發電(dian)機通常由(you)定(ding)子、轉(zhuan)子、端蓋及軸承等(deng)部件構(gou)成。
定子由定子鐵芯、線包繞(rao)組(zu)、機(ji)座以及固定這些(xie)部分的其他結(jie)構件組(zu)成。
轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子由轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子鐵芯(xin)(或(huo)磁極、磁扼(e))繞組(zu)、護(hu)環(huan)、中(zhong)心(xin)環(huan)、滑(hua)環(huan)、風(feng)扇及轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸等部件組(zu)成。
由軸承及端蓋將發電機的定子(zi)(zi)(zi),轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)連接組裝起(qi)來,使轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)能在(zai)定子(zi)(zi)(zi)中旋(xuan)轉(zhuan),做切(qie)割磁力(li)線的運(yun)動,從(cong)而產生感應電勢,通(tong)過接線端子(zi)(zi)(zi)引出,接在(zai)回(hui)路中,便產生了電流。
發電機的分類(lei)包括(kuo):
發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)分:直(zhi)流發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)和交流發(fa)電(dian)機(ji);
交(jiao)流(liu)發(fa)電機分:同步(bu)發(fa)電機和(he)異步(bu)發(fa)電機(很少(shao)采用);
交流發電機(ji)還可分(fen)為單相發電機(ji)與(yu)三相發電機(ji)。
發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的種(zhong)類有很(hen)多種(zhong)。從(cong)原(yuan)理(li)上分為同步發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、異步發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、單相發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、三相發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。從(cong)產生方式上分為汽(qi)輪發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、水輪發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、柴油發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、汽(qi)油發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)。從(cong)能源(yuan)上分為火(huo)力(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、水力(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)。
1832年,法國人畢克西發明(ming)了手搖式(shi)直流(liu)發電機,其原理是通過轉動永(yong)磁(ci)體使磁(ci)通發生變(bian)化(hua)而在線圈(quan)中產生感應(ying)電動勢(shi),并把這種電動勢(shi)以(yi)直流(liu)電壓形式(shi)輸出;
1866年,德國的西門(men)子發(fa)明了自勵(li)式直流發(fa)電機;
1870年,比利(li)時的(de)格拉姆制成了環(huan)形電(dian)樞(shu),發(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)了環(huan)形電(dian)樞(shu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機。這(zhe)種(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機是(shi)用水力來(lai)轉(zhuan)動(dong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機轉(zhuan)子的(de),經過反復(fu)改(gai)進,于1875年得(de)到了3.2KW的(de)輸出功率;
1882年,美國的戈登制造出(chu)(chu)了輸出(chu)(chu)功(gong)率447KW,高3米,重22噸的兩(liang)相式巨(ju)型發電機(ji);
1896年,特斯拉(la)的(de)兩相交流(liu)發電機在尼(ni)亞拉(la)發電廠(chang)開始勞動營運,3750KW,5000V的(de)交流(liu)電一直送到(dao)40公里外的(de)布(bu)法羅市。 [2]
柴油發電機
柴油(you)機驅動(dong)發(fa)電(dian)機運轉,將柴油(you)的(de)能量轉化為電(dian)能。
在(zai)柴(chai)油(you)機汽缸內,經過空氣濾清器過濾后的潔(jie)凈空氣與噴油(you)嘴噴射出(chu)的高壓(ya)霧化柴(chai)油(you) 充分(fen)混合,在(zai)活塞(sai)上行的擠壓(ya)下(xia),體(ti)積(ji)縮小,溫度(du)迅速升高,達到(dao)柴(chai)油(you)的燃點(dian)。柴(chai)油(you)被點(dian)燃,混合氣體(ti)劇烈燃燒,體(ti)積(ji)迅速膨脹,推動活塞(sai)下(xia)行,稱為‘作功’。
汽油發電機
汽(qi)(qi)油(you)機驅動發電機運轉,將汽(qi)(qi)油(you)的能量轉化為電能。
在汽油機汽缸內,混合氣體(ti)劇烈燃燒,體(ti)積迅速膨(peng)脹,推動活(huo)塞下行作功。
無論是柴油(you)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)還是汽油(you)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji),都(dou)是各(ge)汽缸按一(yi)定順序依次作(zuo)功,作(zuo)用在(zai)活塞上的(de)(de)推力(li)經過連桿變成了推動曲軸(zhou)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動的(de)(de)力(li)量(liang),從而帶動曲軸(zhou)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)。將無刷同步(bu)交流發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與動力(li)機(ji)(ji)曲軸(zhou)同軸(zhou)安(an)裝,就可以(yi)利(li)用動力(li)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)帶動發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子,利(li)用‘電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)應’原理,發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)就會(hui)輸出感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)動勢,經閉合(he)的(de)(de)負載回(hui)路(lu)就能產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)流。
安裝規程
機組啟動前(qian)的準備:
1.檢查潤滑油的油位、冷卻液液位、燃油量;
2.檢(jian)查柴油機(ji)的供油、潤滑、冷卻等系統各個管路及接頭(tou)有無漏油漏水(shui)現象;
3.檢查電(dian)氣線路有無破皮等漏電(dian)隱患(huan),接地線電(dian)氣線路是否松動(dong),機組與基(ji)礎的連接是否牢固(gu);
4.若環(huan)境溫度低于零度時,須(xu)在(zai)散熱器內添(tian)加(jia)一(yi)定比(bi)例的防凍劑;
5.柴油(you)發電機組第一次(ci)啟(qi)(qi)動或停機較長時間后再次(ci)啟(qi)(qi)動,應先用手壓泵排(pai)盡燃(ran)油(you)系(xi)統內的空氣。
啟動:
1.合上控制箱內的保險后,按(an)啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)按(an)鈕,按(an)下按(an)鈕3~5s,若啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)不(bu)成功,應(ying)等20s左(zuo)右再(zai)次啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)。若多次啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)不(bu)成功,應(ying)停止啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)操作(zuo),排除電瓶電壓(ya)或油路等故障因數后,再(zai)次啟(qi)(qi)動(dong);
2.啟動時應觀察幾油壓力,若油壓無顯示或很低時,應立(li)即停車檢查。
運行:
1.機組啟(qi)動后(hou),檢查(cha)控(kong)制箱模(mo)塊(kuai)各項參數(shu);機油(you)壓力(li)、水溫、電壓、頻率(lv)等;
2.通常情況下,機組啟動(dong)后轉(zhuan)速直(zhi)接達到(dao)額定轉(zhuan)速;有(you)怠(dai)速要求的機組,怠(dai)速時間(jian)一(yi)般為3~5min,怠(dai)速時間(jian)不易過長,否則可能燒壞發電機相關元器件;
3.檢查(cha)機組油路、水路及電器的滲漏(lou)情況(kuang);
4.檢查機組各(ge)連接處的(de)緊固(gu)情況,看有無松動(dong)和劇(ju)烈振動(dong);
5.觀察機(ji)組各種保護和監(jian)視裝置是否正常;
6.當轉速達到額定轉速,起空載運行的各項參數穩(wen)定后,合閘供電;
7.檢查確認控制(zhi)屏各項參(can)數是(shi)否(fou)在(zai)允(yun)許(xu)的范圍內,再次檢查機組的振動,有無三漏及其他故(gu)障;
8.機(ji)組(zu)運(yun)行(xing)時(shi)嚴禁超(chao)載。
正常停機:
停(ting)機(ji)前必須先分閘,一(yi)般情(qing)況卸載后需運行3~5min停(ting)機(ji)。
緊急停機:
1.發電機(ji)組運轉出現異常情況時,必須立即停(ting)機(ji);
2.緊急停(ting)機(ji)時,按下急停(ting)按鈕或將噴油泵停(ting)機(ji)控制手柄迅速推倒停(ting)車(che)位置(zhi)。
保養事項:
1.柴油機濾芯更換(huan)時間為(wei)300H;空(kong)氣濾芯更換(huan)時間為(wei)每400H;機油濾芯第一(yi)次更換(huan)時間為(wei)50H,以后為(wei)250H。
2.機(ji)油第一次更換(huan)時(shi)間為(wei)50H,以后機(ji)油正常更換(huan)時(shi)間為(wei)每250H。
操作規程
1.啟動前應檢(jian)查(cha)燃油箱油量是(shi)否充(chong)(chong)足,各油管及(ji)接頭(tou)處無漏(lou)油現(xian)象;冷卻(que)系統水量是(shi)否充(chong)(chong)足、清潔、無滲漏(lou),風扇皮帶松緊是(shi)否合適。檢(jian)查(cha)內燃機與發(fa)電(dian)機傳動部分應連接可靠,輸出線路的導(dao)線絕緣良好,各儀表齊全(quan)、有效。
2.啟動后(hou),應低速運(yun)轉3~5分鐘(zhong),待(dai)溫度和機油壓(ya)輪均正常后(hou),方(fang)可開始作業(ye)。發電(dian)機在升速中應無(wu)異響,滑環及(ji)整流(liu)子上電(dian)刷(shua)接觸良好,無(wu)跳動及(ji)冒火花現(xian)象。待(dai)運(yun)轉穩定,頻率、電(dian)壓(ya)達到額(e)定值(zhi)后(hou),方(fang)可向外(wai)供電(dian)。
3.運行中出現(xian)異響、異味、水溫急劇上升及機油壓力急劇下(xia)降等情(qing)況時,應立即(ji)停機檢查并(bing)排除故障。
4.發電機功率因(yin)數(shu)不得超過遲相(滯后(hou))0.95。頻(pin)率值的變(bian)動范圍不得超過0.5HZ。
5.停機(ji)前應先切斷(duan)各供(gong)電分路主開(kai)關(guan)(guan),逐步(bu)減少載(zai)荷,然后(hou)切斷(duan)發(fa)電機(ji)供(gong)電主開(kai)關(guan)(guan),將勵磁(ci)(ci)變阻器(qi)復回到電阻最(zui)大值(zhi)位(wei)置,使(shi)電壓降(jiang)至最(zui)低值(zhi),再切斷(duan)勵磁(ci)(ci)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)和中性點(dian)接(jie)地(di)開(kai)關(guan)(guan),最(zui)后(hou)停止(zhi)內燃機(ji)運(yun)轉(zhuan)。
注意事項編輯 語音
正(zheng)確使用和維護發電機組可延(yan)長(chang)發電機組的使用壽命(ming):
起動前的(de)準備工作(zuo):
1、機(ji)房操(cao)作人(ren)員應遵(zun)守安全操(cao)作規(gui)程(cheng),穿工作服和絕緣鞋,機(ji)組人(ren)員應分工明確(que);
2、檢查飛輪(lun)及發(fa)電機部分防欄(lan)桿罩是否完好;
3、檢查(cha)各變速箱、離合器、調速器、油位(wei)、各緊(jin)固件等,確(que)認完好(hao),油水(shui)溫(wen)度不低于(yu)20度時,方可起動;
