei)主，是(shi)我國電(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)1988年組建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)個集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。

大(da)區和(he)(he)省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)的(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)化改(gai)(gai)組分兩(liang)步進行(xing)(xing)。第(di)一(yi)步是(shi)從1988年(nian)開始到1990年(nian)止，將(jiang)大(da)區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)管理(li)局改(gai)(gai)組為聯(lian)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)，將(jiang)省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)局改(gai)(gai)組為省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)。國務(wu)院(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)管理(li)體制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)方案明確(que)規(gui)(gui)定：省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)和(he)(he)聯(lian)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)都是(shi)獨(du)(du)立(li)核算(suan)、自負盈虧的(de)實體，具有(you)法人(ren)地位。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)各發供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單(dan)位的(de)資產關(guan)系不變。聯(lian)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)由能源部歸(gui)口管理(li)，在(zai)(zai)國家(jia)計劃中(zhong)實行(xing)(xing)單(dan)列。非跨省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)局，要逐(zhu)步改(gai)(gai)建為省(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)，獨(du)(du)立(li)經(jing)營(ying)，由能源部和(he)(he)省(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)民政府雙重領導，并接受委托行(xing)(xing)使(shi)所在(zai)(zai)地區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)管理(li)職(zhi)能。改(gai)(gai)革(ge)方案要求各公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)要落實，健全各種(zhong)形式(shi)的(de)承(cheng)包經(jing)營(ying)責任制(zhi)，逐(zhu)步實行(xing)(xing)股(gu)份制(zhi)，采用(yong)售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量和(he)(he)物質消耗工資含量包干(gan)辦法。獨(du)(du)立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)均可(ke)獨(du)(du)立(li)核算(suan)，與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)訂立(li)經(jing)濟(ji)合同，接受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)統一(yi)調度，非獨(du)(du)立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)按(an)現行(xing)(xing)規(gui)(gui)定執行(xing)(xing)。這項改(gai)(gai)革(ge)到1990年(nian)6月(yue)基(ji)本(ben)完成。

第二(er)步是(shi)1991年(nian)底(di)到1993年(nian)初，組建(jian)大(da)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力企(qi)業(ye)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)。1991年(nian)12月14日國務(wu)院批(pi)(pi)準(zhun)的(de)(de)第一(yi)批(pi)(pi)試點的(de)(de)55個(ge)大(da)型(xing)(xing)企(qi)業(ye)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)中(zhong)(zhong)，能源部(bu)有7個(ge)，其中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力占6個(ge)，即華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)、東北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)力集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)和西北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)，全(quan)部(bu)都是(shi)跨地(di)區的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力企(qi)業(ye)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公司。1992年(nian)10月10日，能源部(bu)向(xiang)國家計委、國家體改委、國務(wu)院經(jing)貿辦上報(bao)關于同意組建(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)國東北(bei)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)東、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)北(bei)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)的(de)(de)函，隨后又報(bao)送了同意組建(jian)西北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)的(de)(de)函，經(jing)批(pi)(pi)準(zhun)后，于1993年(nian)1月11日華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)北(bei)、東北(bei)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)東、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)、西北(bei)五大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)宣告成(cheng)立。

4、第三次(ci)成立電力工(gong)業部（1993-1997年）

1993年3月，八屆(jie)第(di)一次(ci)全國(guo)(guo)人民代表大會通過決議，撤消能(neng)(neng)(neng)源部(bu)，第(di)三次(ci)成立電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)部(bu)。國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院批(pi)準的(de)組建(jian)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部(bu)的(de)指(zhi)導思(si)想是："政(zheng)企(qi)職(zhi)責分開(kai)，大力(li)(li)簡政(zheng)放權，由部(bu)門管理轉向(xiang)行業(ye)管理，加強規(gui)劃、協調、監(jian)督、服務(wu)職(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；精簡內(nei)設機(ji)構和(he)編制(zhi)(zhi)，合理配置職(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，提高宏觀管理水(shui)平；實事求是，平穩過渡，合理分流(liu)富(fu)裕人員(yuan)。"要求在(zai)堅持"政(zheng)企(qi)分開(kai)，省(sheng)為實體，聯合電(dian)(dian)網，統一調度，集(ji)(ji)資辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)"和(he)"因地因網制(zhi)(zhi)宜"的(de)方針(zhen)指(zhi)引下，下放和(he)轉移(yi)對企(qi)業(ye)人、財、物及經營管理的(de)職(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，加強宏觀管理的(de)職(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，由于國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院批(pi)準的(de)文件明確要求支(zhi)持辦(ban)好五大電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)團，各(ge)電(dian)(dian)管局和(he)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)局仍維持現行體制(zhi)(zhi)，所以在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)部(bu)時期(qi)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)體制(zhi)(zhi)改革沒有顯著的(de)變化(hua)。

