“潔(jie)白似銀美(mei)亦香,纖細如絲意(yi)悠長”,這是人們對常(chang)山當地(di)傳統(tong)名產——常(chang)山貢(gong)面的形象(xiang)概(gai)括。千百年(nian)來,常(chang)山貢(gong)面以其獨特的“色、形、香、味”深受廣大消費者喜愛。
常(chang)山(shan)貢(gong)面又名常(chang)山(shan)索面、銀絲(si)貢(gong)面,是一(yi)種以(yi)面粉摻以(yi)山(shan)茶(cha)油,配(pei)加鹽水(shui)調和拉制晾干而成的手工(gong)面。
經(jing)過(guo)長期的加(jia)工(gong)(gong)實踐,常山貢面(mian)形成了一整(zheng)套(tao)獨特而復雜講(jiang)究的手工(gong)(gong)制作(zuo)工(gong)(gong)藝。
貢(gong)面(mian)制作(zuo)用(yong)料(liao)講(jiang)究,工藝精細(xi)。常(chang)山(shan)(shan)地(di)處錢塘江上(shang)游的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)區(qu)半山(shan)(shan)區(qu),水(shui)源清潔甘冽(lie),農村歷來盛(sheng)產山(shan)(shan)地(di)小麥(mai)、山(shan)(shan)地(di)蕃薯(shu)和山(shan)(shan)茶油,這都為貢(gong)面(mian)制作(zuo)提供了原(yuan)(yuan)料(liao)。為了確保貢(gong)面(mian)細(xi)白柔(rou)韌(ren)、營養豐富,作(zuo)坊一(yi)般都用(yong)上(shang)等山(shan)(shan)地(di)麥(mai)子磨成的(de)(de)上(shang)好面(mian)粉作(zuo)為主原(yuan)(yuan)料(liao),同時糅合常(chang)山(shan)(shan)農特(te)(te)產——山(shan)(shan)茶油,具(ju)有清爽香醇(chun)、久煮不爛的(de)(de)特(te)(te)點。在工藝流程上(shang),共有和面(mian)、醒面(mian)、壓片、切條(tiao)(tiao)、打(da)條(tiao)(tiao)、上(shang)筷、上(shang)架、拉面(mian)、曬(shai)面(mian)、盤(pan)面(mian)等10多(duo)道工序。每道工序必須一(yi)絲(si)不茍,精工細(xi)作(zuo),方能做出潔白似(si)銀、細(xi)勻如絲(si)的(de)(de)上(shang)佳(jia)貢(gong)面(mian)。
貢面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)制作的(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)道工(gong)序是(shi)和(he)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。取一(yi)定量的(de)(de)優質面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)粉(fen),逐步倒入預先(xian)配好(hao)的(de)(de)食(shi)鹽水溶(rong)液,手工(gong)攪拌揉和(he)1小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)左右,形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)吸水均勻的(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)團,面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)粉(fen)、水、食(shi)鹽比例為(wei)25:15:2左右,具(ju)體比例隨(sui)氣溫及空氣濕度高低而適當變(bian)化(hua);面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)團揉好(hao)后(hou),靜(jing)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)案板,加蓋(gai)干凈(jing)濕潤的(de)(de)紗(sha)布進(jin)(jin)行醒(xing)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),時(shi)(shi)間20-30分(fen)鐘(zhong),促使面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)團發酵成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟,更具(ju)韌性和(he)彈性;壓片(pian)和(he)開條(tiao)即把面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)團壓制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)厚度約(yue)2厘米左右的(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)片(pian),并涂抹適量山茶油,然(ran)(ran)后(hou)將(jiang)(jiang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)片(pian)切成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)寬(kuan)約(yue)3厘米的(de)(de)長(chang)條(tiao),進(jin)(jin)行第(di)二次靜(jing)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)醒(xing)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian);打條(tiao)是(shi)指以蕃薯(米)粉(fen)作粉(fen)撲(pu),將(jiang)(jiang)熟化(hua)的(de)(de)長(chang)條(tiao)打細(xi)打勻,連接制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)條(tiao)直徑約(yue)6毫米的(de)(de)細(xi)長(chang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