1851年(nian)(清咸豐元(yuan)年(nian))1月(yue),太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)天(tian)國金(jin)田起義后,向(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)率(lv)部(bu)前往鎮壓,圍(wei)追(zhui)堵截太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)于(yu)(yu)廣(guang)西(xi)桂平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)、武(wu)(wu)宣、象州(zhou)間(jian)。同年(nian)秋,太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)突(tu)圍(wei)至(zhi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)南(nan)(nan),向(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)率(lv)部(bu)追(zhui)趕,在(zai)官村遭(zao)伏擊(ji),全軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大(da)(da)潰,軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)械鍋帳(zhang)盡(jin)失(shi)。太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)乘勝突(tu)出(chu)重圍(wei),占領(ling)永安(an)(今蒙山(shan))。向(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)與廣(guang)州(zhou)副(fu)都(dou)統烏蘭泰部(bu)南(nan)(nan)北合(he)圍(wei)永安(an),由于(yu)(yu)意見(jian)不(bu)合(he),行動不(bu)協,進(jin)(jin)擊(ji)不(bu)力(li),圍(wei)攻(gong)半年(nian)未下(xia)。次年(nian)4月(yue),太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)突(tu)圍(wei),出(chu)廣(guang)西(xi),入(ru)湖南(nan)(nan),于(yu)(yu)1853年(nian)1月(yue)攻(gong)克武(wu)(wu)昌。他率(lv)部(bu)尾追(zhui),被(bei)授為(wei)欽(qin)差大(da)(da)臣(chen),專辦軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)務。同年(nian)2月(yue),太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)棄武(wu)(wu)漢夾江(jiang)(jiang)東下(xia),攻(gong)占南(nan)(nan)京(jing),改稱天(tian)京(jing)。向(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)又率(lv)部(bu)尾追(zhui),于(yu)(yu)城(cheng)東孝(xiao)陵衛(wei)建立江(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)(nan)大(da)(da)營進(jin)(jin)行圍(wei)困(kun),并(bing)防止太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)向(xiang)蘇、杭發展。由于(yu)(yu)天(tian)京(jing)城(cheng)大(da)(da)而所部(bu)兵力(li)不(bu)足(zu),故(gu)久攻(gong)不(bu)能破。1854年(nian)夏,從(cong)廣(guang)東調來“紅(hong)單船(chuan)”50艘,與江(jiang)(jiang)北大(da)(da)營商定一半留泊鎮江(jiang)(jiang),另一半歸他指揮,開赴(fu)南(nan)(nan)京(jing)上游。與此同時,派(pai)出(chu)兵勇進(jin)(jin)占太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(今安(an)徽當涂),由此水(shui)陸依護,多次擊(ji)敗太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)水(shui)師(shi)及運輸船(chuan)隊,使太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)天(tian)國都(dou)城(cheng)天(tian)京(jing)的接濟受到嚴(yan)重威脅。1856年(nian)初,洪(hong)秀(xiu)全、楊秀(xiu)清從(cong)西(xi)征戰(zhan)場調集大(da)(da)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)回(hui)救天(tian)京(jing)。江(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)(nan)大(da)(da)營四(si)面被(bei)圍(wei),向(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)調兵遣將,顧此失(shi)彼,戰(zhan)略上陷于(yu)(yu)被(bei)動。