電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)部(bu)成(cheng)立(li)后，繼續保留中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)力(li)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)聯(lian)合會，作為全國(guo)電(dian)力(li)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)、事業(ye)(ye)電(dian)位的(de)聯(lian)合組織，其性質(zhi)不變，由電(dian)力(li)部(bu)歸口管(guan)理。華能(neng)集團實行以電(dian)力(li)部(bu)為主(zhu)與國(guo)家計委雙(shuang)重領導的(de)體制。另外，在(zai)葛洲(zhou)壩(ba)工程局(ju)的(de)基(ji)礎上，成(cheng)立(li)了葛洲(zhou)壩(ba)集團公司。

為確保三(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)的順利進行，1993年1月(yue)3日(ri)國(guo)務院決定(ding)成立(li)國(guo)務院三(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)委員會，同(tong)時成立(li)中國(guo)長(chang)江三(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)開發總公司(si)，全面負(fu)責三(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)和經營。1994年12月(yue)14日(ri)，三(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)正式開工(gong)建(jian)設(she)(she)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)部成(cheng)立后，根據國(guo)家體改委等部門有(you)關(guan)股份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)試(shi)點辦法的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，于1993年9月(yue)印發(fa)(fa)了《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行業(ye)股份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)試(shi)點暫行規(gui)定(ding)(ding)》，規(gui)定(ding)(ding)明確電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業(ye)和發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)都可(ke)以進行股份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)改造，具備條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)經主管部門同(tong)意后，可(ke)以到國(guo)（境）外發(fa)(fa)行股票，債券(quan)；但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)(gong)司（指發(fa)(fa)、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一體的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)業(ye)）實(shi)行股份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)應以公(gong)(gong)有(you)制(zhi)為(wei)主體，保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)司、省（區、市）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司在(zai)(zai)企(qi)業(ye)中(zhong)的(de)(de)控(kong)股地位。1994年8月(yue)4日，山(shan)東華能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)股份(fen)(fen)有(you)限(xian)公(gong)(gong)司股票在(zai)(zai)美(mei)國(guo)紐(niu)約(yue)證(zheng)券(quan)交易所(suo)掛牌上(shang)市，成(cheng)為(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)首(shou)家直接去美(mei)國(guo)紐(niu)約(yue)上(shang)市的(de)(de)大型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)業(ye)，隨后中(zhong)國(guo)有(you)一大批(pi)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)在(zai)(zai)國(guo)內外上(shang)市。

中國電(dian)(dian)力工業經(jing)過(guo)30年(nian)碰壁，與20年(nian)摸著石頭過(guo)河(he)，最后終(zhong)于(yu)走上(shang)了(le)穩定發展的道路。時至(zhi)2013年(nian)，電(dian)(dian)監會又并入(ru)了(le)能(neng)源局。電(dian)(dian)網已(yi)拆分(fen)為國家電(dian)(dian)網與南方電(dian)(dian)網兩(liang)家。已(yi)經(jing)走上(shang)了(le)改放給市(shi)場(chang)的權(quan)力放給市(shi)場(chang)，政企分(fen)離(li)的合理發展道路。

2015年(nian)9月(yue)中(zhong)國與伊朗簽(qian)署了大宗電(dian)力(li)和(he)能(neng)源(yuan)合作協(xie)議，進(jin)一步推動雙邊合作，尤其是加強在(zai)電(dian)力(li)和(he)能(neng)源(yuan)領域的合作。

2015年11月18日，中國電(dian)機工程學會發布了“十三五”電(dian)力科技(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)大技(ji)術(shu)方向研究報告，提出未來5年中國電(dian)力科技(ji)領(ling)域將重(zhong)(zhong)點開展9個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)大技(ji)術(shu)方向、38項關鍵技(ji)術(shu)研究工作。

相關政策

2014年中國電力市場發展戰(zhan)略(lve)