4、將各系統管路(lu)閘門設置在“工(gong)作”位置;
5、檢查傳動機構(gou)的鏈接螺栓,并緊固好(hao);
6、將離合器手柄壓力是否正常(chang),超(chao)速保險裝置是否定位(wei);
7、檢(jian)查貯氣瓶壓力(li)是否正常,超速保險裝(zhuang)置是否定位;
8、打開打氣泵(beng)的(de)排(pai)污(wu)閥;
9、檢查(cha)循環水(shui)泵、機油(you)泵、燃油(you)泵是(shi)否(fou)正常;
10、將(jiang)勵(li)磁電(dian)阻置(zhi)于最(zui)大(da)的電(dian)阻位置(zhi),并將(jiang)送電(dian)開關(guan)斷開。
起動和(he)運行操(cao)作:
1、對(dui)于停機(ji)(ji)超過(guo)24h的(de)機(ji)(ji)組,須(xu)(xu)先打開(kai)試動閥,并(bing)起動機(ji)(ji)油(you)泵。對(dui)于停機(ji)(ji)超過(guo)7天的(de)機(ji)(ji)組,應(ying)測量勵磁機(ji)(ji)及操(cao)作電(dian)路的(de)絕(jue)緣電(dian)阻,必須(xu)(xu)符合要求(qiu);
2、起動燃油(you)泵,放出管路(lu)中的(de)空氣,觀察(cha)電壓(ya)是否在規定的(de)范圍內。若正常(chang),方可進行正式(shi)起動;
3、察看起動(dong)電源的電壓是否符合(he)要求。若電壓正常(chang),按下起動(dong)按鈕等柴(chai)油發動(dong)機正常(chang)運行后即(ji)松(song)開;
4、當柴(chai)油發動機運轉后(hou),觀察機油壓(ya)力表的指示值,當升到規(gui)定值以上(shang)時(shi),停止機油泵(beng)(beng),并關閉掃(sao)氣(qi)泵(beng)(beng)排污(wu)閥(fa),穿好前離(li)合(he)器(qi)螺(luo)釘(ding);
5、當發電(dian)機(ji)起動后,即認為發電(dian)機(ji)及全(quan)部(bu)電(dian)氣設備均已帶電(dian),人體不得接觸帶電(dian)部(bu)位;
6、發(fa)電(dian)機起動后,應逐漸提(ti)高(gao)柴油發(fa)動機的轉速,并進行(xing)送(song)電(dian)前的檢查;
7、逐漸調整柴(chai)油發動機的轉(zhuan)速(su),但在調整時應注意觀察發電(dian)機運轉(zhuan)是否(fou)正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)(chang)。正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)(chang)時,集電(dian)環及換向器上(shang)的電(dian)刷應無跳動、無冒(mao)火花現(xian)象(xiang)、無異常(chang)(chang)響聲;
8、調整發電機輸出的電壓和頻率,其電壓值(zhi)應(ying)穩定(ding)并達到380v+-10v,頻率應(ying)達到50Hz+-0.5Hz。 [2]
工作特性:
表征同步發電(dian)機(ji)性(xing)能的主要是空載特性(xing)和負載運行特性(xing)。這些特性(xing)是用戶選用發電(dian)機(ji)的重(zhong)要依據。
空載特性:
發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)不(bu)接負載(zai)(zai)(zai)時,電(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)流為(wei)零,稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)空載(zai)(zai)(zai)運行。此時電(dian)(dian)機(ji)定子的三相繞組只(zhi)有(you)勵磁電(dian)(dian)流If感生(sheng)出的空載(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢E0(三相對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)),其(qi)大小隨If的增大而增加。但(dan)是,由于電(dian)(dian)機(ji)磁路鐵心有(you)飽和(he)現象,所以兩者不(bu)成正(zheng)比。反映空載(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢E0與(yu)勵磁電(dian)(dian)流If關系的曲線稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)同步發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的空載(zai)(zai)(zai)特(te)性。
電樞反應:
當發電(dian)(dian)機接上對稱負載后,電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)繞組(zu)中的(de)三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)流會產生(sheng)另一(yi)個旋轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場,稱電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)反應磁(ci)場。其轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)正(zheng)好與轉(zhuan)子的(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)相(xiang)等,兩者同步(bu)旋轉(zhuan)。
同步(bu)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)樞反(fan)應(ying)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)與(yu)轉(zhuan)子勵磁(ci)(ci)(ci)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)均(jun)可(ke)近似地認為都按正弦規律分布。它們之(zhi)間的(de)(de)空間相位(wei)差取決于空載(zai)電(dian)動勢E0與(yu)電(dian)樞電(dian)流I之(zhi)間的(de)(de)時間相位(wei)差。電(dian)樞反(fan)應(ying)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)還與(yu)負載(zai)情況(kuang)有關。當(dang)(dang)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)負載(zai)為電(dian)感(gan)性時,電(dian)樞反(fan)應(ying)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)起去磁(ci)(ci)(ci)作(zuo)用(yong),會(hui)導(dao)致(zhi)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)降低;當(dang)(dang)負載(zai)呈電(dian)容性時,電(dian)樞反(fan)應(ying)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)起助磁(ci)(ci)(ci)作(zuo)用(yong),會(hui)使發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)輸出(chu)電(dian)壓(ya)升高(gao)。
負載運行特性:
主要指外(wai)特性和(he)調整特性。外(wai)特性是(shi)當(dang)轉速為(wei)額定(ding)值、勵磁電(dian)(dian)流(liu)和(he)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)功率(lv)因數(shu)為(wei)常數(shu)時,發電(dian)(dian)機端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓U與(yu)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)I之間的關系。調整特性是(shi)轉速和(he)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)額定(ding)值、負(fu)載(zai)(zai)功率(lv)因數(shu)為(wei)常數(shu)時,勵磁電(dian)(dian)流(liu)If與(yu)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)I之間的關系。
同步發電(dian)機的(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)變化率約為20~40%。一般(ban)工業(ye)和家用(yong)負載都要求電(dian)壓(ya)保持基(ji)本(ben)不變。為此,隨(sui)著負載電(dian)流的(de)(de)增大,必須相(xiang)應地調整勵磁電(dian)流。雖然調整特性(xing)的(de)(de)變化趨(qu)勢(shi)與外(wai)特性(xing)正好相(xiang)反,對(dui)于(yu)感性(xing)和純電(dian)阻性(xing)負載,它是上(shang)升的(de)(de),而在(zai)容(rong)性(xing)負載下(xia),一般(ban)是下(xia)降(jiang)的(de)(de)。 [4]
風力發電機
作為(wei)一(yi)(yi)種價格低廉、運(yun)行可(ke)靠、無溫室(shi)氣體排放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新型(xing)(xing)發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong),風(feng)力(li)(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安裝容量(liang)正(zheng)在以每年超(chao)過30%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)長率(lv)在世(shi)界范圍得到(dao)日益(yi)廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用,已經(jing)形成一(yi)(yi)個年產值超(chao)過五十億美元的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)球性產業。但(dan)是用于(yu)邊遠地(di)區獨立供(gong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小型(xing)(xing)風(feng)力(li)(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)還需(xu)要(yao)克服很多技術上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)難(nan)點才(cai)能(neng)得以廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用。隨著我國對“三農(nong)”投(tou)入力(li)(li)(li)度加大,經(jing)濟持(chi)續快速發(fa)展,廣大農(nong)、牧(mu)、漁民(min)對改(gai)善生活(huo)環(huan)境,提(ti)高(gao)生活(huo)質量(liang),解決(jue)生活(huo)用電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迫切要(yao)求,采用小型(xing)(xing)風(feng)力(li)(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)為(wei)局(ju)部負載提(ti)供(gong)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li),不僅可(ke)以減少一(yi)(yi)次性巨額投(tou)資,還可(ke)以免除(chu)火力(li)(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫室(shi)氣體排放(fang),改(gai)善環(huan)境和(he)農(nong)村地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)源結(jie)構,有益(yi)于(yu)可(ke)持(chi)續性發(fa)展。
風力發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機是(shi)將風能轉換(huan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)機械功、并帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機運轉來發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)的(de)。廣義地說,它是(shi)一(yi)種以(yi)太陽為(wei)(wei)(wei)熱(re)源(yuan)(yuan),以(yi)大氣(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)工作介(jie)質的(de)熱(re)能利用(yong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機。風力發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)利用(yong)的(de)是(shi)自然能源(yuan)(yuan)。相(xiang)對柴油發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)要好(hao)的(de)多。但是(shi)若應(ying)急(ji)來用(yong)的(de)話,還是(shi)不如柴油發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機。風力發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)不可(ke)視為(wei)(wei)(wei)備用(yong)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan),但是(shi)卻可(ke)以(yi)長期利用(yong)。
