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產生方式

當今(jin)是互(hu)聯網的(de)時(shi)代，我(wo)(wo)們(men)仍然(ran)對電(dian)(dian)力(li)有著(zhu)持(chi)續(xu)增長的(de)需求，因為我(wo)(wo)們(men)發明了(le)電(dian)(dian)腦、家電(dian)(dian)等更多(duo)使(shi)用電(dian)(dian)力(li)的(de)產品。不(bu)可否(fou)認新技術的(de)不(bu)斷出現使(shi)得電(dian)(dian)力(li)成為人們(men)的(de)必(bi)需品。

電力的產(chan)生方式主要有：火(huo)力發(fa)(fa)電（煤(mei)等可燃燒(shao)物）、太陽能(neng)發(fa)(fa)電、大容量(liang)風力發(fa)(fa)電技(ji)術(shu)、核能(neng)發(fa)(fa)電、氫能(neng)發(fa)(fa)電、水利(li)發(fa)(fa)電等。

21世(shi)紀(ji)能(neng)源(yuan)科學(xue)(xue)(xue)將(jiang)為(wei)人類文明再創(chuang)輝煌(huang)，例如，燃料電(dian)池是將(jiang)氫、天然(ran)氣、煤氣、甲醇、肼等燃料的(de)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)能(neng)直接轉換成(cheng)電(dian)能(neng)的(de)一類化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)電(dian)源(yuan)；生物質能(neng)是以生物質為(wei)載(zai)體的(de)能(neng)量，生物質能(neng)的(de)高(gao)效(xiao)和清潔利用(yong)技(ji)術也得到極大發展。

發電方式

火力發電

一、優勢：

燃料容(rong)易獲取，熱(re)機效率高(gao)，調(diao)峰較易實現，建設成本低(di)，容(rong)易與冶金、化工(gong)(gong)、水泥等(deng)高(gao)能(neng)耗工(gong)(gong)業(ye)形成共生產業(ye)鏈。

二、弊端：

煙氣污染：煤炭直(zhi)接燃燒排放的SO2、NOx等(deng)酸性(xing)氣體不斷增長(chang)，使我國很多(duo)地區酸雨(yu)量增加(jia)。全(quan)國每年產生140萬噸(dun)SO2。

粉塵污染：對電站附近(jin)環境造(zao)成(cheng)粉煤灰污染，對人們(men)的(de)(de)生(sheng)活及植物的(de)(de)生(sheng)長造(zao)成(cheng)不良影響(xiang)。全國(guo)每年產(chan)生(sheng)1500萬噸煙塵。

資(zi)源消(xiao)耗(hao)：發電(dian)的汽輪(lun)機(ji)通(tong)常選用水作為(wei)冷卻介質，一座100萬千(qian)瓦火力發電(dian)廠每(mei)日(ri)的耗(hao)水量(liang)約為(wei) 十萬噸(dun)。全國每(mei)年消(xiao)耗(hao)5000萬噸(dun)標準。

核能發電

一、優(you)勢(shi)：基本不受自(zi)然資(zi)源產(chan)地限制，運行成本低，無溫室氣體排放。

二、要用反(fan)應堆產(chan)生核(he)能，需(xu)要解決以下10個問(wen)題：

為(wei)核裂變鏈式反應提供必要的條件，使之得(de)以進行。

鏈式反應必(bi)須(xu)能由人通過一定(ding)裝置進行控(kong)制。失(shi)去控(kong)制的裂變能不僅不能用于發電，還會(hui)釀(niang)成(cheng)災害。

裂變反(fan)(fan)應產生的(de)能量要(yao)能從反(fan)(fan)應堆中(zhong)安全取出。

裂變(bian)反應中產生(sheng)的中子和放射性物(wu)質對人體(ti)危害很大，必須設法避免它們對核電站工作人員(yuan)和附近居民(min)的傷害。

核能電廠會產生高低階放射(she)性廢料(liao)，或者(zhe)是使用過之核燃料(liao)，雖然(ran)所占體積(ji)不大，但因具有放射(she)線(xian)，故必須慎(shen)重處理，且需(xu)面對相當大的政治(zhi)困擾。

核能發電廠熱(re)效率較(jiao)低，因而比一(yi)般化(hua)石燃料電廠排放更多廢熱(re)到(dao)環境里，故核能電廠的熱(re)污染較(jiao)嚴重(zhong)。

核能電(dian)廠投資成本太大，電(dian)力公司的財務風險較高(gao)。

核能(neng)電(dian)廠較不適宜(yi)做尖峰、離峰之隨載運轉。

興(xing)建核電廠較易(yi)引(yin)發政治歧(qi)見(jian)紛爭。

核(he)電廠的(de)反應器(qi)內(nei)有大量的(de)放(fang)射性物質，如(ru)果在事(shi)故(gu)中(zhong)釋放(fang)到外界環境，會對生態及民眾造成傷害(hai)。

核電在正常(chang)情(qing)況下(xia)固然是(shi)干凈的，但(dan)萬一發(fa)生核泄漏(lou)，后果(guo)同(tong)樣是(shi)可怕的。前蘇聯切(qie)爾諾貝(bei)利(li)核電站事故，已使900萬人受到了不同(tong)程度的損害，而且這一影響(xiang)并未(wei)終止。

水力發電

優勢：幾乎(hu)完(wan)全無污(wu)染(ran)，運營成本低，便(bian)于(yu)調峰，可(ke)再生，有航(hang)運、水利等邊際效益(yi)。

弊端：水(shui)力(li)發電要(yao)淹沒大量土地，有(you)可能導致生態環境(jing)破壞，而且大型水(shui)庫一(yi)旦塌崩，后果將不堪設想。另外，一(yi)個(ge)國(guo)家的(de)水(shui)力(li)資源(yuan)也是有(you)限的(de)，而且還(huan)要(yao)受季節的(de)影響。

風力發電

優(you)勢：無環境污染，運行(xing)成本低，可再(zai)生。

弊端：噪聲，視(shi)覺(jue)污(wu)染。占用大片土地(di)及林地(di)，對植被破(po)壞大。不穩定，不可控。成本仍然很高。

太陽能光伏發電

優(you)勢：運行無污(wu)染，可再(zai)生，設備小型化，適合非集中供(gong)電。

電力輸送

傳輸

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)和(he)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一起，構成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體(ti)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)。通(tong)過輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，把相距甚遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)（可達數千千米）發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和(he)負荷中心聯系起來，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開發(fa)和(he)利(li)用超越(yue)(yue)地(di)域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)限制。和(he)其他能(neng)(neng)(neng)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)（如輸(shu)(shu)煤、輸(shu)(shu)油等）相比(bi)，輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損耗小、效益高(gao)、靈活方(fang)便、易于調控(kong)、環境污染(ran)少；輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)還可以將不同地(di)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠連接起來，實行(xing)峰谷調節。輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)利(li)用優(you)越(yue)(yue)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要體(ti)現(xian)，在現(xian)代化(hua)社(she)會中，它是重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源動(dong)脈。

輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)按結構形式(shi)可(ke)分為(wei)架(jia)空輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)和地(di)(di)下(xia)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)。前者由(you)線(xian)路(lu)桿(gan)塔、導線(xian)、絕緣子等構成(cheng)(cheng)，架(jia)設在地(di)(di)面上；后者主要用電(dian)(dian)纜，敷設在地(di)(di)下(xia)（或水下(xia)）。輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)按所送電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)性(xing)質(zhi)可(ke)分為(wei)直流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)和交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)。19世(shi)紀(ji)80年(nian)(nian)代首先(xian)成(cheng)(cheng)功地(di)(di)實現(xian)了(le)直流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)，后因受電(dian)(dian)壓提不高的限(xian)制（輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)容量大體(ti)與輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓的平方成(cheng)(cheng)比(bi)例）19世(shi)紀(ji)末為(wei)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)所取代。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)的成(cheng)(cheng)功，迎來(lai)了(le)20世(shi)紀(ji)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)化時代。20世(shi)紀(ji)60年(nian)(nian)代以來(lai)，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)子技術的發展，直流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)又有新發展，與交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)相(xiang)配(pei)合(he)，形成(cheng)(cheng)交(jiao)直流(liu)(liu)混合(he)的電(dian)(dian)力系統。

輸電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)高(gao)低是輸電(dian)(dian)技術發展水(shui)平的(de)主要標志。到20世紀90年代，世界各國常用(yong)輸電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)有220千伏(fu)及以上(shang)的(de)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)330～765千伏(fu)的(de)超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)，1000千伏(fu)及以上(shang)的(de)特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)。

變電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統中，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)將(jiang)天(tian)然的(de)(de)(de)(de)一次能(neng)源(yuan)轉(zhuan)變(bian)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，向(xiang)遠方的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力用戶(hu)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)，為(wei)了減小(xiao)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路上的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)損耗(hao)及線(xian)路阻抗壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)，需要將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)升高；為(wei)了滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)力用戶(hu)安(an)全的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要，又要將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)低(di)，并(bing)分(fen)配給各個用戶(hu)，這就需要能(neng)升高和(he)降(jiang)低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，并(bing)能(neng)分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統中通過(guo)(guo)其(qi)變(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、接受和(he)分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工裝(zhuang)置，它是聯(lian)系(xi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力用戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中間環節，同時通過(guo)(guo)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)將(jiang)各電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)等級的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)聯(lian)系(xi)起(qi)來，變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用是變(bian)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，傳輸和(he)分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)力變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置、二次系(xi)統及必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)附屬設備(bei)組成。