)條(tiao),這是(shi)一(yi)個至關重(zhong)要的(de)(de)環節,既要保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)細(xi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)條(tiao)均勻如一(yi),又(you)要保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)細(xi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)條(tiao)不粘、不斷,技術功底高低由此可(ke)見一(yi)斑,細(xi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)條(tiao)打好(hao)后(hou),進(jin)(jin)行第(di)三次靜(jing)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)醒(xing)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian);上筷(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou),把細(xi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)條(tiao)一(yi)圈(quan)一(yi)圈(quan)地卷(juan)到(dao)兩根(gen)筷(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)子上,一(yi)般(ban)每筷(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)32-40卷(juan),然(ran)(ran)后(hou)放(fang)入醒(xing)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)箱,進(jin)(jin)行第(di)四次靜(jing)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)醒(xing)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),時(shi)(shi)間3小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)左右;接下來是(shi)上架(jia)(jia)、拉(la)(la)(la)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),將(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)根(gen)筷(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)子插入曬(shai)架(jia)(jia)上孔中,拉(la)(la)(la)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)時(shi)(shi)5筷(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)一(yi)拉(la)(la)(la),分(fen)2-5次把面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)條(tiao)拉(la)(la)(la)細(xi)拉(la)(la)(la)長(chang),并將(jiang)(jiang)另(ling)一(yi)根(gen)筷(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)子插入曬(shai)架(jia)(jia)下孔,如何做到(dao)細(xi)而不斷,關鍵看手的(de)(de)勁道把握(wo);曬(shai)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)時(shi)(shi),絲(si)絲(si)縷縷、晶瑩(ying)剔透的(de)(de)貢面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)迎風(feng)飄蕩(dang),簡直是(shi)一(yi)幅妙不可(ke)言的(de)(de)藝術畫卷(juan);曬(shai)至八(ba)九分(fen)干,就可(ke)進(jin)(jin)行盤面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),捋去筷(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)子上的(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)頭,用紅紙(zhi)頭包扎(zha)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)束,挽捆(kun)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)8字型(xing)疊放(fang)在一(yi)起,含(han)有人(ren)旺(wang)財發的(de)(de)美好(hao)祈愿(yuan)。
貢面(mian)(mian)制作(zuo)(zuo)環節繁瑣,技(ji)術(shu)嚴謹(jin),全(quan)過(guo)程需要十(shi)八九(jiu)個小(xiao)時,是(shi)一(yi)項勞心費力(li)的手工藝。“辛(xin)苦不(bu)過(guo)貢面(mian)(mian)匠,半(ban)夜起來把天(tian)望”,是(shi)制面(mian)(mian)工人生活的真實(shi)寫照,起早摸(mo)黑(hei)是(shi)家(jia)常事(shi),半(ban)夜觀察云頭風向(xiang)、預測天(tian)氣,更是(shi)一(yi)門必修課。陰(yin)雨天(tian)制作(zuo)(zuo)貢面(mian)(mian)容(rong)(rong)易(yi)受潮,風力(li)過(guo)大貢面(mian)(mian)容(rong)(rong)易(yi)折斷(duan),太陽過(guo)烈貢面(mian)(mian)容(rong)(rong)易(yi)干裂,天(tian)氣突變則經常讓面(mian)(mian)粉完全(quan)報廢(fei)。