運行管理:
風(feng)力發電機組的(de)控制系統(tong)(tong)是(shi)采用工(gong)業(ye)微處(chu)理器進(jin)行(xing)控制,一般都由多個CPU并列(lie)運行(xing),其自身的(de)抗干擾能力強,并且通過通信線路與計(ji)算機相(xiang)連(lian),可進(jin)行(xing)遠程控制,這(zhe)大大降低(di)了運行(xing)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)量。所以(yi)風(feng)機的(de)運行(xing)工(gong)作(zuo)就是(shi)進(jin)行(xing)遠程故障排除和運行(xing)數據(ju)統(tong)(tong)計(ji)分析及故障原因分析。
遠程故障排除:
風(feng)(feng)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大部分故(gu)障都可(ke)以進行遠程復(fu)位控(kong)制(zhi)和自(zi)動(dong)(dong)復(fu)位控(kong)制(zhi)。風(feng)(feng)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行和電(dian)網質量好壞是(shi)息息相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de),為了進行雙向保護,風(feng)(feng)機(ji)設置了多重保護故(gu)障,如電(dian)網電(dian)壓高、低(di)(di),電(dian)網頻(pin)率(lv)高、低(di)(di)等(deng),這(zhe)些故(gu)障是(shi)可(ke)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)復(fu)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)。由于(yu)風(feng)(feng)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不可(ke)控(kong)制(zhi)性,所以過風(feng)(feng)速的(de)(de)(de)(de)極限值也(ye)(ye)可(ke)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)復(fu)位。還有溫(wen)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)限定值也(ye)(ye)可(ke)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)復(fu)位,如發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)溫(wen)度(du)高,齒輪箱溫(wen)度(du)高、低(di)(di),環境溫(wen)度(du)低(di)(di)等(deng)。風(feng)(feng)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過負荷故(gu)障也(ye)(ye)是(shi)可(ke)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)復(fu)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)。
除了(le)自動復位的(de)故障以外,其(qi)它可遠程復位控制故障引起的(de)原因(yin)有以下(xia)幾(ji)種:
1、風機控制器誤(wu)報故障(zhang);
2、各檢(jian)測傳感器誤(wu)動作;
3、控制(zhi)器認為風機運行不可靠。
運行數(shu)據統計(ji)分析:
對(dui)(dui)風電場設(she)備在運行(xing)(xing)中發生的(de)情況進行(xing)(xing)詳細(xi)的(de)統(tong)計分析(xi)(xi)是風電場管理的(de)一項重要內容。通過運行(xing)(xing)數據(ju)(ju)的(de)統(tong)計分析(xi)(xi),可對(dui)(dui)運行(xing)(xing)維護工作進行(xing)(xing)考核量(liang)化,也(ye)可對(dui)(dui)風電場的(de)設(she)計,風資源的(de)評(ping)估,設(she)備選型提供有效的(de)理論依(yi)據(ju)(ju)。
每個月(yue)的發電量統計報表(biao),是運行工(gong)作的重要內容之一,其真實可靠性直接和經濟效(xiao)益掛鉤。其主要內容有:風機的月(yue)發電量,場用電量,風機的設備正常工(gong)作時(shi)間,故障時(shi)間,標準(zhun)利(li)用小時(shi),電網停電,故障時(shi)間等。
風(feng)機(ji)的(de)功率曲(qu)線數據(ju)統計(ji)與分析,可(ke)對風(feng)機(ji)在提高出力和(he)(he)提高風(feng)能利用率上(shang)提供實踐依據(ju)。通過對風(feng)況數據(ju)的(de)統計(ji)和(he)(he)分析,掌(zhang)握各(ge)型風(feng)機(ji)隨季節變(bian)化的(de)出力規律,并以此可(ke)制(zhi)定(ding)合理的(de)定(ding)期(qi)維護工作時(shi)間表,以減少風(feng)資源的(de)浪費。
小型風力發電機:
風(feng)力(li)發電機(ji)(ji)組是(shi)將(jiang)風(feng)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)化為電能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)。從能(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)換的(de)(de)角度看,風(feng)力(li)發電機(ji)(ji)組由兩大(da)部分組成:其一(yi)是(shi)風(feng)力(li)機(ji)(ji),它的(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)將(jiang)風(feng)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換為機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng);其二是(shi)發電機(ji)(ji),它的(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)將(jiang)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換為電能(neng)(neng)。
小型風(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統結構(gou)一(yi)般由風(feng)輪、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、尾舵和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣控制部(bu)分等構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)。常規的(de)小型風(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組多由感應發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)或永(yong)(yong)磁同步發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)加AC/DC變(bian)(bian)換器、蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、逆變(bian)(bian)器組成(cheng)(cheng)。在(zai)風(feng)的(de)吹動下,風(feng)輪轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動起來,使(shi)空(kong)氣動力(li)(li)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)機(ji)(ji)械能(轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)+扭矩)。風(feng)輪的(de)輪轂固定在(zai)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸上,風(feng)輪的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動驅動了(le)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸的(de)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan),帶動永(yong)(yong)磁三相發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)三相交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。風(feng)速(su)的(de)不斷變(bian)(bian)化、忽(hu)大忽(hu)小,發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓也(ye)隨(sui)著變(bian)(bian)化。發(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)經過控制器的(de)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu),由交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)具(ju)有一(yi)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),并向蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。從(cong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組輸出(chu)(chu)的(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),通過逆變(bian)(bian)器后(hou)變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)220V的(de)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),供(gong)給用戶的(de)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器。
風(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)根(gen)據應(ying)用(yong)場合的(de)不(bu)同又(you)分為并網型(xing)(xing)和離網型(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)機(ji)。離網型(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)亦(yi)稱獨(du)(du)立運行(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)機(ji),是應(ying)用(yong)在(zai)無電(dian)網地區的(de)風(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)機(ji),一般功率較小。獨(du)(du)立運行(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)機(ji)一般需(xu)要與(yu)蓄電(dian)池(chi)和其(qi)他控制裝置共同組(zu)成獨(du)(du)立運行(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)機(ji)發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)。這種(zhong)獨(du)(du)立運行(xing)(xing)系(xi)統(tong)可以(yi)是幾(ji)kW乃至幾(ji)十kw,解(jie)決(jue)一個村落的(de)供(gong)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong),也可以(yi)是幾(ji)十到(dao)幾(ji)百W的(de)小型(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)以(yi)解(jie)決(jue)一家一戶的(de)供(gong)電(dian)。