變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)是變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所的(de)中(zhong)心設(she)備(bei)(bei)，變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)利(li)用的(de)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感應(ying)原理。配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)是變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所中(zhong)所有(you)的(de)開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)、載流導體(ti)輔(fu)助設(she)備(bei)(bei)連接在一起(qi)的(de)裝置(zhi)。其作用是接受和分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)主要由(you)母(mu)線、高壓(ya)(ya)斷路器(qi)(qi)開(kai)關(guan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)線圈(quan)、互感器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)、避雷器(qi)(qi)、高壓(ya)(ya)熔斷器(qi)(qi)、二次設(she)備(bei)(bei)及必要的(de)其他輔(fu)助設(she)備(bei)(bei)所組成。

二(er)次設備(bei)是指(zhi)一次系(xi)統狀態(tai)測量、控(kong)制、監察和保護的設備(bei)裝(zhuang)置。由這些設備(bei)構成的回(hui)路叫(jiao)二(er)次回(hui)路，總稱二(er)次系(xi)統。

二次系(xi)統(tong)的設(she)備(bei)包(bao)含測量裝(zhuang)置、控制(zhi)(zhi)裝(zhuang)置、繼(ji)電保護裝(zhuang)置、自動控制(zhi)(zhi)裝(zhuang)置、直流系(xi)統(tong)及必(bi)要的附屬(shu)設(she)備(bei)。

電壓等級

電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)電(dian)壓等級有220V、380V（0.4 kV）、3 kV、6 kV、10 kV、20 kV、35 kV、66 kV、110 kV、220 kV、330 kV、500 kV、750kV、1000kV。隨(sui)著電(dian)機制造工藝(yi)的(de)提高，10 kV電(dian)動機已批量(liang)生產，所(suo)以(yi)3 kV、6 kV已較(jiao)少使用，20 kV、66 kV也很少使用。供電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)以(yi)10 kV、35 kV為(wei)(wei)主。輸配電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)以(yi)110 kV以(yi)上為(wei)(wei)主。發電(dian)廠發電(dian)機有6 kV、10 kV與20kV三種，以(yi)20 kV為(wei)(wei)主，用戶均為(wei)(wei)220V、380V（0.4 kV）低壓系(xi)統(tong)。

根(gen)據《城市(shi)電(dian)(dian)力網規定設計(ji)規則》規定：輸電(dian)(dian)網為(wei)(wei)1000kV、500 kV、330 kV、220 kV、110kV，高壓配電(dian)(dian)網為(wei)(wei)110kV、66kV，中壓配電(dian)(dian)網為(wei)(wei)20kV、10kV、6 kV，低壓配電(dian)(dian)網為(wei)(wei)0.4 kV（220V/380V）。

發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)發(fa)出6 kV或10 kV電(dian)，除發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)自己(ji)用(yong)（廠(chang)用(yong)電(dian)）之外，也可以用(yong)10 kV電(dian)壓送給發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)附近用(yong)戶(hu)，10 kV供電(dian)范圍(wei)為(wei)(wei)10Km、35 kV為(wei)(wei)20~50Km、66 kV為(wei)(wei)30~100Km、110 kV為(wei)(wei)50~150Km、220 kV為(wei)(wei)100~300Km、330 kV為(wei)(wei)200~600Km、500 kV為(wei)(wei)150~850Km。

變配電站

電(dian)力系統各種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)等(deng)級均通過電(dian)力變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器來(lai)轉(zhuan)換，電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)升高為(wei)(wei)升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器（變(bian)電(dian)站為(wei)(wei)升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)站），電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降低為(wei)(wei)降壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器（變(bian)電(dian)站為(wei)(wei)降壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)站）。一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)另一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的選用(yong)(yong)兩個線圈（繞組）的雙(shuang)圈變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器，一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)兩種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的選用(yong)(yong)三(san)個線圈（繞組）的三(san)圈變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器。

變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)除升壓(ya)與降壓(ya)之(zhi)分外，還以規模大小分為樞紐站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，區(qu)域站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)與終端(duan)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。樞紐站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)一般(ban)為三個(ge)(ge)（三圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)器），550kV /220kV /110kV。區(qu)域站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)一般(ban)也有三個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)（三圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)器），220 kV /110kV /35kV或110kV /35kV /10kV。終端(duan)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)一般(ban)直(zhi)接接到用戶，大多(duo)數為兩個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)（兩圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)器）110kV /10 kV或35 kV /10 kV。用戶本身的變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)一般(ban)只有兩個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)（雙圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)器）110 kV /10kV、35kV /0.4kV、10kV /0.4kV，其(qi)中(zhong)以10kV /0.4kV為最多(duo)。

接線方案

1）一次接線種類

變(bian)電(dian)站一次回路(lu)接(jie)線(xian)是指(zhi)輸電(dian)線(xian)路(lu)進入變(bian)電(dian)站之后，所有(you)電(dian)力設備（變(bian)壓(ya)器及(ji)進出線(xian)開(kai)關等(deng)）的相互連接(jie)方(fang)式。其接(jie)線(xian)方(fang)案(an)有(you)：線(xian)路(lu)變(bian)壓(ya)器組(zu)，橋(qiao)形接(jie)線(xian)，單(dan)母(mu)線(xian)，單(dan)母(mu)線(xian)分段(duan)，雙母(mu)線(xian)，雙母(mu)線(xian)分段(duan)，環網供電(dian)等(deng)。

2）線路變壓器組

變(bian)電站(zhan)只有一路(lu)進線(xian)與一臺變(bian)壓器，而(er)且再無發(fa)展的情(qing)況(kuang)下采用線(xian)路(lu)變(bian)壓器組接線(xian)。

3）橋形接線

有兩(liang)路(lu)進線(xian)、兩(liang)臺變壓器(qi)(qi)，而且再沒有發展(zhan)的情況下，采用橋形接線(xian)。針對變壓器(qi)(qi)，聯絡斷路(lu)器(qi)(qi)在兩(liang)個進線(xian)斷路(lu)器(qi)(qi)之(zhi)內為(wei)內橋接線(xian)，聯絡斷路(lu)器(qi)(qi)在兩(liang)個進線(xian)斷路(lu)器(qi)(qi)之(zhi)外(wai)(wai)為(wei)外(wai)(wai)橋接線(xian)。

4）單母線

變電站進(jin)出(chu)線(xian)較多時(shi)，采用(yong)(yong)單(dan)母線(xian)，有兩路(lu)(lu)進(jin)線(xian)時(shi)，一(yi)般(ban)一(yi)路(lu)(lu)供電、一(yi)路(lu)(lu)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)（不同(tong)時(shi)供電），二者(zhe)可設備(bei)用(yong)(yong)電源(yuan)互自投，多路(lu)(lu)出(chu)線(xian)均(jun)由一(yi)段母線(xian)引出(chu)。

5）單母線分段

有兩(liang)(liang)路(lu)(lu)以上(shang)進線(xian)(xian)，多路(lu)(lu)出線(xian)(xian)時，選用(yong)單母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)分段(duan)，兩(liang)(liang)路(lu)(lu)進線(xian)(xian)分別接(jie)到(dao)兩(liang)(liang)段(duan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)上(shang)，兩(liang)(liang)段(duan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)用(yong)母(mu)(mu)聯開關(guan)連接(jie)起來。出線(xian)(xian)分別接(jie)到(dao)兩(liang)(liang)段(duan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)上(shang)。

單(dan)母線分(fen)段運(yun)行方式比(bi)較多。一般為一路主供(gong)(gong)(gong)，一路備(bei)用（不(bu)合閘），母聯(lian)合上(shang)(shang)，當主供(gong)(gong)(gong)斷電(dian)時，備(bei)用合上(shang)(shang)，主供(gong)(gong)(gong)、備(bei)用與母聯(lian)互鎖(suo)。備(bei)用電(dian)源容(rong)量(liang)較小時，備(bei)用電(dian)源合上(shang)(shang)后，要斷開一些(xie)出(chu)線。這是(shi)比(bi)較常用的一種運(yun)行方式。

對于特別重(zhong)要的負荷(he)，兩路(lu)(lu)進(jin)線均為(wei)主供，母(mu)(mu)聯開(kai)關斷(duan)開(kai)，當一路(lu)(lu)進(jin)線斷(duan)電(dian)時(shi)，母(mu)(mu)聯合(he)上，來電(dian)后斷(duan)開(kai)母(mu)(mu)聯再(zai)合(he)上進(jin)線開(kai)關。

單母(mu)線(xian)分(fen)(fen)段(duan)(duan)(duan)也(ye)有利于變(bian)電(dian)站內部檢(jian)修，檢(jian)修時(shi)可以停(ting)掉一(yi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)母(mu)線(xian)，如果是單母(mu)線(xian)不(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，檢(jian)修時(shi)就要(yao)全站停(ting)電(dian)，利用旁路(lu)母(mu)線(xian)可以不(bu)(bu)停(ting)電(dian)，旁路(lu)母(mu)線(xian)只(zhi)用于電(dian)力(li)系統變(bian)電(dian)站。

6）雙母線

雙(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)主要用于發電廠及(ji)大(da)型變(bian)電站，每路(lu)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)都由一個斷路(lu)器經過兩(liang)個隔離(li)開(kai)關(guan)分(fen)別接(jie)(jie)到兩(liang)條母(mu)線(xian)(xian)上，這樣(yang)在母(mu)線(xian)(xian)檢修時(shi)，就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)利(li)用隔離(li)開(kai)關(guan)將(jiang)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)倒在一條件母(mu)線(xian)(xian)上。雙(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)也有(you)分(fen)段(duan)與不(bu)分(fen)段(duan)兩(liang)種，雙(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)分(fen)段(duan)再加旁(pang)路(lu)斷路(lu)器，接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)方式復雜，但檢修就(jiu)非常方便了，停電范圍可(ke)減少。