進入21世紀以來，電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場就面臨著巨大(da)的沖擊，尤其是在全球金融危機的影(ying)響(xiang)下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業(ye)所面對(dui)的機遇和挑戰也變得更多。為了提高電(dian)(dian)力(li)銷量(liang)，保證(zheng)企業(ye)在競爭中立于不敗之(zhi)地，并(bing)對(dui)企業(ye)進行(xing)具有(you)前瞻(zhan)性的分析，國(guo)家采(cai)取有(you)效(xiao)策略不斷擴(kuo)寬電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場就顯得尤為重要。據中國(guo)產(chan)業(ye)洞察網了解(jie)，國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)門已(yi)經逐步認(ren)識到了電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場實現擴(kuo)大(da)的重要意義(yi)，明確(que)了電(dian)(dian)力(li)是國(guo)家基礎行(xing)業(ye)之(zhi)一，并(bing)盡可能的采(cai)取行(xing)之(zhi)有(you)效(xiao)的對(dui)策予以完善(shan)。

一、轉(zhuan)變(bian)思想(xiang)，樹立(li)競爭意識

企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)生(sheng)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎是市(shi)場(chang)(chang)，思想又是行動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先導(dao)(dao)，為了(le)擴展電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)，企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)一定(ding)要(yao)轉變以往的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想觀念，明確(que)以市(shi)場(chang)(chang)為主體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)策略，堅持(chi)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)向作用。在(zai)此(ci)基(ji)礎上，企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)還(huan)要(yao)樹立(li)競(jing)爭(zheng)意識(shi)，培養效(xiao)益觀念，加(jia)強(qiang)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)管理，并(bing)(bing)結合黨中央的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政策規章，使企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)形(xing)成良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信譽和形(xing)象，增強(qiang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凝聚(ju)力(li)(li)，讓(rang)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)消費者(zhe)信任企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)，從而最(zui)大限度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拓寬電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)。例(li)如，在(zai)國(guo)家(jia)提出西部大開發戰略后，云南某電(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)就(jiu)立(li)足整體，抓住機(ji)遇，樹立(li)了(le)競(jing)爭(zheng)意識(shi)，并(bing)(bing)不斷完善自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)形(xing)象，在(zai)機(ji)遇面前沒(mei)有錯過，準確(que)掌握(wo)了(le)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)定(ding)位(wei)，擴寬了(le)電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)，取得了(le)巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益。

二(er)、健全完善(shan)電力市場規章制度

想(xiang)要(yao)做好(hao)任何事情都(dou)要(yao)有(you)(you)健全(quan)完(wan)善(shan)的規(gui)(gui)章(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)作基礎，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)的有(you)(you)效擴展(zhan)也是如此(ci)。由于以往計劃經(jing)濟體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的束縛(fu)，再加(jia)上人們思想(xiang)觀念的局限性(xing)，就使得我國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)的規(gui)(gui)章(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)不(bu)夠健全(quan)。在新(xin)時期(qi)背景下，為(wei)了有(you)(you)效拓(tuo)展(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)，黨和(he)國(guo)(guo)家一(yi)定要(yao)健全(quan)完(wan)善(shan)相應的規(gui)(gui)章(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，以《電(dian)(dian)(dian)力法(fa)(fa)》和(he)相關法(fa)(fa)律為(wei)依據，結合當前的具(ju)(ju)體情況予以進(jin)一(yi)步完(wan)善(shan)。具(ju)(ju)體來說，要(yao)細化電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)的準入規(gui)(gui)則，明(ming)確(que)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價，規(gui)(gui)范企業的行(xing)為(wei)，并(bing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定配套(tao)的監督管(guan)理法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)，明(ming)確(que)違法(fa)(fa)的具(ju)(ju)體懲罰措施(shi)，從而規(gui)(gui)范企業行(xing)為(wei)，保(bao)證市(shi)場(chang)的公(gong)開性(xing)和(he)科(ke)學(xue)性(xing)，凈化電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)，確(que)保(bao)其進(jin)一(yi)步拓(tuo)展(zhan)。

三、建(jian)立以(yi)用(yong)戶為核心的電力市場(chang)并拓展(zhan)新市場(chang)