由(you)于風能(neng)(neng)(neng)的隨機性,發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機所發(fa)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的頻率和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓都(dou)是不穩定的,以及蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池只能(neng)(neng)(neng)存儲直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng),無法為交流負載(zai)直接供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。因此(ci),為了給負載(zai)提(ti)供(gong)穩定、高(gao)質量的電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)滿足交流負載(zai)用電(dian)(dian)(dian),需要在發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機和(he)負載(zai)之間加入電(dian)(dian)(dian)力變(bian)換裝置(zhi)(zhi),這(zhe)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)力變(bian)換裝置(zhi)(zhi)主要由(you)整流器、逆變(bian)器、控(kong)制器、蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池等組成。
小型(xing)風(feng)力發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)作為農村(cun)能(neng)源的(de)組成(cheng)部(bu)分,它(ta)的(de)推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)應用(yong)對于(yu)改善(shan)用(yong)電(dian)結構,特別是邊遠(yuan)山區的(de)生產(chan)、生活(huo)用(yong)能(neng),推(tui)(tui)動生態環境建設諸領域的(de)發(fa)展將發(fa)揮積極(ji)作用(yong),因(yin)此具有廣(guang)闊的(de)市場前(qian)景(jing)。風(feng)能(neng)具有隨機性(xing)和不確(que)定(ding)性(xing),風(feng)力發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)是一(yi)個復雜系(xi)統(tong)。簡(jian)化(hua)小型(xing)風(feng)力發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)結構、降低成(cheng)本、提高可靠性(xing)及(ji)實現系(xi)統(tong)優(you)化(hua)運(yun)行(xing),對于(yu)小型(xing)風(feng)力風(feng)力發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)具有非常重要意義。
風(feng)力(li)發電機(ji)維護(hu):
風力發電(dian)(dian)機是集電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)、機械、空氣(qi)動力學(xue)等各(ge)(ge)學(xue)科于一體(ti)的(de)綜(zong)合產品,各(ge)(ge)部分(fen)緊密聯系,息息相關。風力機維(wei)護(hu)的(de)好壞直接影響到發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)多(duo)少(shao)和經濟效(xiao)益的(de)高低;風力機本(ben)身(shen)性能的(de)好壞,也要通(tong)過維(wei)護(hu)檢修來(lai)保持,維(wei)護(hu)工(gong)作及時有效(xiao)可(ke)以發現故(gu)障隱(yin)患,減少(shao)故(gu)障的(de)發生,提高風機效(xiao)率。
風機(ji)維(wei)護(hu)可分為定期檢修和(he)日常排故維(wei)護(hu)兩種方式。
1、風機的定期檢修(xiu)維護
定(ding)期的(de)維(wei)護(hu)保養可以讓設備保持最佳(jia)期的(de)狀(zhuang)態,并延長風機(ji)的(de)使用壽命(ming)。定(ding)期檢(jian)修(xiu)維(wei)護(hu)工作(zuo)的(de)主(zhu)要內容有:風機(ji)聯接件(jian)之間的(de)螺(luo)栓力矩(ju)檢(jian)查(包括電氣連接),各(ge)傳動部件(jian)之間的(de)潤(run)滑和各(ge)項功能測試(shi)。
風機在(zai)正常(chang)運(yun)行(xing)中時(shi)(shi),各聯接部件的螺栓長期運(yun)行(xing)在(zai)各種振動(dong)的合力當(dang)中,極易使其(qi)(qi)松動(dong),為了不使其(qi)(qi)在(zai)松動(dong)后導致局部螺栓受力不均被剪切,必(bi)須定期對其(qi)(qi)進(jin)行(xing)螺栓力矩的檢查。在(zai)環境(jing)溫度低于-5℃時(shi)(shi),應使其(qi)(qi)力矩下降到額定力矩的80%進(jin)行(xing)緊固,并在(zai)溫度高于-5℃后進(jin)行(xing)復查。一般對螺栓的緊固檢查都安(an)排在(zai)無風或風小(xiao)的夏(xia)季(ji),以避(bi)開風機的高出力季(ji)節。
風機的潤滑系統主要有稀油(you)潤滑(或稱礦(kuang)物(wu)油(you)潤滑)和(he)干(gan)油(you)潤滑(或稱潤滑脂潤滑)兩種方(fang)式(shi)。風機的齒輪(lun)箱和(he)偏(pian)航(hang)減(jian)速齒輪(lun)箱采用(yong)的是稀油(you)潤滑方(fang)式(shi),其(qi)維護方(fang)法(fa)是補加(jia)和(he)采樣化驗,若化驗結果表明該潤滑油(you)已無法(fa)再(zai)使用(yong),則進行更換。干(gan)油(you)潤滑部(bu)件有發(fa)電機軸(zhou)(zhou)承,偏(pian)航(hang)軸(zhou)(zhou)承,偏(pian)航(hang)齒等。這些(xie)部(bu)件由于運(yun)行溫(wen)度較高,極易變質,導致軸(zhou)(zhou)承磨損,定(ding)期維護時,必須每次(ci)都對其(qi)進行補加(jia)。另(ling)外(wai),發(fa)電機軸(zhou)(zhou)承的補加(jia)劑量一(yi)定(ding)要按要求數量加(jia)入,不(bu)可過(guo)多(duo),防止太多(duo)后擠入電機繞組,使電機燒壞(huai)。
定(ding)(ding)期維護的功(gong)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)主要有過(guo)速測(ce)試(shi),緊急停機測(ce)試(shi),液壓系統(tong)各元件定(ding)(ding)值測(ce)試(shi),振動開關測(ce)試(shi),扭纜開關測(ce)試(shi)。還可以對控制器的極限定(ding)(ding)值進行一(yi)些常規測(ce)試(shi)。
定(ding)期維護除以上三大項(xiang)以外(wai),還要檢(jian)查液壓油位,各傳感器(qi)(qi)有無損(sun)(sun)壞(huai),傳感器(qi)(qi)的電源(yuan)是否可靠工作,閘(zha)片及閘(zha)盤的磨損(sun)(sun)情(qing)況等方面。
2、日常排故維護
風機在運行(xing)當中,也會出現一(yi)些(xie)故障必須(xu)到現場去處(chu)理(li)。
首先要仔(zi)細(xi)觀察風機(ji)內(nei)的安全平臺和梯子是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)牢固,有(you)無(wu)連接(jie)螺(luo)栓松動,控制柜(ju)內(nei)有(you)無(wu)糊味,電纜(lan)線有(you)無(wu)位(wei)移,夾(jia)板是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)松動,扭(niu)纜(lan)傳(chuan)感器(qi)拉環是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)磨(mo)(mo)損(sun)破裂,偏航齒(chi)的潤滑是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)干枯變(bian)質,偏航齒(chi)輪箱(xiang)(xiang)、液(ye)壓油(you)及齒(chi)輪箱(xiang)(xiang)油(you)位(wei)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)正(zheng)常,液(ye)壓站的表計壓力是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)正(zheng)常,轉動部(bu)(bu)件與旋(xuan)轉部(bu)(bu)件之間有(you)無(wu)磨(mo)(mo)損(sun),各(ge)油(you)管(guan)接(jie)頭有(you)無(wu)滲漏,齒(chi)輪油(you)及液(ye)壓油(you)的濾清器(qi)的指示是(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)在正(zheng)常位(wei)置等。
第二是聽(ting),聽(ting)一下控(kong)制柜里(li)是否(fou)有(you)放電的聲(sheng)音(yin),有(you)聲(sheng)音(yin)就可(ke)能(neng)是有(you)接線端子松(song)動(dong),或接觸不良,須仔(zi)細(xi)檢(jian)查,聽(ting)偏航時(shi)的聲(sheng)音(yin)是否(fou)正(zheng)常,有(you)無(wu)干磨的聲(sheng)響,聽(ting)發電機軸(zhou)承有(you)無(wu)異響,聽(ting)齒(chi)輪箱有(you)無(wu)異響,聽(ting)閘盤與閘墊之(zhi)間有(you)無(wu)異響,聽(ting)葉片(pian)的切風聲(sheng)音(yin)是否(fou)正(zheng)常。
第三,清(qing)理(li)干(gan)凈自己的工作現場,并將液壓站各元件及管接(jie)頭擦凈,以便于今后觀(guan)察有無泄(xie)漏(lou)。
水力發電機
水利發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是將水的(de)(de)動能(neng)和重力(li)(li)勢能(neng)轉換為(wei)機(ji)械(xie)功(gong)的(de)(de)動力(li)(li)機(ji)械(xie)(如:中國的(de)(de)三峽)。在發電(dian)(dian)這一塊最好的(de)(de)要(yao)數核能(neng)發電(dian)(dian),不過相對核能(neng)污染較大。所以中國廣泛還是用(yong)煤(mei)炭發電(dian)(dian)。中國煤(mei)炭資源吃緊,煤(mei)炭價格一直在漲,這也是為(wei)什么會有電(dian)(dian)荒的(de)(de)出現的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原因。
同步發電機
作發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。是一(yi)種最常(chang)用(yong)的交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。在現(xian)代電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業中,它(ta)廣(guang)泛(fan)用(yong)于水力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、火力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、核能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以及柴油機(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。由于同步發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)一(yi)般采用(yong)直流(liu)(liu)勵磁,當(dang)其單機(ji)(ji)獨立運(yun)(yun)行(xing)時,通過調節勵磁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu),能(neng)(neng)方便地調節發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。若(ruo)并入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing),因電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)決(jue)定,不能(neng)(neng)改(gai)變(bian),此時調節勵磁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的結果是調節了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的功(gong)率因數(shu)和無功(gong)功(gong)率。
同(tong)步發電(dian)機(ji)的定子、轉子結構與同(tong)步電(dian)機(ji)相同(tong),一般采用三相形式(shi),只在某些小(xiao)型(xing)同(tong)步發電(dian)機(ji)中電(dian)樞繞(rao)組采用單相。
高速同步發電機:
因(yin)大多數發電(dian)機(ji)與原動機(ji)同軸聯動,火電(dian)廠都用(yong)高(gao)(gao)速(su)汽(qi)輪機(ji)作(zuo)原動機(ji),所以汽(qi)輪發電(dian)機(ji)通常用(yong)高(gao)(gao)轉速(su)的2極電(dian)機(ji),其轉速(su)達3000轉/分(fen)(在電(dian)網頻(pin)率為60赫時(shi),為3600轉/分(fen))。核電(dian)站多用(yong)4極電(dian)機(ji),轉速(su)為1500轉/分(fen)(當電(dian)網頻(pin)率為60赫時(shi),為1800轉/分(fen))。為適應高(gao)(gao)速(su)、高(gao)(gao)功率要(yao)求,高(gao)(gao)速(su)同步發電(dian)機(ji)在結構上一(yi)是(shi)采(cai)用(yong)隱極式轉子,二是(shi)設置專門的冷卻系統。