6月(yue)中(zhong)旬,城(cheng)外(wai)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)越紫金(jin)山(shan),直搗大(da)(da)營;城(cheng)內太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)出(chu)通濟門,抄截大(da)(da)營退路。各路清軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)抵(di)擋不(bu)住太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的進(jin)(jin)攻(gong),紛(fen)紛(fen)敗退。向(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)遂(sui)放棄大(da)(da)營,經淳化鎮退守丹陽,被(bei)革(ge)去湖北提督(du)職(zhi),留任欽(qin)差大(da)(da)臣(chen),繼續督(du)辦軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)務。旋以年(nian)老多病,又遭(zao)此慘敗,憂忿而死(si),葬于(yu)(yu)湖北黃梅向(xiang)橋鄉枯樹嶺。后代遷居于(yu)(yu)湖北黃梅向(xiang)橋鄉,伴祖宗長(chang)居。有《向(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)奏稿(gao)》傳世。
向(xiang)榮幼年(nian)失學(xue),及成年(nian),以行(xing)伍隸(li)屬固(gu)原提標,受到陜(shan)甘總督楊遇(yu)春賞(shang)識(shi)。后隨楊遇(yu)春鎮(zhen)壓河(he)南滑縣天理教起(qi)義和(he)新疆大(da)和(he)卓波羅尼都之孫張格(ge)爾(er)的叛(pan)亂,因打(da)仗勇敢,常作為先(xian)鋒出戰,頗受上司賞(shang)識(shi),積功擢(zhuo)升至甘肅(su)鎮(zhen)羌營游擊。
道光(guang)十(shi)三年(nian)(1833年(nian)),直(zhi)隸(li)總督琦善,鑒于境(jing)內(nei)各營(ying)將(jiang)弁大多缺乏(fa)實(shi)戰經驗,奏準(zhun)從陜甘選調有實(shi)戰經驗的員弁充實(shi)所屬部隊。琦善知道向榮有才(cai)能,遂(sui)于同(tong)年(nian)8月調任(ren)直(zhi)隸(li)督標前營(ying)游擊。道光(guang)十(shi)八年(nian)(1838年(nian)),升提標中軍參將(jiang)。
道光二十年(1840年),升開州(今河南濮陽)協副將,時英國對華(hua)發動鴉片(pian)戰爭(zheng),海防吃緊,奉召率部(bu)赴山海關駐防。
道(dao)光二十二年(nian)(1842年(nian)),擢(zhuo)升正(zheng)定鎮(今河北正(zheng)定)總兵(bing),后(hou)(hou)調(diao)(diao)(diao)通永鎮(今北京(jing)通州)總兵(bing)。道(dao)光二十七年(nian)(1847年(nian)),升任(ren)(ren)四川提(ti)督(從一品(pin))。道(dao)光三十年(nian)(1850年(nian)),湖南(nan)新寧縣(xian)爆發(fa)李元發(fa)起義(yi),向榮(rong)(rong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)任(ren)(ren)湖南(nan)提(ti)督,前往鎮壓,敗義(yi)軍于金峰(feng)嶺,俘獲(huo)首領(ling)李元發(fa)。不久,調(diao)(diao)(diao)任(ren)(ren)固原提(ti)督,后(hou)(hou)因廣(guang)西各地紛紛起義(yi),廣(guang)西巡撫鄭(zheng)祖(zu)琛不能制,向榮(rong)(rong)在(zai)舊將(jiang)中最有聲望(wang),所(suo)以未(wei)及赴任(ren)(ren),咸豐帝特下令改(gai)任(ren)(ren)廣(guang)西提(ti)督,專門(men)負(fu)責平叛。
11月18日(ri),向榮抵廣(guang)(guang)西(xi)柳州(zhou)赴任(ren),時廣(guang)(guang)西(xi)天地(di)會等反清武裝勢(shi)力(li)遍及全省11個府(fu)中的8個府(fu),多達30余支。向榮初(chu)到廣(guang)(guang)西(xi),面對遍地(di)烽煙,一時不知從何下手。他帶領兵勇,先后赴慶遠府(fu)(今廣(guang)(guang)西(xi)宜州(zhou))和橫州(zhou)(今廣(guang)(guang)西(xi)橫縣)一帶“攻(gong)剿流(liu)匪”。到達宜山(shan)、象州(zhou),連(lian)破賊于索潭墟、八旺、陶鄧墟、猶山(shan)等處,叛(pan)亂形(xing)勢(shi)稍微得到了(le)緩(huan)和。
兩個月之后,他與新任欽差大臣李星沅發覺,活動于潯州(zhou)府(今廣(guang)西桂平)金(jin)田村一帶的洪秀(xiu)全等人是“群盜之冠”,才決(jue)定從各(ge)地調(diao)集(ji)兵勇,馳赴潯州(zhou)。洪秀(xiu)全以大黃江(jiang)、牛排(pai)嶺為犄角,進行抵抗。
向(xiang)榮統(tong)帶萬(wan)余兵(bing)勇(yong),在潯州進行了一個多月(yue)的準備(bei),于1851年(咸豐元年)2月(yue)18日,向(xiang)榮攻(gong)大(da)黃(huang)江,誘敵出戰,率總兵(bing)李能臣、周(zhou)鳳岐合擊,大(da)破之,殲千數(shu)百人,賜號(hao)“霍欽巴圖(tu)魯”。水(shui)陸合攻(gong)牛排(pai)嶺,搗其(qi)巢,又追擊于新墟、紫金山,賊乃竄踞(ju)武宣東(dong)鄉。