想要(yao)增加社會用電(dian)數量，并逐(zhu)(zhu)步拓展(zhan)電(dian)力(li)市場，就要(yao)堅(jian)持供電(dian)以客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)為核(he)心，根(gen)據用戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體需(xu)求構(gou)建(jian)電(dian)力(li)市場。首(shou)先，電(dian)力(li)企業要(yao)保證供電(dian)質(zhi)量，質(zhi)量是市場得以拓寬的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)因素之(zhi)一，質(zhi)量過(guo)硬(ying)，才能(neng)爭取到更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)用戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)；其(qi)次，在(zai)(zai)工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體過(guo)程中，要(yao)堅(jian)持“預(yu)防(fang)為主(zhu)，安(an)全第(di)一”的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則，在(zai)(zai)保證電(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，也要(yao)確保安(an)全生(sheng)產，定期對供電(dian)設施進行檢查(cha)維修，避(bi)免出(chu)現安(an)全隱(yin)患，逐(zhu)(zhu)步提高(gao)設施的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用年限；最后，要(yao)完善(shan)企業自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)服務水平，樹立(li)為用戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)服務的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀念，創新服務意識(shi)，并定期對客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)進行走訪調查(cha)，了解他們對電(dian)能(neng)供應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)滿意度，從而(er)找到企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)不足(zu)，滿足(zu)客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)需(xu)要(yao)。

眾所周知(zhi)，我國(guo)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域分配不協(xie)調(diao)(diao)，各地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)對(dui)(dui)電能(neng)的(de)需求(qiu)數(shu)量存在(zai)很大的(de)差異，電能(neng)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)中心集中在(zai)東部和東南沿(yan)海(hai)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。想要拓(tuo)展電力市(shi)場(chang)，就一(yi)定要打破這(zhe)(zhe)種不平衡(heng)的(de)用(yong)電結(jie)構(gou)，開(kai)辟新興市(shi)場(chang)。對(dui)(dui)此(ci)(ci)，企業(ye)可以(yi)建(jian)立跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域電網，使(shi)電能(neng)在(zai)不同區(qu)(qu)(qu)域間進(jin)行有效調(diao)(diao)節，并(bing)加(jia)大宏觀調(diao)(diao)控力度來平衡(heng)電價。此(ci)(ci)外(wai)，企業(ye)也(ye)可以(yi)借鑒國(guo)外(wai)的(de)先(xian)進(jin)經驗(yan)，開(kai)展政(zheng)策(ce)促銷活動，實行以(yi)電代(dai)(dai)油(you)、以(yi)電代(dai)(dai)柴、以(yi)電代(dai)(dai)煤等形式(shi)，并(bing)加(jia)強對(dui)(dui)電動汽車、熱(re)泵設(she)備(bei)、電熱(re)鍋(guo)爐等產品的(de)推(tui)廣，從而逐(zhu)步增加(jia)電能(neng)在(zai)市(shi)場(chang)消(xiao)費(fei)中的(de)占有率。例如，一(yi)旦進(jin)入夏季，我國(guo)長江以(yi)南地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)使(shi)用(yong)空調(diao)(diao)的(de)數(shu)量就會(hui)大幅提高(gao)(gao)，用(yong)電情況也(ye)會(hui)增加(jia)。國(guo)家針對(dui)(dui)這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)現(xian)象，對(dui)(dui)蓄冰(bing)制(zhi)冷(leng)空調(diao)(diao)的(de)電價方面實行了相關的(de)優(you)惠政(zheng)策(ce)，企業(ye)可以(yi)利(li)用(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)特點逐(zhu)步拓(tuo)寬市(shi)場(chang)，提高(gao)(gao)經濟效益。

四、提高員工素質(zhi)能力

電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)效拓(tuo)展(zhan)要(yao)依靠(kao)企(qi)業(ye)員(yuan)工(gong)的(de)(de)業(ye)務能(neng)力(li)和(he)綜合素質(zhi)來(lai)完成，隨(sui)著社會主義市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經濟的(de)(de)全(quan)面開放，以及現代(dai)化技術的(de)(de)逐步興起(qi)，給(gei)電(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)業(ye)員(yuan)工(gong)素質(zhi)能(neng)力(li)提出(chu)了(le)更高的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。想要(yao)有(you)(you)效拓(tuo)寬電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)，企(qi)業(ye)就一定要(yao)培(pei)養高素質(zhi)、高能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)員(yuan)工(gong)。

第(di)一(yi)，企(qi)業要(yao)提高企(qi)業人員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)水平(ping)，堅持先進設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)引(yin)進，并(bing)(bing)逐步(bu)完善他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)能(neng)力(li)。第(di)二，堅持實(shi)施“引(yin)進來與走出去”并(bing)(bing)存的(de)(de)(de)發展戰(zhan)略，加強員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)之間的(de)(de)(de)交流和(he)合作，派遣有能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)對外學(xue)習交流。第(di)三，企(qi)業要(yao)定期組織人員(yuan)(yuan)培訓，做好崗位選(xuan)拔工(gong)(gong)作，在保證員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)具有高能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，還要(yao)完善他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)道德素質，樹立他們(men)為企(qi)業服務的(de)(de)(de)理念，從(cong)而(er)進一(yi)步(bu)拓展電力(li)市場(chang)。 [4]