二次回路

1）二次回路種類

變(bian)配(pei)電站二次回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包括(kuo)：測(ce)(ce)量(liang)、保護(hu)、控(kong)制(zhi)與信(xin)號回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)部分。測(ce)(ce)量(liang)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包括(kuo)：計量(liang)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)與保護(hu)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)。控(kong)制(zhi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包括(kuo)：就地手動合分閘(zha)、防跳聯鎖、試驗、互投聯鎖、保護(hu)跳閘(zha)以及合分閘(zha)執行部分。信(xin)號回(hui)(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包括(kuo)開關運行狀(zhuang)態信(xin)號、事(shi)故(gu)跳閘(zha)信(xin)號與事(shi)故(gu)預告信(xin)號。

2）測量回路

測量(liang)(liang)回(hui)(hui)路分(fen)(fen)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)回(hui)(hui)路與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓回(hui)(hui)路。電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)回(hui)(hui)路各種(zhong)設備串聯于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)(hu)感(gan)(gan)器二次(ci)側（5A），電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)(hu)感(gan)(gan)器是將(jiang)(jiang)原邊負(fu)荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)統一變為5A測量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。計量(liang)(liang)與(yu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)分(fen)(fen)別用各自的(de)互(hu)(hu)感(gan)(gan)器（計量(liang)(liang)用互(hu)(hu)感(gan)(gan)器精度(du)要求高），計量(liang)(liang)測量(liang)(liang)串接于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)度(du)表(biao)，功(gong)率(lv)表(biao)與(yu)功(gong)率(lv)因數表(biao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)測量(liang)(liang)串接于(yu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)。微機保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)一般(ban)將(jiang)(jiang)計量(liang)(liang)及保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)集中于(yu)一體，分(fen)(fen)別有計量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)與(yu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)。

電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)測量(liang)回(hui)路，220/380V低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系(xi)統直接(jie)接(jie)220V或380V，3KV以(yi)上高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系(xi)統全部經(jing)過電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)互感(gan)器將各種等(deng)級的高電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變為(wei)統一(yi)的100V電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)以(yi)及電度表(biao)、功(gong)率(lv)表(biao)與功(gong)率(lv)因數表(biao)的電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)線(xian)圈(quan)經(jing)其端子并接(jie)在(zai)100V電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)母線(xian)上。微機保(bao)護單元計量(liang)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)與保(bao)護電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)統一(yi)為(wei)一(yi)種電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)端子。

3）控制回路

（1）合分閘(zha)回路(lu)

合(he)分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)通過(guo)合(he)分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)轉換(huan)(huan)開關(guan)進行操作(zuo)(zuo)，常規保護(hu)為提示(shi)操作(zuo)(zuo)人員及事(shi)故跳(tiao)閘(zha)報警(jing)需要(yao)，轉換(huan)(huan)開關(guan)選用(yong)(yong)預合(he)-合(he)閘(zha)-合(he)后及預分(fen)(fen)-分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)-分(fen)(fen)后的(de)多檔轉換(huan)(huan)開關(guan)。以使利用(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)對應(ying)接線進行合(he)分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)提示(shi)與(yu)(yu)事(shi)故跳(tiao)閘(zha)報警(jing)，國家已有標準圖設(she)計。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)微(wei)機保護(hu)以后，要(yao)進行遠分(fen)(fen)合(he)閘(zha)操作(zuo)(zuo)后，還要(yao)到就地(di)進行轉換(huan)(huan)開關(guan)對位(wei)操作(zuo)(zuo)，這(zhe)就失去了(le)遠分(fen)(fen)操作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)意義，所以應(ying)取消不(bu)(bu)對應(ying)接線，選用(yong)(yong)中間自復位(wei)的(de)只有合(he)閘(zha)與(yu)(yu)分(fen)(fen)閘(zha)的(de)三檔轉換(huan)(huan)開關(guan)。

（2）防跳回路

當(dang)合(he)閘回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)出(chu)現(xian)故(gu)(gu)障時進行分(fen)閘，或短路(lu)(lu)事故(gu)(gu)未排除，又進行合(he)閘（誤操作(zuo)(zuo)），這(zhe)時就會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)斷路(lu)(lu)器反復合(he)分(fen)閘，不僅容易引起(qi)或擴大事故(gu)(gu)，還會(hui)引起(qi)設備(bei)損壞或人身事故(gu)(gu)，所以(yi)高壓開(kai)關(guan)控制回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)應(ying)設計(ji)防跳。防跳一般選用電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)啟(qi)動(dong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓保(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)的雙線圈繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器。電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)線圈串接(jie)(jie)于(yu)分(fen)閘回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)啟(qi)動(dong)線圈。電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓線圈接(jie)(jie)于(yu)合(he)閘回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)，作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)線圈，當(dang)分(fen)閘時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)線圈經分(fen)閘回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)起(qi)動(dong)。如果合(he)閘回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)有(you)故(gu)(gu)障，或處于(yu)手動(dong)合(he)閘位置(zhi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓線圈起(qi)啟(qi)動(dong)并通過(guo)其(qi)常開(kai)接(jie)(jie)點自(zi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)，其(qi)常閉接(jie)(jie)點馬上斷開(kai)合(he)閘回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)證斷路(lu)(lu)器在(zai)分(fen)閘過(guo)程(cheng)中不能馬上再(zai)合(he)閘。防跳繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)還可以(yi)通過(guo)其(qi)常開(kai)接(jie)(jie)點將電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)線圈自(zi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)，這(zhe)樣可以(yi)減輕保(bao)(bao)(bao)護繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的出(chu)口接(jie)(jie)點斷開(kai)負荷，也減少了保(bao)(bao)(bao)護繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的保(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)時間要求。

有(you)些微機(ji)(ji)保護(hu)裝置自己已具有(you)防跳(tiao)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，這(zhe)樣就可(ke)以(yi)不(bu)再(zai)設(she)計(ji)防跳(tiao)回路。斷(duan)路器(qi)操(cao)作(zuo)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)選用(yong)彈(dan)簧(huang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)時，如果(guo)選用(yong)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)后可(ke)以(yi)進(jin)行一(yi)次合(he)閘與分閘的彈(dan)簧(huang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)操(cao)作(zuo)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)（也有(you)用(yong)于重合(he)閘的儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)后可(ke)以(yi)進(jin)行二次合(he)閘與分閘的彈(dan)簧(huang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)操(cao)作(zuo)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)），因為儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)一(yi)般都(dou)要(yao)求10秒左右，當(dang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)經常(chang)處于斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)位置時，儲(chu)(chu)一(yi)次能(neng)(neng)，合(he)完之后，將儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)再(zai)處于斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)位置，可(ke)以(yi)跳(tiao)一(yi)次閘；跳(tiao)閘之后，要(yao)手(shou)動儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)之后才(cai)能(neng)(neng)進(jin)行合(he)閘，此時，也可(ke)以(yi)不(bu)再(zai)設(she)計(ji)防跳(tiao)回路。

（3）試驗與互投聯鎖與控制

對(dui)于手車開關柜(ju)，手車推出后要進行(xing)斷路器合分(fen)(fen)閘試驗(yan)，應設計合分(fen)(fen)閘試驗(yan)按(an)鈕(niu)。進線與母(mu)聯斷路，一般應根(gen)據要求(qiu)進行(xing)互投(tou)聯鎖或控制。

（4）保護跳閘

保護(hu)跳(tiao)閘(zha)出口(kou)經過連(lian)接(jie)(jie)片接(jie)(jie)于(yu)跳(tiao)閘(zha)回路，連(lian)接(jie)(jie)片用(yong)于(yu)保護(hu)調試，或運行過程中(zhong)解除某些(xie)保護(hu)功能。

（5）合(he)分閘回路

合(he)分閘回(hui)路為(wei)經(jing)合(he)分閘母線為(wei)操作機(ji)構提供(gong)電源，以及其控制回(hui)路，一(yi)般都應單獨畫出。

4）信號回路

（1）開關(guan)運(yun)行狀態信(xin)(xin)號(hao)由合閘與分(fen)閘指示兩個(ge)裝于開關(guan)柜(ju)上(shang)的信(xin)(xin)號(hao)燈組成：經過操作(zuo)轉換(huan)開關(guan)不對應接(jie)(jie)線(xian)后接(jie)(jie)到(dao)正(zheng)(zheng)電源(yuan)上(shang)。采用微(wei)機保護后，轉換(huan)開關(guan)取(qu)消了不對應接(jie)(jie)線(xian)，所以(yi)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)燈正(zheng)(zheng)極可以(yi)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)到(dao)正(zheng)(zheng)電源(yuan)上(shang)。