常山(shan)貢(gong)(gong)面之所以風味(wei)獨特,除工藝精細外,與(yu)那些不成(cheng)文的(de)(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)行規也是分不開的(de)(de),如(ru)所有(you)主料和輔料必(bi)須是當地當時優質的(de)(de),加工作坊和曬(shai)面場所必(bi)須保持十分清(qing)潔衛生,不得(de)添(tian)加任(ren)何食品添(tian)加劑等(deng)等(deng),真可謂“貢(gong)(gong)面長(chang)長(chang)情(qing)更長(chang)”。
千(qian)百(bai)年的(de)貢面加(jia)工制作歷(li)史,形成了豐富的(de)飲食風俗(su)和飲食文(wen)化。
貢面(mian)的湯面(mian)先(xian)分后(hou)合,有(you)效(xiao)解決了(le)眾口(kou)難調的問(wen)題,適應(ying)各地(di)不同的口(kou)味和特點。一般來說,先(xian)備好肉(rou)湯(或雞湯)于碗內,佐以肉(rou)油(you)或茶油(you)、醬油(you)、味精、姜蒜(suan)、辣(la)椒、蔥(cong)花,待鍋水煮沸后(hou)放入貢面(mian),待面(mian)條(tiao)變軟呈玉色(se),即可(ke)撈(lao)出(chu)盛入湯碗內,喜醋(cu)者加點香醋(cu),然后(hou)調勻食用,滑爽柔軟,味道(dao)鮮美,富有(you)營養(yang),老弱婦孺尤(you)愛食用。據《常山縣志(zhi)》載:“貢面(mian)用鹽(yan)水調和拉制晾干而成,吃(chi)時調以辣(la)油(you)、香蔥(cong),有(you)子鱉(氽雞蛋)、火腿作澆(jiao)頭更佳。”
不(bu)同(tong)的(de)場合吃(chi)(chi)(chi)貢(gong)面(mian),寓意(yi)(yi)各(ge)有不(bu)同(tong)。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)來(lai)說,逢年(nian)過(guo)節(jie)、重大傳統節(jie)日時(shi)要吃(chi)(chi)(chi)貢(gong)面(mian),如正月初一(yi)(yi)早晨,家家戶戶每人(ren)都(dou)要吃(chi)(chi)(chi)上(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)碗貢(gong)面(mian),稱(cheng)作“新年(nian)面(mian)”,寓意(yi)(yi)福氣長長,好運連連;男女老少做生日壽(shou)誕(dan)時(shi)要吃(chi)(chi)(chi)貢(gong)面(mian),叫“長壽(shou)面(mian)”,第一(yi)(yi)碗貢(gong)面(mian)給壽(shou)星(xing)先(xian)吃(chi)(chi)(chi),寓意(yi)(yi)健康長壽(shou),幸福圓滿(man);婚(hun)(hun)慶(qing)、喬遷時(shi)要吃(chi)(chi)(chi)貢(gong)面(mian),叫“喜(xi)慶(qing)面(mian)”,寓意(yi)(yi)喜(xi)氣滿(man)屋,順(shun)心如意(yi)(yi);新女婿(xu)第一(yi)(yi)次上(shang)(shang)丈(zhang)母娘家,也要吃(chi)(chi)(chi)貢(gong)面(mian),丈(zhang)母娘會(hui)(hui)在貢(gong)面(mian)下掩藏四個荷(he)包蛋,俗稱(cheng)“子(zi)鱉(bie)面(mian)”,人(ren)們(men)戲稱(cheng)為“豬欄草鋪芋子(zi)”,寓意(yi)(yi)婚(hun)(hun)姻長長美(mei)美(mei),早生貴子(zi)。后來(lai),熱情好客(ke)的(de)常山人(ren)將這(zhe)種禮(li)遇加以(yi)延展,親朋好友一(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)門,總會(hui)(hui)端上(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)碗熱辣辣、油(you)汪汪的(de)貢(gong)面(mian)加以(yi)款待。夾(jia)上(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)筷,猶如水簾垂掛,絲絲清爽,淡(dan)淡(dan)清香撲鼻而來(lai),令人(ren)垂涎欲滴(di),入口時(shi)柔中帶韌,回味無(wu)窮。不(bu)用(yong)說遠(yuan)方客(ke)人(ren),在外游(you)子(zi)聞之無(wu)不(bu)牽(qian)腸掛肚(du),思緒如面(mian)萬千縷(lv)。
從(cong)飲食營養角度看(kan),貢(gong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)以上(shang)等面(mian)(mian)(mian)粉為主料(liao),以山茶油、姜末、蔥(cong)花等為佐(zuo)料(liao),屬(shu)于(yu)綠色健康(kang)食品,其烹調(diao)方(fang)法(fa)也大有講究,可以因人(ren)(ren)而異,燒煮成各(ge)種各(ge)樣的口味來(lai)。比如,用(yong)水(shui)氽雞(ji)蛋(dan)鋪底,俗稱“子鱉面(mian)(mian)(mian)”,是(shi)待客的佳(jia)點;以菠菜煮面(mian)(mian)(mian),稱“菠菜面(mian)(mian)(mian)”,吃(chi)起來(lai)鮮(xian)嫩(nen)清口,滑而不膩,是(shi)老年人(ren)(ren)的最(zui)愛(ai);用(yong)肉絲(si)、筍絲(si)(或韭菜)、豆干絲(si)做(zuo)澆頭,稱為“三絲(si)貢(gong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)”,面(mian)(mian)(mian)鮮(xian)味濃,適合年青人(ren)(ren)口味;還有一種“表(biao)傷風(feng)”面(mian)(mian)(mian),即偶患風(feng)寒,煮面(mian)(mian)(mian)時多加生姜、蔥(cong)頭、干辣椒末,然后連湯帶(dai)面(mian)(mian)(mian)趁熱(re)吃(chi)下(xia),蓋上(shang)棉(mian)被(bei)蒙頭睡下(xia),待悶出汗來(lai)即神(shen)清氣爽,感冒全消。民間(jian)還有產婦吃(chi)貢(gong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)催乳、桔皮面(mian)(mian)(mian)開胃等烹調(diao)方(fang)法(fa)和習俗。