電(dian)力發展“十三(san)五”規劃

11月7日，《電力發(fa)展“十三五(wu)”規劃》發(fa)布，對我們有以下(xia)指導(dao)意義。

要(yao)(yao)科(ke)學認識我國(guo)的(de)(de)電力發展(zhan)空間：根據(ju)《規劃》，到2020年，我國(guo)人(ren)均(jun)裝(zhuang)機突破1.4千瓦(wa)(wa)，人(ren)均(jun)用電量5000千瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)左(zuo)右，接近(jin)中等發達國(guo)家水(shui)平。電力在能(neng)(neng)源中的(de)(de)比(bi)重(zhong)應該越來越大(da)，也就是能(neng)(neng)源要(yao)(yao)走向電氣化，特別在終端(duan)能(neng)(neng)源中，以電的(de)(de)形(xing)式用能(neng)(neng)比(bi)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)提(ti)高，而非電的(de)(de)形(xing)式如(ru)直接燃(ran)煤等則不斷減少。《規劃》提(ti)出的(de)(de)2020年人(ren)均(jun)用電量5000千瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)左(zuo)右與2020年GDP水(shui)平相適(shi)應，今(jin)后還有一定的(de)(de)發展(zhan)空間。

未來煤電(dian)(dian)發(fa)展應趨嚴：在(zai)經(jing)濟新常態(tai)下，能(neng)源(yuan)也進入新常態(tai)，表現是能(neng)源(yuan)隨著經(jing)濟的(de)(de)增長(chang)也在(zai)增長(chang)，但增長(chang)速度趨緩。我們要認識到，可再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)、核電(dian)(dian)以及天(tian)然氣發(fa)電(dian)(dian)等低碳能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)力的(de)(de)提(ti)高，應該(gai)能(neng)滿足新常態(tai)下電(dian)(dian)力增長(chang)的(de)(de)需(xu)求。退一步而言，假若低碳能(neng)源(yuan)能(neng)力不足，仍需(xu)增加煤電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量，提(ti)升煤電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)小(xiao)時(shi)數也能(neng)做到。

把(ba)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術(shu)(shu)基礎研究做扎實：儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術(shu)(shu)在能(neng)(neng)(neng)源科技上堪稱(cheng)顛(dian)覆性(xing)的(de)且是(shi)占領戰略制高點的(de)技術(shu)(shu)。儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術(shu)(shu)如果在未來有實質性(xing)的(de)進展，就可以有效解(jie)決棄(qi)風、棄(qi)光甚(shen)至(zhi)棄(qi)水(shui)的(de)問題。要使間歇式的(de)可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源實現規模化發(fa)展，儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)關(guan)鍵，而且高能(neng)(neng)(neng)量、高密(mi)度(du)的(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)非(fei)常利于(yu)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源汽車的(de)發(fa)展。另(ling)外(wai)，儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)對微網建設也至(zhi)關(guan)重(zhong)要。至(zhi)此，我們(men)應該(gai)充分認識到：儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)可以實現多方(fang)面用途的(de)技術(shu)(shu)。

清(qing)(qing)潔、低(di)碳(tan)、綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)是(shi)這輪(lun)變(bian)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)方(fang)向：“十二五”期間(jian)(jian)我國(guo)提出(chu)了能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)革命(ming)，經(jing)過兩年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)(jian)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)革命(ming)已經(jing)取得了重大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)展。因此，“十三五”將在這一基礎之上(shang)不斷推進(jin)(jin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)革，基本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)就是(shi)使能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)更(geng)加(jia)清(qing)(qing)潔、綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)、低(di)碳(tan)。而(er)且(qie)，這一變(bian)革不僅是(shi)中國(guo)發展到(dao)現階(jie)段提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必然(ran)要(yao)求(qiu)，也是(shi)全球能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)變(bian)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向。在我看(kan)來，電(dian)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)潔、低(di)碳(tan)、綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)包含(han)兩層(ceng)含(han)義(yi)：一是(shi)對(dui)煤(mei)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)潔化利用(yong)和改(gai)造(zao)；二是(shi)盡(jin)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)多地(di)增(zeng)加(jia)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)量。總體而(er)言，對(dui)煤(mei)炭進(jin)(jin)行清(qing)(qing)潔化利用(yong)是(shi)較低(di)層(ceng)次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)決方(fang)案，更(geng)高層(ceng)次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)決方(fang)案是(shi)發展綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)低(di)碳(tan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)替代煤(mei)炭。不過，從較低(di)層(ceng)次(ci)轉向更(geng)高層(ceng)次(ci)需要(yao)一個過程(cheng)，這中間(jian)(jian)需要(yao)適度增(zeng)加(jia)天然(ran)氣發電(dian)來作(zuo)為過渡，再發展到(dao)大規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，逐步形成綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)低(di)碳(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)體系。