（2）事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)有(you)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳閘與(yu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)預(yu)告兩種(zhong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)，事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳閘報警也要(yao)(yao)通過(guo)轉化開關(guan)不(bu)對應(ying)后，接(jie)(jie)(jie)到(dao)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳閘信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)母線上，再引(yin)到(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)系(xi)統(tong)。事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)預(yu)告信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)通過(guo)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)繼電器(qi)(qi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)引(yin)到(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)系(xi)統(tong)。采用微(wei)機(ji)保(bao)護(hu)后，將斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)(qi)操作機(ji)構輔助(zhu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)與(yu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)繼電器(qi)(qi)的接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)分別接(jie)(jie)(jie)到(dao)微(wei)機(ji)保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)元的開關(guan)量輸(shu)入(ru)端子，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)中(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)系(xi)統(tong)時(shi)，如果微(wei)機(ji)保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)元可以提供(gong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳閘與(yu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)預(yu)告輸(shu)出接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)，可將其引(yin)到(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)系(xi)統(tong)。否則，應(ying)利用信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)繼電器(qi)(qi)的另一對接(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)引(yin)到(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)系(xi)統(tong)。

（3）中(zhong)(zhong)央信(xin)號系(xi)統(tong)為安裝于值班室內的集中(zhong)(zhong)報(bao)(bao)警(jing)系(xi)統(tong)，由事(shi)故(gu)跳閘與事(shi)故(gu)預告兩套聲(sheng)光(guang)(guang)報(bao)(bao)警(jing)組成(cheng)，光(guang)(guang)報(bao)(bao)警(jing)用(yong)光(guang)(guang)字牌(pai)，不用(yong)信(xin)號燈，光(guang)(guang)字牌(pai)分(fen)集中(zhong)(zhong)與分(fen)散兩種。采用(yong)變電(dian)站(zhan)綜合(he)自動化系(xi)統(tong)后，可(ke)以不再(zai)設(she)計(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)央信(xin)號系(xi)統(tong)，或將其簡(jian)化，只設(she)計(ji)集中(zhong)(zhong)報(bao)(bao)警(jing)作為計(ji)算機報(bao)(bao)警(jing)的后備(bei)報(bao)(bao)警(jing)。

歷史沿革

發展歷史

1875年(nian)，巴黎北火車站建(jian)成世(shi)(shi)界上第一座火電(dian)廠(chang)，為附(fu)近照明供電(dian)。1879年(nian)，美國舊金山實驗電(dian)廠(chang)開(kai)始發電(dian)，是(shi)世(shi)(shi)界上最(zui)早出售電(dian)力的(de)(de)電(dian)廠(chang)。80年(nian)代，在英國和美國建(jian)成世(shi)(shi)界上第一批水電(dian)站。1913年(nian)，全世(shi)(shi)界的(de)(de)年(nian)發電(dian)量達 500億(yi)千瓦時，電(dian)力工業(ye)已作為一個獨立的(de)(de)工業(ye)部門，進入人(ren)類的(de)(de)生(sheng)產活動領域。

20世(shi)(shi)紀30、40年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)，美(mei)國成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業的(de)(de)先進國家，擁有20萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦的(de)(de)機組31臺，容量(liang)(liang)(liang)為30萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦的(de)(de)中型火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠9座。同(tong)一(yi)時期，水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組達5～10萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦。1934年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，美(mei)國開工(gong)興建的(de)(de)大(da)(da)古力水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站，計(ji)劃容量(liang)(liang)(liang)是 888萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦，1941年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，到(dao)1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)裝(zhuang)機容量(liang)(liang)(liang)達649萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦 ，至80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)中期一(yi)直是世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)上最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站。1950年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，全世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)增(zeng)(zeng)至9589億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦時 ，是1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)19倍(bei)。50 、60、70年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)，平均年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)率(lv)分別(bie)為9.4%、8.0%、5.3% 。1950～1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)7.9倍(bei)，平均年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)率(lv)7.6%，約相當于每10年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)翻一(yi)番。1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，全世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 20.3% ，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)63.7%，核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)15.6%；美(mei)國水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)11.4%，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)72.1%， 核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)16.0%；前蘇聯水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 13.5%，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)76.4%，核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)10.1%；日(ri)本(ben)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)12.9%，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)61.8%，核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)25.1%；中國水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)21.0%，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)79.0%。世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)上核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比重最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)是法國，1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)74.6%。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、水(shui)、火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)增(zeng)(zeng)速差(cha)異顯著(zhu)(zhu)。國家統計局于(yu)公布了2010年(nian)1-8月(yue)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)數據(ju)(ju)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力生產(chan)與供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)整體實現(xian)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)936.1億(yi)(yi)，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長119%；細(xi)分行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)來(lai)看(kan)(kan)，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)為220.0億(yi)(yi)，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長-17.8%；水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)248.4億(yi)(yi)，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長45.9%；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)380.0億(yi)(yi)，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長655%。從環比(bi)(bi)數據(ju)(ju)看(kan)(kan)，2010年(nian)6-8月(yue)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力生產(chan)與供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)整體實現(xian)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)462億(yi)(yi)，環比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長37%；細(xi)分行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)看(kan)(kan)，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)6-8月(yue)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)50.5億(yi)(yi)，環比(bi)(bi)下降56%；水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)6-8月(yue)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)206.4億(yi)(yi)，環比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長307%；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)6-8月(yue)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)168.1億(yi)(yi)，環比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長28%。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)增(zeng)(zeng)速的大幅度(du)提高(gao)主(zhu)要(yao)由于(yu)09年(nian)四季度(du)銷(xiao)售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價的調整以及銷(xiao)售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量逐季增(zeng)(zeng)加所導(dao)致。從下游主(zhu)要(yao)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)來(lai)看(kan)(kan)，除鋼鐵外，化(hua)工、建材(cai)、有(you)色(se)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)均顯著(zhu)(zhu)超(chao)過07-08年(nian)的同期(qi)水(shui)平，特別(bie)是(shi)建材(cai)。從環比(bi)(bi)數據(ju)(ju)看(kan)(kan)，除建材(cai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)外，其他高(gao)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)環比(bi)(bi)有(you)所下滑。

2010三(san)季度水(shui)電(dian)(dian)利潤(run)大幅(fu)度增(zeng)長。由于(yu)2010年三(san)季度來水(shui)好于(yu)往(wang)年，水(shui)電(dian)(dian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量也明(ming)顯增(zeng)加，2010年6-8月水(shui)電(dian)(dian)利潤(run)總額(e)206億，同比(bi)增(zeng)長96%。隨著國(guo)家對水(shui)電(dian)(dian)開發(fa)正面態度的(de)明(ming)朗，我們預(yu)計國(guo)家對水(shui)電(dian)(dian)開發(fa)的(de)支持(chi)政策將(jiang)逐(zhu)步出臺，水(shui)電(dian)(dian)企業投資價值也將(jiang)逐(zhu)步明(ming)晰。

20世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)70年(nian)(nian)(nian)代，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業進入以(yi)(yi)大(da)機(ji)(ji)組、大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)、超高壓以(yi)(yi)至特高壓輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，形成以(yi)(yi)聯(lian)合系統為特點的(de)(de)(de)(de)新時期(qi)。1973年(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞士BBC公(gong)司制造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)130萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)雙(shuang)軸(zhou)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組在(zai)美國(guo)肯勃(bo)蘭電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)投(tou)入運行(xing)。蘇聯(lian)于1981年(nian)(nian)(nian)制造(zao)并投(tou)運世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)120萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)單(dan)軸(zhou)汽輪發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組。到1977年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)已有(you)120座裝機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)，蘇聯(lian)有(you)百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)59座。1983年(nian)(nian)(nian)，日(ri)本(ben)有(you)百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)32座，其(qi)中鹿兒島電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)總容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)440萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa) ，是世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)油電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)設(she)計容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是巴西和巴拉(la)圭合建的(de)(de)(de)(de)伊泰普水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，設(she)計容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)1260萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，采用70萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)機(ji)(ji)組，與運行(xing)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)最(zui)大(da)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)美國(guo)大(da)古力水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)最(zui)大(da)水輪機(ji)(ji)組70萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)相等。世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是日(ri)本(ben)福(fu)島核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)是909.6萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)。

總(zong)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)量幾百萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦的(de)(de)大型水電(dian)(dian)(dian)站、大型火電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和(he)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)建成(cheng)(cheng)，促進了超(chao)(chao)高(gao)(gao)、特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)聯(lian)合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)(de)發展。1935年(nian)(nian)，美(mei)國首次(ci)將(jiang)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級從110～220千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)提高(gao)(gao)到(dao)287千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)，出現了超(chao)(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞(rui)典(dian)建成(cheng)(cheng)二分(fen)裂導線的(de)(de)380千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)超(chao)(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)。1959年(nian)(nian)，蘇(su)(su)聯(lian)建成(cheng)(cheng)500千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)，長(chang)(chang)850千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米的(de)(de)三分(fen)裂導線輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)。1965～1969年(nian)(nian)，加拿大、蘇(su)(su)聯(lian)和(he)美(mei)國先(xian)后建成(cheng)(cheng)735 、750和(he)765千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)線路(lu)。1985年(nian)(nian)，蘇(su)(su)聯(lian)首次(ci)建成(cheng)(cheng)1150 千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)，輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)離890千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米，美(mei)國正研究1100千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)和(he)1500千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，意大利研究1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，日本建設250千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米長(chang)(chang)1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)線路(lu)。高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（HVDC），瑞(rui)典(dian)、美(mei)國、蘇(su)(su)聯(lian)分(fen)別采(cai)用±100、±450 、±750千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，后者輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)離2414千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)米，輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)600萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦。到(dao)1985年(nian)(nian)，全世界(jie)已有18個(ge)國家、32個(ge)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)投運(yun)，總(zong)輸(shu)送容(rong)量2000萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦。