隱極式轉(zhuan)子:外表呈圓(yuan)柱形,在(zai)圓(yuan)柱表面開槽以(yi)安放直(zhi)流(liu)勵(li)磁繞(rao)(rao)組(zu),并(bing)用金(jin)屬(shu)槽楔固緊(jin),使電(dian)機(ji)具(ju)有(you)均勻的(de)氣(qi)隙。由(you)于高(gao)速旋轉(zhuan)時(shi)(shi)巨大(da)(da)的(de)離心(xin)(xin)力(li),要求轉(zhuan)子有(you)很高(gao)的(de)機(ji)械強度(du)。隱極式轉(zhuan)子一般由(you)高(gao)強度(du)合(he)金(jin)鋼整塊鍛成(cheng)(cheng),槽形一般為開口形,以(yi)便(bian)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)勵(li)磁繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)。在(zai)每一個(ge)極距內約有(you)1/3部(bu)分不(bu)開槽,形成(cheng)(cheng)大(da)(da)齒;其余(yu)部(bu)分的(de)齒較(jiao)窄,稱做小齒。大(da)(da)齒中心(xin)(xin)即為轉(zhuan)子磁極的(de)中心(xin)(xin)。有(you)時(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)齒也開一些較(jiao)小的(de)通風(feng)槽,但不(bu)嵌放繞(rao)(rao)組(zu);有(you)時(shi)(shi)還在(zai)嵌線槽底(di)部(bu)銑(xian)出窄而淺(qian)的(de)小槽作(zuo)為通風(feng)槽。隱極式轉(zhuan)子在(zai)轉(zhuan)子本體軸(zhou)向兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)還裝(zhuang)(zhuang)有(you)金(jin)屬(shu)的(de)護(hu)環(huan)(huan)和中心(xin)(xin)環(huan)(huan)。護(hu)環(huan)(huan)是(shi)由(you)高(gao)強度(du)合(he)金(jin)制成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)厚壁圓(yuan)筒,用以(yi)保護(hu)勵(li)磁繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)端(duan)(duan)部(bu)不(bu)至被(bei)巨大(da)(da)的(de)離心(xin)(xin)力(li)甩出;中心(xin)(xin)環(huan)(huan)用以(yi)防止繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)端(duan)(duan)部(bu)的(de)軸(zhou)向移動,并(bing)支(zhi)撐護(hu)環(huan)(huan)。此外,為了(le)把(ba)勵(li)磁電(dian)流(liu)通入勵(li)磁繞(rao)(rao)組(zu),在(zai)電(dian)機(ji)軸(zhou)上還裝(zhuang)(zhuang)有(you)集電(dian)環(huan)(huan)和電(dian)刷。
冷(leng)卻系(xi)統:由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)損耗(hao)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)積成正比,它的(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)級與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)線(xian)(xian)度(du)量(liang)(liang)(liang)級的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)次方成比例,而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)散(san)熱(re)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)級只(zhi)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)線(xian)(xian)度(du)量(liang)(liang)(liang)級的(de)(de)(de)(de)二次方。因(yin)此,當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)尺(chi)寸增(zeng)(zeng)大(da)(da)時(受材料限(xian)制,增(zeng)(zeng)大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)就得加(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)其尺(chi)寸),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)每(mei)單位表面上需要散(san)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)量(liang)(liang)(liang)就會增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)升(sheng)將會提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)。在(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)速汽輪發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中,離(li)心力(li)將使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)表面和(he)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)中心孔表面產(chan)生巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)切向(xiang)應力(li),轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)直徑越大(da)(da),這(zhe)種(zhong)應力(li)也越大(da)(da)。因(yin)此,在(zai)鍛件材料允許的(de)(de)(de)(de)應力(li)極(ji)限(xian)范圍內,2極(ji)汽輪發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)本(ben)(ben)體(ti)直徑不能(neng)(neng)超過1250毫(hao)米(mi)。大(da)(da)型(xing)汽輪發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)要增(zeng)(zeng)大(da)(da)單機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang),只(zhi)有(you)靠增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)本(ben)(ben)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長度(du)(即(ji)用(yong)(yong)細長的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi))和(he)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁負(fu)荷來(lai)解決。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)長度(du)可(ke)(ke)達8米(mi),已接近極(ji)限(xian)。要繼續提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)單機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang),只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)是提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁負(fu)荷。這(zhe)使大(da)(da)型(xing)汽輪發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)和(he)冷(leng)卻問題變(bian)得特別突出。對于50000千瓦(wa)以下的(de)(de)(de)(de)汽輪發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),多采用(yong)(yong)閉路空(kong)氣(qi)冷(leng)卻系(xi)統,用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)扇吹拂發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)熱(re)部件降(jiang)溫(wen)。對于容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為5~60萬(wan)千瓦(wa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),廣(guang)泛使用(yong)(yong)氫(qing)(qing)冷(leng)。氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(純度(du)99%)的(de)(de)(de)(de)散(san)熱(re)性能(neng)(neng)比空(kong)氣(qi)好,用(yong)(yong)它來(lai)取代空(kong)氣(qi)不僅(jin)散(san)熱(re)效果好,而(er)且可(ke)(ke)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)通風(feng)摩擦損耗(hao)大(da)(da)為降(jiang)低(di),從而(er)能(neng)(neng)顯著提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效率。但是,采用(yong)(yong)氫(qing)(qing)冷(leng)必須有(you)防爆和(he)防漏措施,這(zhe)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)結構(gou)更為復雜(za),也增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)耗(hao)和(he)成本(ben)(ben)。此外,還可(ke)(ke)采用(yong)(yong)液體(ti)介質冷(leng)卻,例如水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相對冷(leng)卻能(neng)(neng)力(li)為空(kong)氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)50倍,帶(dai)走同樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)量(liang)(liang)(liang),所需水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)流量(liang)(liang)(liang)比空(kong)氣(qi)小得多。因(yin)此,在(zai)線(xian)(xian)圈里采用(yong)(yong)一(yi)部分(fen)空(kong)心導(dao)線(xian)(xian),導(dao)線(xian)(xian)中通水(shui)冷(leng)卻,就可(ke)(ke)以大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降(jiang)低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)溫(wen)升(sheng),延(yan)緩(huan)絕(jue)緣老化,增(zeng)(zeng)長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)壽命。 [3]
低速同步發電機:
多數由(you)較低速(su)度(du)的水輪機或(huo)柴油機驅動。電(dian)機磁(ci)極(ji)數由(you)4極(ji)到60極(ji),甚至(zhi)更多。對應的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)為1500~100轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)/分(fen)及以下。由(you)于轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)較低,一般都(dou)采用對材料和制(zhi)造(zao)工藝要求較低的凸極(ji)式轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子。