碳(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)將成(cheng)(cheng)為重要(yao)(yao)控制(zhi)指(zhi)標：碳(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)將成(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)力行業(ye)一(yi)個很(hen)重要(yao)(yao)的控制(zhi)指(zhi)標。《規(gui)劃》中提出了煤電(dian)(dian)機組二氧(yang)化碳(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)強(qiang)度(du)降至(zhi)865克/千(qian)(qian)瓦時的目標。此外(wai)，《“十三五(wu)”控制(zhi)溫室氣體排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)工(gong)作方案(an)》里也提到(dao)，到(dao)2020年(nian)，大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)發電(dian)(dian)集團單位供電(dian)(dian)二氧(yang)化碳(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)控制(zhi)在550克二氧(yang)化碳(tan)/千(qian)(qian)瓦時以內。這意味著我國(guo)一(yi)大(da)(da)(da)部分發電(dian)(dian)企業(ye)的煤電(dian)(dian)比例(li)不能(neng)超過50%，這個要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)是(shi)很(hen)高(gao)的。總(zong)體來(lai)看，五(wu)大(da)(da)(da)發電(dian)(dian)集團由(you)于近(jin)年(nian)來(lai)已經在大(da)(da)(da)力布局可再生(sheng)能(neng)源，要(yao)(yao)完成(cheng)(cheng)這個任務基本沒有太大(da)(da)(da)難度(du)，但(dan)一(yi)些地(di)方電(dian)(dian)力公司可能(neng)就壓力比較大(da)(da)(da)。如果完不成(cheng)(cheng)，到(dao)時候就要(yao)(yao)通(tong)過購買碳(tan)指(zhi)標、參與碳(tan)交(jiao)易的方式(shi)來(lai)完成(cheng)(cheng)任務。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)替代(dai)(dai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)進步的體現(xian)(xian)：《規劃》重點(dian)提到(dao)，到(dao)2020年電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)占終端能(neng)源(yuan)消費比(bi)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)提升至(zhi)27%。一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面(mian)(mian)，燃(ran)燒煤(mei)炭、石油是(shi)(shi)(shi)造成大(da)氣(qi)污(wu)染的主要(yao)(yao)(yao)因(yin)素，尤其(qi)散煤(mei)燃(ran)燒危害(hai)更大(da)。每噸散煤(mei)燃(ran)燒排放(fang)的污(wu)染物(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)燃(ran)煤(mei)排放(fang)的5~10倍，對大(da)氣(qi)污(wu)染的貢獻率高達(da)50%左右。另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面(mian)(mian)，天然氣(qi)雖然較煤(mei)炭而言更為清潔，但它在(zai)利(li)用(yong)過(guo)程中也會釋放(fang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)部分氮(dan)氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)，氮(dan)氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)形成灰霾的重要(yao)(yao)(yao)原(yuan)因(yin)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)。因(yin)此，提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)在(zai)終端能(neng)源(yuan)的利(li)用(yong)，對防治大(da)氣(qi)污(wu)染確實(shi)大(da)有裨(bi)益。另外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)替代(dai)(dai)不(bu)僅僅是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)力在(zai)能(neng)源(yuan)消費終端比(bi)重的問題，更是(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)進步的體現(xian)(xian)。從發達(da)國(guo)家的終端用(yong)能(neng)來看，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的占比(bi)也非(fei)常高。我(wo)國(guo)要(yao)(yao)(yao)進入現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)社會，能(neng)源(yuan)系統、用(yong)能(neng)方式(shi)也要(yao)(yao)(yao)和發達(da)國(guo)家接近。“十一(yi)(yi)(yi)五”、“十二五”時(shi)期，我(wo)們的主要(yao)(yao)(yao)精(jing)力是(shi)(shi)(shi)解決用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)問題，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力已經做到(dao)了寬裕，這個時(shi)候提出大(da)規模的電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)替代(dai)(dai)也具備現(xian)(xian)實(shi)基礎。