中國電力發展階段

一、第(di)一階段(duan)計劃經(jing)濟時期（1949-1978年）

自1949年到1978年，中國電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)歷史(shi)分別有燃料工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)、電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)、水利(li)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部(bu)三個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)。在燃料部(bu)與電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)階(jie)段(duan)，電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)管(guan)理執行集(ji)中管(guan)理的方法(fa)；時至水利(li)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部(bu)，電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)與水利(li)又經(jing)歷了分散與集(ji)中各兩次不同管(guan)理，卻(que)始終擺脫不了一(yi)個(ge)魔咒-----一(yi)分就(jiu)亂(luan)，一(yi)收就(jiu)危(wei)。

1、燃料工(gong)業部(bu)時期（1949-1955年）。建國后(hou)，在(zai)中央(yang)領導下，電(dian)力實行(xing)集中管(guan)制與統一調控。成立了(le)電(dian)力工(gong)業部(bu)。但(dan)是(shi)當(dang)時的(de)電(dian)力工(gong)業部(bu)只能(neng)直接管(guan)理(li)少(shao)數電(dian)廠，大(da)部(bu)分(fen)電(dian)廠都實行(xing)軍官。有地方(fang)各(ge)大(da)軍區管(guan)理(li)。

1950年左右(you)，各地軍管(guan)(guan)電廠逐(zhu)步將(jiang)權(quan)力回(hui)歸到(dao)電力工(gong)業部(bu)(bu)。電力工(gong)業部(bu)(bu)成(cheng)立(li)六(liu)大區域電力管(guan)(guan)理部(bu)(bu)門(men)，對電力集中壟(long)斷垂直(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理，政企合一。

2、電(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)時(shi)期（1955年(nian)(nian)-1958年(nian)(nian)）。1955年(nian)(nian)7月(yue)，全(quan)國(guo)人(ren)大一致通(tong)過(guo)撤銷老燃料(liao)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)，成立(li)煤炭(tan)、電(dian)力(li)(li)、石油(you)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)。電(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)成立(li)以后，各地方(fang)成立(li)輔助機構。加強管理(li)體制。并(bing)將水利部(bu)門的一些權力(li)(li)集中過(guo)來。從(cong)而形成中央(yang)跟(gen)地方(fang)雙重(zhong)領導的格(ge)局(ju)。

3、水(shui)利(li)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)部時期（1958-1966年）。1958年黨中央(yang)召(zhao)開(kai)會(hui)議，定了調(diao)調(diao)。要大力(li)(li)(li)(li)發展(zhan)水(shui)利(li)工(gong)程。在(zai)長(chang)期發展(zhan)來看，認為(wei)水(shui)利(li)比(bi)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)還要重(zhong)要。于(yu)是順乎時勢，將水(shui)利(li)部與電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)部合并(bing)為(wei)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業部。

4、"文化(hua)大(da)革命(ming)"時(shi)期（1966年(nian)-1978年(nian)）。1966年(nian)"文化(hua)大(da)革命(ming)"開始后，水(shui)(shui)利電(dian)力(li)部再(zai)次(ci)實(shi)行軍管，電(dian)力(li)管理權(quan)力(li)再(zai)一次(ci)落(luo)入地方(fang)手中(zhong)。1970年(nian)，軍官結束。水(shui)(shui)利電(dian)力(li)部有革命(ming)委(wei)(wei)員(yuan)會領導。1975年(nian)革委(wei)(wei)會結束領導，權(quan)力(li)再(zai)一次(ci)恢(hui)復到水(shui)(shui)利電(dian)力(li)部。

文革對(dui)電(dian)力(li)造成的(de)(de)破壞應驗(yan)了(le)一放就亂的(de)(de)魔(mo)咒。對(dui)中國電(dian)力(li)工業近(jin)乎(hu)造成了(le)不可逆(ni)轉的(de)(de)傷害。

1975年水(shui)利電(dian)力(li)部恢(hui)復后，周總理提(ti)出加快發展電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)的倡導。為祖國電(dian)力(li)事業(ye)撥(bo)亂反正，從此(ci)電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)再次集中的中央。

二、第(di)二階段(duan)，摸(mo)著石頭過河（1979-1997年(nian)）

從1978年黨的(de)(de)(de)十一(yi)(yi)屆三中(zhong)全會以(yi)(yi)后，中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)體制(zhi)進入了改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)探索時期(qi)。在此期(qi)間(jian)中(zhong)央電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)管理(li)部(bu)門(men)又經過四(si)次(ci)(ci)(ci)變(bian)更，即第二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)成立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)部(bu)，第二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)成立(li)水利電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部(bu)，成立(li)能(neng)源(yuan)部(bu)，最(zui)后第三次(ci)(ci)(ci)成立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)部(bu)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)管理(li)體制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)方面。曾研究過全面包干(gan)經濟責(ze)任制(zhi)，簡政(zheng)放權(quan)、自負盈虧、以(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)養電(dian)(dian)(dian)等方案，最(zui)后成立(li)了華(hua)能(neng)集團公司(si)及各大(da)區的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集團公司(si)，這一(yi)(yi)時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)朝著(zhu)國務院提出的(de)(de)(de)"政(zheng)企分開，省(sheng)為實體，聯合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，統一(yi)(yi)調(diao)度(du)，集資辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)"的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)體制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)原則進行(xing)。

1、第二(er)次(ci)成立電力(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)（1979-1982年）1979年2月，國(guo)務院決定(ding)撤消水利電力(li)(li)部(bu)，成立電力(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)和水利部(bu)，這是我國(guo)第二(er)次(ci)成立電力(li)(li)工(gong)業部(bu)。

2、第二次成立水利(li)電(dian)力(li)部(bu)（1982-1988年）1982年3月，五屆四次全國人民代表大會再次將(jiang)水利(li)、電(dian)力(li)兩(liang)部(bu)合(he)并(bing)成立水利(li)電(dian)力(li)部(bu)。這(zhe)次合(he)并(bing)之后，接(jie)受以往的經驗教訓，繼續(xu)沿(yan)著電(dian)力(li)工業集中統一的方向發(fa)展。

在水(shui)利電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力部期間，黨中央、國務院十分重視電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)的(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)和發展(zhan)，1986年5月(yue)國務院召開(kai)會議研究電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)問題，6月(yue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)小(xiao)組提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)了(le)《加快電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)方案（草案）》的(de)(de)報告，提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)了(le)五項改(gai)革(ge)措施和五項政策。1987年9月(yue)14日，李鵬副總理(li)(li)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)原則是："政企(qi)分開(kai)，省為(wei)實(shi)體(ti)，聯(lian)合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網，統一調度，集(ji)資(zi)辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”和因(yin)地制(zhi)(zhi)宜的(de)(de)方針。在此(ci)之前，水(shui)利電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力部曾(ceng)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)全(quan)面(mian)包干的(de)(de)經濟責任制(zhi)(zhi)，簡(jian)政放權以(yi)及自(zi)負(fu)盈虧、以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)養電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)建(jian)議。1988年7月(yue)1日起進(jin)行華東電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)試點，分別成立(li)華東電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力聯(lian)合(he)公(gong)司(si)和上海市(shi)(shi)、江(jiang)蘇(su)省、浙江(jiang)省、安徽省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)司(si)，同時保留華東電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)管理(li)(li)局(ju)和省（市(shi)(shi)）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)局(ju)名稱(cheng)，實(shi)行雙(shuang)軌制(zhi)(zhi)運行，以(yi)創造條件實(shi)現政企(qi)分開(kai)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業體(ti)制(zhi)改革和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業的(de)發展(zhan)，需要有相應的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)體(ti)制(zhi)改革相配套，在這段時間(jian)里，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)體(ti)制(zhi)最大的(de)變化是由撥款(kuan)改為貸款(kuan)；由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)嚴重偏低，為了解(jie)決(jue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)不足，主(zhu)要采取了建(jian)(jian)立(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)基(ji)金、賣用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)權和集(ji)資(zi)(zi)(zi)辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等辦法。為節(jie)約投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)中普通開展(zhan)了降低造價(jia)(jia)，縮短建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)周期；基(ji)本建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)項目(mu)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)包干責任制(zhi)和招投(tou)(tou)標制(zhi)度。為彌補投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)不足，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業還率先利用外資(zi)(zi)(zi)，成立(li)華能國際電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)開發公司；發行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)債券和適當提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)折(zhe)舊。這些措施(shi)打破了獨家(jia)辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)局面，出現了多(duo)渠道、多(duo)元化投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)局面，加快(kuai)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業的(de)發展(zhan)。

3、能(neng)源部時期(qi)（1988-1993年）

1988年5月(yue)，七屆一(yi)次全(quan)國(guo)人民代表大會(hui)(hui)決定，撤消水利電(dian)力(li)部(bu)，把電(dian)力(li)工業管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)工作并入新成(cheng)立(li)(li)的(de)能(neng)(neng)源部(bu)，能(neng)(neng)源部(bu)承擔電(dian)力(li)行(xing)政(zheng)和企(qi)(qi)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)職能(neng)(neng)。1988年5月(yue)22日，能(neng)(neng)源部(bu)正式(shi)成(cheng)立(li)(li)，同年12月(yue)成(cheng)立(li)(li)中國(guo)電(dian)力(li)企(qi)(qi)業聯(lian)合(he)會(hui)(hui)，在(zai)網省電(dian)力(li)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)局、電(dian)力(li)工業局的(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)成(cheng)立(li)(li)電(dian)力(li)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)司和省電(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司。由(you)此，實現了電(dian)力(li)工業的(de)行(xing)政(zheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)、企(qi)(qi)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)和行(xing)業自律性管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)職能(neng)(neng)的(de)初(chu)步分開，在(zai)電(dian)力(li)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)改革中邁出(chu)了堅實的(de)一(yi)步。