凸極(ji)(ji)(ji)式(shi)轉(zhuan)子的(de)(de)每個磁(ci)極(ji)(ji)(ji)常(chang)由(you)1~2毫(hao)米厚的(de)(de)鋼(gang)板(ban)疊成(cheng),用鉚釘裝(zhuang)成(cheng)整體(ti),磁(ci)極(ji)(ji)(ji)上套(tao)有勵磁(ci)繞組(zu)(zu)。勵磁(ci)繞組(zu)(zu)通常(chang)用扁銅線繞制(zhi)而成(cheng)。磁(ci)極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)極(ji)(ji)(ji)靴上還常(chang)裝(zhuang)有阻(zu)尼繞組(zu)(zu)。它是一個由(you)極(ji)(ji)(ji)靴阻(zu)尼槽(cao)中的(de)(de)裸銅條和(he)焊在(zai)兩(liang)端的(de)(de)銅環形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)一個短接(jie)回路。磁(ci)極(ji)(ji)(ji)固定在(zai)轉(zhuan)子磁(ci)軛(e)上,磁(ci)軛(e)由(you)鑄鋼(gang)鑄成(cheng)。凸極(ji)(ji)(ji)式(shi)轉(zhuan)子可分(fen)為臥式(shi)和(he)立式(shi)兩(liang)類。大多數同步電動機、同步調(diao)相機和(he)內(nei)燃機或沖擊(ji)式(shi)水輪機拖動的(de)(de)發電機,都采用臥式(shi)結構(gou);低速、大容量水輪發電機則(ze)采用立式(shi)結構(gou)。
臥(wo)式(shi)同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的轉子主要(yao)由主磁(ci)極、磁(ci)軛、勵磁(ci)繞組(zu)、集電(dian)(dian)環和(he)轉軸(zhou)等組(zu)成。其定子結(jie)構(gou)與異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)相似。立式(shi)結(jie)構(gou)必須用推力(li)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)承(cheng)(cheng)擔機(ji)(ji)組(zu)轉動(dong)部分(fen)的重力(li)和(he)水向下的壓力(li)。大容量水輪(lun)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)中,此(ci)力(li)可(ke)高(gao)達四、五十兆(zhao)牛(約相當于四、五千噸(dun)物(wu)體的重力(li)),所以這種(zhong)推力(li)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)的結(jie)構(gou)復雜,加(jia)工工藝和(he)安(an)裝要(yao)求都很高(gao)。按照推力(li)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)的安(an)放(fang)位(wei)置,立式(shi)水輪(lun)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)分(fen)為懸(xuan)吊式(shi)和(he)傘式(shi)兩種(zhong)。懸(xuan)吊式(shi)的推力(li)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)放(fang)在上(shang)(shang)機(ji)(ji)架(jia)的上(shang)(shang)部或(huo)中部,在轉速較(jiao)高(gao)、轉子直徑與鐵(tie)心長度(du)的比值較(jiao)小(xiao)時,機(ji)(ji)械上(shang)(shang)運(yun)行較(jiao)穩定。傘式(shi)的推力(li)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)放(fang)在轉子下部的下機(ji)(ji)架(jia)上(shang)(shang)或(huo)水輪(lun)機(ji)(ji)頂蓋上(shang)(shang)。負重機(ji)(ji)架(jia)是尺寸(cun)較(jiao)小(xiao)的下機(ji)(ji)架(jia),可(ke)節約大量鋼材,并能降(jiang)低從(cong)機(ji)(ji)座基礎算起的發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)廠房高(gao)度(du)。
同(tong)步發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)并(bing)聯(lian)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing) 同(tong)步發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)絕大多數是并(bing)聯(lian)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing),并(bing)網發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)。各(ge)(ge)并(bing)聯(lian)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)同(tong)步發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)必須頻率、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)大小(xiao)和(he)相(xiang)位(wei)都保持一(yi)致。否則,并(bing)聯(lian)合(he)閘(zha)的(de)(de)瞬間,各(ge)(ge)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之間會產生(sheng)內部環流,引起擾動,嚴重時甚至會使發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遭(zao)受破壞。但(dan)是,兩臺發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)投(tou)入(ru)并(bing)聯(lian)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)前,一(yi)般(ban)說來它們的(de)(de)頻率與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)大小(xiao)和(he)相(xiang)位(wei)是不會完全相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)。為(wei)了使同(tong)步發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)能投(tou)入(ru)并(bing)聯(lian)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing),首(shou)先(xian)必須有(you)一(yi)個同(tong)步并(bing)列(lie)的(de)(de)過程。同(tong)步并(bing)列(lie)的(de)(de)方法可(ke)分為(wei)準(zhun)同(tong)步和(he)自(zi)同(tong)步兩種(zhong)。同(tong)步發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)投(tou)入(ru)并(bing)聯(lian)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后,各(ge)(ge)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)負(fu)載的(de)(de)分配(pei)決定(ding)于發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)特性(xing)。通過調節(jie)原動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)調速(su)器,改(gai)變發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)特性(xing),即可(ke)改(gai)變各(ge)(ge)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)負(fu)載分配(pei),控制各(ge)(ge)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率。而通過調節(jie)各(ge)(ge)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)勵磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)改(gai)變各(ge)(ge)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)無功(gong)功(gong)率分配(pei)和(he)調節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。
永磁同步風力(li)發電機:
永(yong)磁同步風力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)由于機(ji)(ji)械損耗小、運行效率高、維護成本低等(deng)優(you)點成為繼(ji)雙饋感應風電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組之后的又一重(zhong)要風力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)型受到廣泛關注,并逐漸開始投入使用。永(yong)磁同步風力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統基(ji)本結構,它主要由風力(li)機(ji)(ji)、永(yong)磁同步發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)(ji)、變(bian)頻器和(he)變(bian)壓器組成。
永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)同步(bu)(bu)風力(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)基本原理,就(jiu)是(shi)利用風力(li)帶動(dong)(dong)風力(li)機葉片旋(xuan)轉,拖動(dong)(dong)永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)同步(bu)(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)轉子旋(xuan)轉,實(shi)(shi)現(xian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)。永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)同步(bu)(bu)風力(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)和籠型變(bian)速恒頻(pin)風力(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)類似,只是(shi)所采用的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機為(wei)永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)式發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機,轉子為(wei)永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)式結構,不需外部提供勵磁(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)源,提高了效率(lv)。它的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)頻(pin)恒速控制是(shi)在定子回(hui)路中實(shi)(shi)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de),把永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)同步(bu)(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)頻(pin)的(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)通過變(bian)頻(pin)器轉變(bian)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)同頻(pin)的(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian),實(shi)(shi)現(xian)風力(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)并(bing)網(wang),因此變(bian)頻(pin)器的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量與系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)額定容(rong)(rong)量相(xiang)同。
在過去的幾(ji)十年里,由于永磁材料性能和電(dian)力電(dian)子裝置的改善,永磁同步發(fa)電(dian)機已變得越來越具(ju)吸引(yin)力了(le)。采用(yong)永磁同步發(fa)電(dian)機的風(feng)力發(fa)電(dian)系統具(ju)有以下特點:
1、永磁同(tong)步(bu)發電機系統不(bu)需要勵磁裝(zhuang)置(zhi),具有重量(liang)輕、效率高、功(gong)率因數高、可靠性好等(deng)優點;
2、變(bian)速運(yun)(yun)行(xing)范圍寬(kuan),即(ji)可(ke)超同(tong)步運(yun)(yun)行(xing)也可(ke)以亞同(tong)步運(yun)(yun)行(xing);
3、轉子無勵磁(ci)繞(rao)組,磁(ci)極結構簡單(dan)、變頻器容量小,可(ke)以做成多極電機(ji);