最早組(zu)建的(de)(de)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)是中(zhong)國華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)國華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)國華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)國華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)是全民所(suo)有(you)制的(de)(de)實業(ye)、金融、貿易、科技和服(fu)務(wu)相結合(he)的(de)(de)多功能(neng)(neng)(neng)、綜合(he)性(xing)的(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)集團(tuan)。是由華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)國際(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)開(kai)(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)精煤公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)原材料(liao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、中(zhong)國（華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)）工(gong)程(cheng)技術開(kai)(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)科技發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)金融公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)綜合(he)利用(yong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)實業(ye)開(kai)(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)服(fu)務(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)等(deng)九個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)以及原水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部歸口(kou)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)華(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術開(kai)(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)綜合(he)利用(yong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)南方（集團(tuan)）等(deng)四個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)聯合(he)組(zu)建的(de)(de)。這個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)由能(neng)(neng)(neng)源部與國家計委共同管(guan)理(li)，以能(neng)(neng)(neng)源部為(wei)主(zhu)，是我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)1988年組(zu)建的(de)(de)第一(yi)個集團(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)。

大區(qu)(qu)和省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)的公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)化改(gai)(gai)組(zu)分兩步(bu)(bu)進行。第一步(bu)(bu)是(shi)從1988年開始到1990年止，將大區(qu)(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)(ye)管理局(ju)改(gai)(gai)組(zu)為聯合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)，將省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)局(ju)改(gai)(gai)組(zu)為省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)。國(guo)務院(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)管理體制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)方案(an)明確規定(ding)：省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)和聯合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)都是(shi)獨(du)(du)立(li)(li)核算、自負盈虧的實(shi)體，具有法(fa)人地位。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網內各發供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單位的資(zi)產關系不變(bian)。聯合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)由(you)能(neng)源(yuan)部歸口管理，在國(guo)家計劃(hua)中實(shi)行單列。非跨(kua)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)局(ju)，要逐(zhu)步(bu)(bu)改(gai)(gai)建為省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)，獨(du)(du)立(li)(li)經(jing)營，由(you)能(neng)源(yuan)部和省(sheng)人民政(zheng)府(fu)雙(shuang)重領導(dao)，并接(jie)受(shou)委(wei)托行使所(suo)在地區(qu)(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)行業(ye)(ye)管理職能(neng)。改(gai)(gai)革(ge)方案(an)要求各公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)要落(luo)實(shi)，健全(quan)各種形式的承(cheng)包經(jing)營責任制(zhi)，逐(zhu)步(bu)(bu)實(shi)行股份(fen)制(zhi)，采用售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)和物質消耗工資(zi)含(han)量(liang)包干(gan)辦法(fa)。獨(du)(du)立(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠均(jun)可獨(du)(du)立(li)(li)核算，與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網訂立(li)(li)經(jing)濟合(he)同，接(jie)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網統一調度(du)，非獨(du)(du)立(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠按現行規定(ding)執行。這項改(gai)(gai)革(ge)到1990年6月基(ji)本完成(cheng)。

第(di)二步是(shi)1991年(nian)底到1993年(nian)初(chu)，組(zu)建大(da)型(xing)電(dian)力(li)企(qi)業集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)。1991年(nian)12月(yue)14日國(guo)(guo)務(wu)(wu)院(yuan)批(pi)準(zhun)的(de)第(di)一(yi)批(pi)試點(dian)的(de)55個(ge)大(da)型(xing)企(qi)業集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)中(zhong)，能源部(bu)有7個(ge)，其中(zhong)電(dian)力(li)占6個(ge)，即華(hua)能集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)北電(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)、東(dong)(dong)北電(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)東(dong)(dong)電(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)中(zhong)電(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)和西(xi)北電(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)，全部(bu)都是(shi)跨地區的(de)電(dian)力(li)企(qi)業集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公司。1992年(nian)10月(yue)10日，能源部(bu)向(xiang)國(guo)(guo)家計委、國(guo)(guo)家體改委、國(guo)(guo)務(wu)(wu)院(yuan)經貿辦上(shang)報(bao)關于同意組(zu)建中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)東(dong)(dong)北、華(hua)東(dong)(dong)、華(hua)北、華(hua)中(zhong)電(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)的(de)函，隨后又報(bao)送(song)了同意組(zu)建西(xi)北電(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)的(de)函，經批(pi)準(zhun)后，于1993年(nian)1月(yue)11日華(hua)北、東(dong)(dong)北、華(hua)東(dong)(dong)、華(hua)中(zhong)、西(xi)北五(wu)大(da)電(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)宣告(gao)成立(li)。

4、第三次成(cheng)立電力工業部（1993-1997年）

1993年3月，八屆第(di)一次(ci)(ci)全國人(ren)民代表大(da)(da)會(hui)通(tong)過決議，撤消能源部，第(di)三次(ci)(ci)成立電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部。國務院批準的(de)組建(jian)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部的(de)指(zhi)導(dao)思想是："政(zheng)企職(zhi)責(ze)分(fen)開，大(da)(da)力(li)簡(jian)政(zheng)放權，由部門管(guan)理轉向(xiang)行業(ye)(ye)管(guan)理，加強(qiang)(qiang)規(gui)劃、協調、監督(du)、服務職(zhi)能；精簡(jian)內設(she)機構和編制(zhi)，合(he)理配置職(zhi)能，提高宏觀(guan)管(guan)理水平(ping)；實事求是，平(ping)穩過渡(du)，合(he)理分(fen)流富裕人(ren)員。"要求在堅持(chi)"政(zheng)企分(fen)開，省為實體(ti)，聯(lian)合(he)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)，統一調度，集(ji)資辦電(dian)(dian)"和"因地因網(wang)制(zhi)宜(yi)"的(de)方針指(zhi)引下，下放和轉移對企業(ye)(ye)人(ren)、財、物及經營管(guan)理的(de)職(zhi)能，加強(qiang)(qiang)宏觀(guan)管(guan)理的(de)職(zhi)能，由于(yu)國務院批準的(de)文(wen)件明確要求支持(chi)辦好五大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)力(li)集(ji)團(tuan)，各電(dian)(dian)管(guan)局和省電(dian)(dian)力(li)局仍維持(chi)現行體(ti)制(zhi)，所以(yi)在電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部時期，電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)改革沒(mei)有顯著的(de)變化(hua)。

電力(li)(li)(li)工業部成立后，繼續(xu)保留中國(guo)(guo)電力(li)(li)(li)企(qi)業聯合(he)會(hui)，作為全國(guo)(guo)電力(li)(li)(li)企(qi)業、事業電位的(de)聯合(he)組織(zhi)，其性(xing)質不變，由電力(li)(li)(li)部歸(gui)口管理。華能集團(tuan)實行以(yi)電力(li)(li)(li)部為主與國(guo)(guo)家計委雙重領導的(de)體制。另外，在葛洲壩工程局的(de)基礎上(shang)，成立了(le)葛洲壩集團(tuan)公(gong)司。

為確(que)保三(san)峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)的順利進(jin)行(xing)，1993年1月3日國(guo)務(wu)院決定成(cheng)立國(guo)務(wu)院三(san)峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)委(wei)員會，同(tong)時成(cheng)立中(zhong)國(guo)長江三(san)峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)開發總(zong)公司，全面負責(ze)三(san)峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)和(he)經(jing)營(ying)。1994年12月14日，三(san)峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)正式開工(gong)(gong)建(jian)設(she)。

電力(li)(li)工業部(bu)成(cheng)立后，根據國家體(ti)改委等(deng)部(bu)門(men)有(you)關(guan)股(gu)份制(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業試點(dian)辦法的(de)規(gui)定，于1993年(nian)9月印發(fa)了(le)《電力(li)(li)行業股(gu)份制(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業試點(dian)暫行規(gui)定》，規(gui)定明確(que)電網(wang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業和發(fa)電企(qi)(qi)(qi)業都可(ke)以進行股(gu)份制(zhi)改造，具備(bei)條(tiao)件的(de)經主管部(bu)門(men)同意后，可(ke)以到國（境）外(wai)發(fa)行股(gu)票(piao)，債券；但電網(wang)公(gong)司(si)（指發(fa)、供(gong)電一(yi)體(ti)的(de)電力(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業）實行股(gu)份制(zhi)應以公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)為主體(ti)，保證(zheng)電力(li)(li)集團公(gong)司(si)、省（區、市）電力(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)在(zai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)控股(gu)地(di)位。1994年(nian)8月4日(ri)，山東華能發(fa)電股(gu)份有(you)限公(gong)司(si)股(gu)票(piao)在(zai)美(mei)國紐(niu)約證(zheng)券交易所掛牌上市，成(cheng)為中(zhong)(zhong)國首家直接去美(mei)國紐(niu)約上市的(de)大型電力(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業，隨后中(zhong)(zhong)國有(you)一(yi)大批(pi)發(fa)電企(qi)(qi)(qi)業在(zai)國內(nei)外(wai)上市。

中國(guo)電力工業經過30年(nian)碰(peng)壁，與20年(nian)摸著石頭過河(he)，最后終于(yu)走上了(le)穩(wen)定發展的道(dao)路。時至2013年(nian)，電監會又(you)并入(ru)了(le)能源局(ju)。電網已(yi)拆(chai)分為國(guo)家電網與南方(fang)電網兩(liang)家。已(yi)經走上了(le)改放(fang)給市場的權力放(fang)給市場，政企分離的合理發展道(dao)路。 

2015年(nian)9月中國與伊朗簽(qian)署了大宗電力(li)和(he)能源合作協議，進一步(bu)推動雙邊合作，尤(you)其是加強在電力(li)和(he)能源領域的合作。 

2015年(nian)11月18日，中(zhong)國電(dian)機工程學會(hui)發布(bu)了“十三五”電(dian)力科技(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)大技(ji)術方向(xiang)研究(jiu)報告，提出未來5年(nian)中(zhong)國電(dian)力科技(ji)領域將重(zhong)(zhong)點開展9個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)大技(ji)術方向(xiang)、38項(xiang)關鍵技(ji)術研究(jiu)工作(zuo)。

相關政策

2014年中(zhong)國電力市場發展(zhan)戰略

進入(ru)21世紀以來，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)就(jiu)面臨著(zhu)巨大的(de)(de)沖擊，尤其(qi)是在全(quan)球金融(rong)危機的(de)(de)影(ying)響下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業(ye)所面對(dui)的(de)(de)機遇和挑戰(zhan)也變得更多。為了(le)提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)銷量，保(bao)證企業(ye)在競(jing)爭中立于不敗之(zhi)地，并對(dui)企業(ye)進行(xing)具有(you)前瞻性的(de)(de)分析，國(guo)(guo)家采取(qu)有(you)效策略不斷(duan)擴寬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)就(jiu)顯(xian)得尤為重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)。據中國(guo)(guo)產(chan)業(ye)洞察網了(le)解，國(guo)(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)部門已經(jing)逐步認識到了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)實現(xian)擴大的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)意義，明確(que)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)是國(guo)(guo)家基礎行(xing)業(ye)之(zhi)一，并盡可能的(de)(de)采取(qu)行(xing)之(zhi)有(you)效的(de)(de)對(dui)策予以完善。

一、轉(zhuan)變思(si)想，樹(shu)立(li)競爭(zheng)意識

企(qi)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)存的(de)(de)基(ji)礎是(shi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，思想又是(shi)行動的(de)(de)先導，為(wei)了擴(kuo)展電力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)一定要(yao)轉變(bian)以往的(de)(de)思想觀念(nian)，明確以市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)為(wei)主體的(de)(de)競爭(zheng)策略，堅持市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)導向作用。在(zai)此基(ji)礎上，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)還要(yao)樹立競爭(zheng)意(yi)識，培(pei)養(yang)效(xiao)益觀念(nian)，加強(qiang)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)管理，并結合黨(dang)中(zhong)央的(de)(de)政策規(gui)章，使企(qi)業(ye)(ye)形成良好的(de)(de)信譽和形象(xiang)，增強(qiang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)凝聚(ju)力(li)(li)，讓市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)消費者信任企(qi)業(ye)(ye)，從而最大(da)限度的(de)(de)拓寬電力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)。例(li)如(ru)，在(zai)國家(jia)提(ti)出西部大(da)開發戰略后，云(yun)南某電力(li)(li)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)就立足整(zheng)體，抓住機遇(yu)，樹立了競爭(zheng)意(yi)識，并不斷完善(shan)自身(shen)的(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)形象(xiang)，在(zai)機遇(yu)面前沒有錯過，準確掌握了市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)定位，擴(kuo)寬了電力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，取得(de)了巨大(da)的(de)(de)經濟(ji)效(xiao)益。

二(er)、健全完善電力(li)市場規章(zhang)制度

想(xiang)要做好任何事情(qing)都要有(you)(you)健全完(wan)(wan)善(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)章制度(du)作基礎，電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)效擴(kuo)展(zhan)也是如此。由于以往計劃經濟體(ti)(ti)制的(de)(de)束縛，再加上人們(men)思(si)想(xiang)觀念的(de)(de)局限性，就使得我(wo)國有(you)(you)關電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)章制度(du)不夠健全。在新時期背景下，為了有(you)(you)效拓展(zhan)電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，黨(dang)和(he)國家(jia)一(yi)定要健全完(wan)(wan)善(shan)(shan)相應的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)章制度(du)，以《電(dian)力(li)(li)法》和(he)相關法律為依(yi)據，結合當(dang)前(qian)的(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)情(qing)況予以進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步完(wan)(wan)善(shan)(shan)。具體(ti)(ti)來說(shuo)，要細化電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)準入(ru)規(gui)(gui)(gui)則，明確電(dian)價，規(gui)(gui)(gui)范企業(ye)的(de)(de)行(xing)為，并制定配套的(de)(de)監(jian)督管理(li)法規(gui)(gui)(gui)，明確違法的(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)懲罰措(cuo)施(shi)，從而規(gui)(gui)(gui)范企業(ye)行(xing)為，保證市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)公(gong)開性和(he)科學性，凈化電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，確保其進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步拓展(zhan)。

三、建立以(yi)用戶為核(he)心(xin)的電力市場并拓展新市場

想要(yao)(yao)(yao)增(zeng)加社會用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)數量(liang)(liang)，并逐步拓(tuo)展電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場，就要(yao)(yao)(yao)堅持供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)客(ke)(ke)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)為(wei)核心，根據用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)需求(qiu)構建電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場。首先，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企業要(yao)(yao)(yao)保證供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)，質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)是市(shi)場得以(yi)拓(tuo)寬(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)因(yin)素之(zhi)一，質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)過(guo)硬，才能爭取到更多的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)；其(qi)次，在(zai)工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)過(guo)程中，要(yao)(yao)(yao)堅持“預防為(wei)主(zhu)，安全第一”的(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)，在(zai)保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上，也(ye)要(yao)(yao)(yao)確保安全生產，定(ding)期對供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)施(shi)進行檢查維修(xiu)，避免出現安全隱患，逐步提(ti)高設(she)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)年限；最后，要(yao)(yao)(yao)完(wan)善企業自身的(de)(de)(de)服務水平，樹立為(wei)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)服務的(de)(de)(de)觀念，創新服務意識，并定(ding)期對客(ke)(ke)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)進行走訪調查，了(le)解他們對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能供(gong)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)滿意度，從而(er)找到企業的(de)(de)(de)不足，滿足客(ke)(ke)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)。

眾所周知，我國(guo)(guo)區(qu)域(yu)分配不協調(diao)，各地區(qu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)數量存在很大(da)的(de)差異(yi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)中心集中在東部(bu)和東南沿(yan)海地區(qu)。想(xiang)要拓(tuo)展(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場，就(jiu)一定要打(da)破這種不平(ping)衡(heng)的(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)構，開辟(pi)新興市場。對此(ci)，企業可(ke)(ke)以建立跨區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)在不同區(qu)域(yu)間進(jin)行有(you)效調(diao)節，并加(jia)(jia)大(da)宏觀(guan)調(diao)控力度來平(ping)衡(heng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價。此(ci)外，企業也可(ke)(ke)以借鑒國(guo)(guo)外的(de)先進(jin)經(jing)驗(yan)，開展(zhan)政策(ce)(ce)促銷活動，實(shi)行以電(dian)(dian)(dian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)油、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)柴、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)煤等形(xing)式，并加(jia)(jia)強對電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)、熱泵設備、電(dian)(dian)(dian)熱鍋爐等產品(pin)的(de)推廣，從而逐(zhu)步增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)在市場消費中的(de)占(zhan)有(you)率。例如，一旦進(jin)入夏季，我國(guo)(guo)長江以南地區(qu)使(shi)用(yong)空(kong)調(diao)的(de)數量就(jiu)會大(da)幅提(ti)高(gao)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)情(qing)況(kuang)也會增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)針對這樣的(de)現象，對蓄冰制冷空(kong)調(diao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價方面實(shi)行了相關的(de)優惠政策(ce)(ce)，企業可(ke)(ke)以利(li)用(yong)這一特點逐(zhu)步拓(tuo)寬市場，提(ti)高(gao)經(jing)濟效益。

四、提高員工素質能(neng)力(li)

電(dian)力(li)市場(chang)的(de)有效(xiao)拓展要(yao)(yao)依靠(kao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)員(yuan)工的(de)業(ye)(ye)務能(neng)(neng)力(li)和綜合素質(zhi)來完成(cheng)，隨著社會主義市場(chang)經濟的(de)全面(mian)開放，以及現代化技術的(de)逐步興(xing)起，給電(dian)力(li)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)員(yuan)工素質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)力(li)提(ti)出了(le)更(geng)高的(de)要(yao)(yao)求。想(xiang)要(yao)(yao)有效(xiao)拓寬電(dian)力(li)市場(chang)，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)就一定要(yao)(yao)培養(yang)高素質(zhi)、高能(neng)(neng)力(li)的(de)員(yuan)工。

第(di)一(yi)，企(qi)(qi)業要(yao)提(ti)高(gao)企(qi)(qi)業人員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)技術水(shui)平，堅(jian)持先進(jin)(jin)設備的(de)引(yin)進(jin)(jin)，并(bing)逐步(bu)完善他(ta)們(men)的(de)技術能(neng)力(li)。第(di)二，堅(jian)持實施“引(yin)進(jin)(jin)來與(yu)走出去”并(bing)存的(de)發展(zhan)戰略(lve)，加強員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)之(zhi)間的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)和合作，派遣(qian)有(you)能(neng)力(li)的(de)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)對外學習交(jiao)流(liu)。第(di)三，企(qi)(qi)業要(yao)定期組織人員(yuan)(yuan)培訓，做好崗位選(xuan)拔工(gong)(gong)作，在保(bao)證(zheng)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)具有(you)高(gao)能(neng)力(li)的(de)基礎上，還要(yao)完善他(ta)們(men)的(de)道德素質，樹立他(ta)們(men)為企(qi)(qi)業服務的(de)理(li)念，從而進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)拓(tuo)展(zhan)電(dian)力(li)市場(chang)。 [4]