4、同步轉速降低(di),使風輪(lun)機和永磁(ci)發(fa)電機可直接耦(ou)合,省去了風力(li)(li)發(fa)電系統中的齒輪(lun)增(zeng)速箱,減小了發(fa)電機的維護工作并(bing)降低(di)噪聲,使直驅(qu)永磁(ci)風力(li)(li)發(fa)電機系統。
適用場合:
1、在電(dian)力(li)設施匱乏(fa)(fa)、交通不便、缺乏(fa)(fa)常規燃料,但風力(li)資(zi)源豐富的(de)地區,可(ke)以解決部分用電(dian)問(wen)題,如為(wei)高速公路照(zhao)明(ming)設備提供電(dian)源等;
2、在(zai)單機容量(liang)比較小的風場,永磁同步發電(dian)系統能(neng)夠高效并(bing)網發電(dian);
3、為農村、牧區、邊防哨所、氣象(xiang)臺(tai)站等偏遠(yuan)、負載較輕的用戶,提供(gong)交流或直流電源。
交流發電機
在日常(chang)(chang)生活(huo)中,用(yong)(yong)交流(liu)(liu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機來供用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)使用(yong)(yong)時,常(chang)(chang)發生用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)不能正常(chang)(chang)工(gong)作的(de)情況,其原因是(shi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機輸出的(de)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不夠(gou)穩(wen)(wen)定,這時候(hou)需要(yao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)器來穩(wen)(wen)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),也就是(shi)日常(chang)(chang)生活(huo)中常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)到的(de)交流(liu)(liu)穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan),交流(liu)(liu)穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)能使發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)精(jing)度穩(wen)(wen)定到用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)正常(chang)(chang)工(gong)作所允許的(de)范圍。
交流發電機構造
交流發電機的構造稍顯復(fu)雜。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)不論(lun)它是(shi)(shi)(shi)單相還是(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)相,都是(shi)(shi)(shi)由下(xia)列幾個(ge)主要部(bu)分組(zu)成:
⑴激(ji)磁部分:包(bao)括激(ji)磁機和磁場部分。
⑵電樞部分。
⑶機殼部(bu)分(fen):包括裝置備部(bu)分(fen)的(de)鐵架和機座。
異步發電機
異步發(fa)電機(ji)又稱“感應(ying)發(fa)電機(ji)”。利用定子(zi)(zi)與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)間氣(qi)隙旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)中感應(ying)電流相互作(zuo)用的一種(zhong)交流發(fa)電機(ji)。其(qi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向和旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向相同,但轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速略高于旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)的同步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速。常(chang)用作(zuo)小功率水(shui)輪發(fa)電機(ji)。
交流勵磁發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)由(you)于轉(zhuan)子方采用交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)勵磁,使(shi)其具(ju)有靈活的(de)運行(xing)方式,在(zai)解決電(dian)(dian)(dian)站持續工頻過電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、變速恒頻發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、抽水蓄(xu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)站電(dian)(dian)(dian)動-發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)的(de)調速等問(wen)題方面有著傳統同步發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)無法比擬的(de)優越性。交流勵磁發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)主要的(de)運行(xing)方式有以下三種:
1) 運行于變速恒頻方式(shi);
2) 運(yun)行于無功大范圍調(diao)節的方式;
3) 運(yun)行于發電-電動(dong)方式。
隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓的提高,線(xian)路的增長,當(dang)線(xian)路的傳(chuan)輸(shu)功率低于(yu)自(zi)然(ran)功率時,線(xian)路和(he)電(dian)(dian)站將出現持續的工頻過電(dian)(dian)壓.為改善系統(tong)的運行(xing)特性(xing),不(bu)少技術先(xian)進的國家,在(zai)(zai)6"世紀A"年代初(chu)開始研究異步發電(dian)(dian)機在(zai)(zai)大電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)中的應用問題,并認為大系統(tong)采用異步發電(dian)(dian)機后,可提高系統(tong)的穩定性(xing),可靠性(xing)和(he)運行(xing)的經濟性(xing).
異(yi)步(bu)(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)由(you)于維(wei)護方便,穩定(ding)性好,常用(yong)作并網運行的小功率水輪(lun)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。當用(yong)原(yuan)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)將異(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的轉(zhuan)子(zi)順著磁(ci)場(chang)旋轉(zhuan)方向拖(tuo)動(dong),并使其轉(zhuan)速(su)超過(guo)同步(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)速(su)時,電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)就(jiu)進(jin)入發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)運行,并把原(yuan)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輸入的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)轉(zhuan)變(bian)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)送(song)至電(dian)(dian)(dian)網。這時電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的勵磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流取自電(dian)(dian)(dian)網。
異步發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機也可以并聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容,靠(kao)本身剩磁(ci)自行勵(li)磁(ci),獨立發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),這時發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)與(yu)頻(pin)率由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容值、原動(dong)機轉速和負載大小等因素(su)決定。當負載改(gai)變(bian),一(yi)般要相(xiang)應地(di)調節并聯(lian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容值,以維持(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)穩定。由于異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機并聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容時,不需外加(jia)勵(li)磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)就可獨立發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),故在(zai)負荷比較(jiao)穩定的(de)(de)場合(he),有可取之處。例如可用(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)農村簡易(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)照明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)或作(zuo)(zuo)為備用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)等。
測速發電機
測(ce)速(su)發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種測(ce)量(liang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)的微型發電(dian)機(ji)(ji),他(ta)把輸(shu)入的機(ji)(ji)械轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)變換為電(dian)壓(ya)信號(hao)輸(shu)出,并要(yao)求輸(shu)出的電(dian)壓(ya)信號(hao)與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)成正比。
測速發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)的(de)分(fen)類:測速發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)分(fen)為(wei)直流測速發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)和交流測速發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)兩大類。
直(zhi)流測(ce)速(su)發電(dian)機(ji)(ji):直(zhi)流測(ce)速(su)發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)本質(zhi)上(shang)是(shi)一(yi)種微型(xing)直(zhi)流發電(dian)機(ji)(ji),按定子磁(ci)(ci)極的(de)勵磁(ci)(ci)方式分為電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)式和永磁(ci)(ci)式。直(zhi)流測(ce)速(su)發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)工作原(yuan)理(li)與一(yi)般(ban)直(zhi)流發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)相同。
交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)測速(su)發電(dian)機:交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)異(yi)步測速(su)發電(dian)機的(de)轉子結構有籠型的(de),也有杯型的(de),在控制系統(tong)中多(duo)用空心杯轉子異(yi)步測速(su)發電(dian)機。空心杯轉子異(yi)步測速(su)發電(dian)機定子上有兩個在空間上相互差90°電(dian)角度的(de)繞組(zu)(zu),一為勵磁繞組(zu)(zu),另一為輸出繞組(zu)(zu)。
交流異(yi)步(bu)測速發電機的誤差主要(yao)有(you):
非線性誤差(cha):由于直軸(zhou)磁(ci)通變化使測(ce)速發電機產生非線性誤差(cha);
剩余(yu)電(dian)壓:實際運(yun)行中,轉子靜止(zhi)時,測(ce)速發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)輸出一(yi)個較(jiao)小(xiao)的電(dian)壓;
相位(wei)誤差:由于(yu)勵磁繞組的漏(lou)抗、空心(xin)杯(bei)轉子的漏(lou)抗使(shi)輸出電壓與(yu)勵磁電壓的相位(wei)不同(tong)。
交流(liu)同步測(ce)速發電機分為:永磁(ci)式(shi)、感應式(shi)和脈(mo)沖式(shi)。
柴油發電機
柴油(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)是一種獨(du)立(li)的發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備,系指以(yi)柴油(you)(you)等(deng)為燃(ran)料,以(yi)柴油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)為原動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)帶動(dong)(dong)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的動(dong)(dong)力機(ji)(ji)械(xie)。整(zheng)套(tao)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)一般由柴油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、控制箱、燃(ran)油(you)(you)箱、起動(dong)(dong)和(he)控制用(yong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶、保(bao)護裝置、應急柜(ju)等(deng)部(bu)件組(zu)成。整(zheng)體可以(yi)固定(ding)在(zai)(zai)基礎上,定(ding)位使用(yong),亦(yi)可裝在(zai)(zai)拖車上,供移動(dong)(dong)使用(yong)。 柴油(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)屬非連續(xu)運行(xing)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備,若連續(xu)運行(xing)超(chao)過12h,其輸出功(gong)率將低于額定(ding)功(gong)率約(yue)90%。
發電機(ji):能(neng)把(ba)機(ji)械(xie)能(neng)轉變為電能(neng)的(de)設(she)備的(de)總稱。所產生的(de)電能(neng)可以是直流電也可以是交流電。
接地(di)(di):是指電(dian)路與(yu)大地(di)(di)之(zhi)間(jian)或與(yu)某些和大地(di)(di)相通的(de)導(dao)電(dian)物體之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)連接。
怠(dai)速(su)控(kong)制:一種可直接(jie)根據電氣負載對發動(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)怠(dai)速(su)進行控(kong)制的(de)(de)系統。
點火(huo)線圈:為火(huo)花塞提供(gong)直流電壓的器件。
永磁發電(dian)機:一(yi)種帶有永久磁鐵的交流發電(dian)機,用于產生(sheng)內燃機點火(huo)所(suo)需要的電(dian)流。
歐姆:電阻的單位。
相(xiang)位:交流電的振幅或量(liang)值均勻(yun)、周期性的變化。三(san)相(xiang)交流電由三(san)個不(bu)同(tong)的正弦波(bo)電流組(zu)成,相(xiang)互之間的相(xiang)位差均為120度。
電(dian)(dian)源轉換(huan)系(xi)統(tong):該系(xi)統(tong)可以把發電(dian)(dian)機安全地接入到家庭用電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)中。
額定速(su)度:機組(zu)的(de)設計工作速(su)度(每分鐘轉數)。
額定(ding)電(dian)壓:一(yi)套引擎(qing)發電(dian)機組的額定(ding)電(dian)壓是其設計的工作(zuo)電(dian)壓值(zhi)。
后軸(zhou)承支(zhi)架:一種鑄(zhu)件,用作(zuo)轉(zhuan)子(zi)軸(zhou)承外(wai)罩。轉(zhuan)子(zi)軸(zhou)承支(zhi)持轉(zhuan)子(zi)軸(zhou)。
整流(liu)器(qi):將交流(liu)電轉換為直流(liu)電的器(qi)件。
逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi):是把直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)能(電(dian)(dian)池、蓄電(dian)(dian)瓶)轉變(bian)(bian)成交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(一般為220v50HZ正弦或方(fang)波(bo))。
繼電(dian)器:一種電(dian)動開(kai)關,通(tong)常(chang)用在(zai)控制電(dian)路中。與電(dian)流接觸(chu)器相比,其觸(chu)點只(zhi)能通(tong)過較(jiao)小的電(dian)流。
電阻(zu)(zu):對電流(liu)的阻(zu)(zu)力。
轉子(zi):發電(dian)機的轉動元件。
單相:一個(ge)(ge)交流負載(zai)或電(dian)(dian)源,通(tong)常(chang)情況下,如(ru)果(guo)是(shi)一個(ge)(ge)負載(zai),則(ze)只有兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)輸入端子,如(ru)果(guo)是(shi)一個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)源,則(ze)只有兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)輸出端子。
定(ding)子:電機的靜止部分。
振動支架:位于發動機(ji)(ji)(ji)或發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)與機(ji)(ji)(ji)架之間的(de)橡膠(jiao)器件,可以最大限度地減輕振動。
伏特:電(dian)動(dong)勢的(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)位。把單(dan)(dan)位電(dian)動(dong)勢恒定地作用(yong)在電(dian)阻(zu)為1歐姆(mu)的(de)(de)導體上(shang),將(jiang)產(chan)生1安培電(dian)流(liu)。
電壓:電位(wei)差,單位(wei)用伏特表示。
穩壓器:該設備通過控(kong)制(zhi)激勵轉子的直流(liu)電(dian)量,自動地(di)使發電(dian)機(ji)電(dian)壓保持在一個正確(que)值上。
瓦(wa)特(te)(te)(te):電(dian)(dian)源功(gong)率(lv)的單位。對于(yu)直流電(dian)(dian),它等(deng)于(yu)伏(fu)特(te)(te)(te)乘(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)安培。對于(yu)交流電(dian)(dian),它等(deng)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)壓有效(xiao)值(zhi)(伏(fu)特(te)(te)(te))乘(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)電(dian)(dian)流有效(xiao)值(zhi)(安培)乘(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)功(gong)率(lv)因數乘(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)一個常數(其(qi)值(zhi)取決于(yu)相數)。
繞(rao)組:發(fa)電機的(de)所有(you)(you)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)。定(ding)(ding)子繞(rao)組由若干(gan)個定(ding)(ding)子線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)及其互聯線(xian)(xian)路組成。轉子繞(rao)組由轉子磁極上的(de)所有(you)(you)繞(rao)組及接(jie)線(xian)(xian)組成。 [7]
第一步:檢查發(fa)電機各外(wai)導線(xian)連接部位有無(wu)斷(duan)線(xian)、錯接、短路(lu)現象(xiang),并(bing)用電壓表測量B+點有無(wu)電瓶(ping)電壓。
第(di)二步(bu):將鑰(yao)匙門(men)打倒“開”位置,但不要起動(dong)發動(dong)機,此(ci)時用電(dian)壓表(biao)測量D+點有無電(dian)壓,并觀(guan)察(cha)充電(dian)指(zhi)示燈(deng)是否(fou)明亮。
第三步:起(qi)動發(fa)動機,用電壓表測量發(fa)動機B+點電壓,應達到如下數值
第四(si)步:打開部(bu)分負載,如車(che)燈
第五步:打開空調、車(che)燈等主要電器(qi)
進(jin)行到(dao)第(di)三步時(shi)(shi),發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機沒有電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)輸(shu)出(chu),可采(cai)取如下辦法(fa)檢查(cha),對于有產生激磁D+點的發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機可從電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)正極引一(yi)條2.5mm2的導線(xian),起動發動機后,用(yong)另一(yi)端瞬(shun)間點擊D+點(時(shi)(shi)間1S以(yi)內),再用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表測量B+點有無(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)輸(shu)出(chu),若有,從第(di)三步開始檢查(cha)至(zhi)第(di)五步,同時(shi)(shi)判(pan)斷出(chu)整(zheng)車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)指示(shi)燈(deng)線(xian)路(lu)有斷路(lu)現(xian)象(xiang)(一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)指示(shi)燈(deng)損壞(huai),儀表盤桿接(jie)件松動,線(xian)路(lu)斷路(lu)),若無(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)輸(shu)出(chu),則發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機存在不(bu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)故障。
根據《2013-2017年(nian) 中國(guo)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)及(ji)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)行業市場前(qian)瞻與投(tou)資商機(ji)分析報告》。國(guo)家為了規范和管理柴油(you)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu),對柴油(you)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)的名稱和型號編制方法(fa)做(zuo)了統一規定。
1--用數(shu)字表示發電(dian)機組的(de)輸(shu)出的(de)額定功率,單位為KW;
2--用字母表示發(fa)電機(ji)輸出電流(liu)的種類,其中(zhong)G表示工頻(pin)(pin),P表示交流(liu)中(zhong)頻(pin)(pin),S表示交流(liu)雙頻(pin)(pin),Z表示直流(liu);
3--用(yong)字母表(biao)(biao)示(shi)發(fa)電機組(zu)的(de)類(lei)型,F表(biao)(biao)示(shi)陸用(yong),FC表(biao)(biao)示(shi)船用(yong),Q表(biao)(biao)示(shi)汽車電站,T表(biao)(biao)示(shi)掛車;
4--用字母表示控制特(te)征,缺位時表示手動,Z表示自動化機(ji)型,S表示低(di)噪(zao)聲機(ji)型,SZ表示低(di)噪(zao)聲自動化機(ji)型;
5--用數字表示設計序號(hao);
6--用數(shu)字表示變(bian)形代號(hao);
7--用字母表示(shi)環境特征,缺位時表示(shi)普通型,TH表示(shi)溫(wen)熱帶型。
例:75GFS3表示額定功率為75KW,交流工頻,陸(lu)用,低噪聲(sheng),設計序號為3的柴(chai)油發(fa)電機組(zu)。