電力發展“十(shi)三五”規(gui)劃

11月7日(ri)，《電力發(fa)展(zhan)“十三五(wu)”規(gui)劃》發(fa)布，對(dui)我(wo)們(men)有以下指導(dao)意義。

要科學認識我(wo)國(guo)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)發(fa)展空(kong)間(jian)：根據(ju)《規劃》，到2020年，我(wo)國(guo)人均裝機(ji)突(tu)破1.4千瓦(wa)(wa)，人均用電(dian)(dian)量5000千瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)左右，接近中等發(fa)達國(guo)家水(shui)平。電(dian)(dian)力(li)在(zai)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)中的(de)比(bi)重(zhong)應該越(yue)來越(yue)大，也就是能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)要走向電(dian)(dian)氣化，特別(bie)在(zai)終端(duan)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)中，以電(dian)(dian)的(de)形(xing)式用能(neng)(neng)比(bi)重(zhong)要提高，而非電(dian)(dian)的(de)形(xing)式如直接燃煤等則不斷減少。《規劃》提出的(de)2020年人均用電(dian)(dian)量5000千瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)左右與2020年GDP水(shui)平相適應，今后(hou)還有一定(ding)的(de)發(fa)展空(kong)間(jian)。

未來煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)發展應趨嚴：在經(jing)濟新(xin)常態下(xia)，能(neng)(neng)源也進入新(xin)常態，表現是能(neng)(neng)源隨著經(jing)濟的(de)增(zeng)(zeng)長也在增(zeng)(zeng)長，但增(zeng)(zeng)長速度趨緩。我們要(yao)認識到，可再生能(neng)(neng)源、核電(dian)(dian)以及(ji)天然氣發電(dian)(dian)等低(di)碳(tan)能(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)的(de)提(ti)高，應該能(neng)(neng)滿足新(xin)常態下(xia)電(dian)(dian)力(li)增(zeng)(zeng)長的(de)需(xu)求。退一步(bu)而言，假若低(di)碳(tan)能(neng)(neng)源能(neng)(neng)力(li)不足，仍(reng)需(xu)增(zeng)(zeng)加煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)的(de)發電(dian)(dian)量，提(ti)升煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)的(de)發電(dian)(dian)小時數也能(neng)(neng)做到。

把儲(chu)能技術(shu)(shu)基礎研究做扎實：儲(chu)能技術(shu)(shu)在(zai)能源(yuan)科技上堪稱(cheng)顛覆(fu)性的(de)且是占領戰略(lve)制(zhi)高點的(de)技術(shu)(shu)。儲(chu)能技術(shu)(shu)如(ru)果在(zai)未來有(you)實質(zhi)性的(de)進展(zhan)，就可以有(you)效解決棄(qi)風、棄(qi)光甚至(zhi)棄(qi)水(shui)的(de)問題。要(yao)使間歇式的(de)可再(zai)生能源(yuan)實現規模化發展(zhan)，儲(chu)能是關(guan)鍵，而且高能量、高密度的(de)儲(chu)能非常利于(yu)新能源(yuan)汽車的(de)發展(zhan)。另外，儲(chu)能對微網建設也至(zhi)關(guan)重要(yao)。至(zhi)此，我們應(ying)該充分認識(shi)到：儲(chu)能是可以實現多(duo)方面用途的(de)技術(shu)(shu)。

清潔(jie)(jie)、低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)、綠色(se)是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)輪變(bian)(bian)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)方(fang)向：“十二五(wu)”期間我(wo)國提出了能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)革(ge)命，經過(guo)兩年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)時間，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)革(ge)命已經取得(de)了重大的(de)(de)(de)進展。因此，“十三(san)五(wu)”將(jiang)在這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)基礎之上不斷推進能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)領域的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)革(ge)，基本的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)使能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)更(geng)加清潔(jie)(jie)、綠色(se)、低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)。而(er)且，這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)變(bian)(bian)革(ge)不僅是(shi)(shi)中國發(fa)(fa)展到現階段提出的(de)(de)(de)必然要(yao)求，也是(shi)(shi)全球能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)變(bian)(bian)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向。在我(wo)看來，電(dian)力的(de)(de)(de)清潔(jie)(jie)、低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)、綠色(se)包含兩層含義：一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)對煤電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)清潔(jie)(jie)化利(li)用(yong)和改造；二是(shi)(shi)盡可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)多地增加可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)量。總體(ti)而(er)言，對煤炭進行(xing)清潔(jie)(jie)化利(li)用(yong)是(shi)(shi)較低(di)(di)層次的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)決方(fang)案，更(geng)高層次的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)決方(fang)案是(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)展綠色(se)低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)替代(dai)煤炭。不過(guo)，從較低(di)(di)層次轉向更(geng)高層次需要(yao)一(yi)(yi)個過(guo)程，這(zhe)中間需要(yao)適度(du)增加天(tian)然氣發(fa)(fa)電(dian)來作為過(guo)渡(du)，再(zai)發(fa)(fa)展到大規模的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，逐(zhu)步形成綠色(se)低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)體(ti)系(xi)。

碳(tan)排放(fang)(fang)將成(cheng)(cheng)為重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)控制(zhi)指(zhi)標(biao)：碳(tan)排放(fang)(fang)將成(cheng)(cheng)為電力行(xing)業(ye)(ye)一(yi)(yi)個很重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)控制(zhi)指(zhi)標(biao)。《規(gui)劃》中提出了煤(mei)電機組二(er)氧化碳(tan)排放(fang)(fang)強(qiang)度(du)降至(zhi)865克/千瓦時的(de)(de)目標(biao)。此外(wai)，《“十三(san)五”控制(zhi)溫室氣體排放(fang)(fang)工作方案》里也提到，到2020年(nian)，大(da)型發(fa)電集團單位供電二(er)氧化碳(tan)排放(fang)(fang)控制(zhi)在550克二(er)氧化碳(tan)/千瓦時以(yi)內。這意味著我國一(yi)(yi)大(da)部分發(fa)電企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)煤(mei)電比(bi)例(li)不能(neng)超(chao)過50%，這個要(yao)(yao)求是很高(gao)的(de)(de)。總體來看，五大(da)發(fa)電集團由于(yu)近(jin)年(nian)來已經在大(da)力布局(ju)可再生能(neng)源，要(yao)(yao)完成(cheng)(cheng)這個任務基本沒有太大(da)難度(du)，但一(yi)(yi)些(xie)地方電力公司可能(neng)就壓(ya)力比(bi)較大(da)。如果完不成(cheng)(cheng)，到時候就要(yao)(yao)通過購(gou)買碳(tan)指(zhi)標(biao)、參與碳(tan)交易(yi)的(de)(de)方式(shi)來完成(cheng)(cheng)任務。

電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)替代是時(shi)代進(jin)步的(de)體現(xian)：《規劃(hua)》重點提(ti)到(dao)(dao)，到(dao)(dao)2020年電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)占終(zhong)(zhong)端能(neng)(neng)源消費(fei)比(bi)重要(yao)提(ti)升至(zhi)27%。一(yi)方(fang)面，燃(ran)燒(shao)煤炭、石油是造成大(da)(da)氣污染(ran)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)因素，尤其散(san)煤燃(ran)燒(shao)危害(hai)更(geng)大(da)(da)。每噸散(san)煤燃(ran)燒(shao)排放(fang)的(de)污染(ran)物(wu)是火電(dian)(dian)燃(ran)煤排放(fang)的(de)5~10倍，對(dui)大(da)(da)氣污染(ran)的(de)貢獻率高(gao)達50%左(zuo)右。另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面，天(tian)然(ran)氣雖然(ran)較(jiao)煤炭而言更(geng)為清(qing)潔(jie)，但它在利(li)用(yong)過程中也會(hui)釋放(fang)一(yi)部分氮氧化物(wu)，氮氧化物(wu)也是形成灰霾的(de)重要(yao)原因之(zhi)一(yi)。因此，提(ti)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)在終(zhong)(zhong)端能(neng)(neng)源的(de)利(li)用(yong)，對(dui)防治大(da)(da)氣污染(ran)確實(shi)大(da)(da)有裨益(yi)。另(ling)外，電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)替代不(bu)僅(jin)僅(jin)是一(yi)個(ge)提(ti)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)力在能(neng)(neng)源消費(fei)終(zhong)(zhong)端比(bi)重的(de)問題(ti)，更(geng)是時(shi)代進(jin)步的(de)體現(xian)。從發(fa)達國家(jia)的(de)終(zhong)(zhong)端用(yong)能(neng)(neng)來看，電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)占比(bi)也非常高(gao)。我(wo)(wo)國要(yao)進(jin)入(ru)現(xian)代化社會(hui)，能(neng)(neng)源系統、用(yong)能(neng)(neng)方(fang)式也要(yao)和發(fa)達國家(jia)接(jie)近。“十一(yi)五”、“十二五”時(shi)期，我(wo)(wo)們的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)精(jing)力是解決(jue)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)問題(ti)，電(dian)(dian)力已經(jing)做到(dao)(dao)了(le)寬裕(yu)，這個(ge)時(shi)候提(ti)出(chu)大(da)(da)規模的(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)替代也具備(bei)現(xian)實(shi)基礎。