廣西(xi)巡撫周(zhou)天爵(jue),與向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)一起剿賊,兩(liang)人不(bu)(bu)合,數(shu)戰未得利,廣州(zhou)副都統烏蘭泰率兵(bing)來會。四(si)月,太(tai)平(ping)軍(jun)(jun)突圍竄入象(xiang)(xiang)州(zhou)。向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)被譴,褫花翎(ling),降三級留任,周(zhou)天爵(jue)亦罷(ba)軍(jun)(jun)事。大學士(shi)賽尚(shang)阿代替李(li)星(xing)沅督師,命向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)與烏蘭泰節制鎮(zhen)將以(yi)下,迭詔戒向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)同心協力,以(yi)贖前愆。向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)所(suo)部湖(hu)南(nan)兵(bing),因向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)子向(xiang)(xiang)繼雄用事,軍(jun)(jun)心不(bu)(bu)服,故武宣、象(xiang)(xiang)州(zhou)之役(yi)戰不(bu)(bu)力,皆歸咎于向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)。咸豐帝力排眾議,仍加倚任,而調四(si)川兵(bing)以(yi)易湖(hu)南(nan)兵(bing)。
太(tai)平軍(jun)踞(ju)象州中(zhong)坪,其要(yao)路東(dong)曰桐(tong)(tong)木,西曰羅秀,向(xiang)榮與烏蘭(lan)泰分扼之。六月,向(xiang)榮由(you)桐(tong)(tong)木進兵,與烏蘭(lan)泰合剿,迭(die)敗賊(zei)于馬鞍山及(ji)架村、黃瓜嶺、西安村,遂回竄桂平新墟(xu)、紫(zi)金山,恃險(xian)負嵎(yu)。向(xiang)榮偕(xie)烏蘭(lan)泰等迭(die)奪豬仔峽、雙髻山要(yao)隘,進破風門坳。八月,太(tai)平軍(jun)冒(mao)雨竄逸,官(guan)軍(jun)失利於官(guan)村,向(xiang)榮驟遇此(ci)(ci)敗,甚覺懊喪,他感(gan)嘆(tan)道:生長(chang)兵間(jian)數十(shi)年,未嘗見此(ci)(ci)賊(zei);自辦此(ci)(ci)賊(zei),大小(xiao)亦數十(shi)戰(zhan),未嘗有此(ci)(ci)敗!之后(hou),他退居平南縣城,托(tuo)病不(bu)出。太(tai)平軍(jun)得以從容(rong)轉(zhuan)移。清廷以向(xiang)榮諉卸延誤,給以革(ge)職處分。
9月(yue)25日,太平(ping)軍占領永(yong)(yong)安(an)州(今廣西蒙(meng)山),烏蘭(lan)泰(tai)(tai)率部尾(wei)追,于次(ci)日抵達永(yong)(yong)安(an)以南20余里之文墟。向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)于10月(yue)6日離(li)開平(ping)南(今廣西貴港),取(qu)(qu)道(dao)梧州到昭平(ping),又取(qu)(qu)道(dao)平(ping)樂,赴桂(gui)林養(yang)病,直到12月(yue)29日,才由桂(gui)林到達永(yong)(yong)安(an)前線,授命督(du)辦北(bei)路軍務。永(yong)(yong)安(an)四面環山,利于對太平(ping)軍實施(shi)圍(wei)(wei)困,但欽差大臣賽尚阿是個(ge)“未(wei)經行陣”的貴族,遠(yuan)駐陽(yang)朔,專依烏蘭(lan)泰(tai)(tai),向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)南北(bei)合攻(gong),而烏、向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)二人意見又不合,烏蘭(lan)泰(tai)(tai)主(zhu)張(zhang)“圍(wei)(wei)而擊之”,向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)則(ze)主(zhu)張(zhang)“縱而掩之”,南北(bei)兩軍不能協同作戰(zhan),圍(wei)(wei)攻(gong)半載,終(zhong)無建樹。在圍(wei)(wei)攻(gong)永(yong)(yong)安(an)期間,清廷恢復了向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)廣西提督(du)的官職(zhi)。
咸豐二年(1852年)4月(yue)5日(ri),太(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)由古蘇沖勝(sheng)利突圍(wei)。烏蘭泰(tai)與向榮聞訊率部追(zhui)擊,截(jie)殺太(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)后(hou)隊2000余(yu)人(ren),后(hou)在大峒(tong)山遭(zao)到(dao)太(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)的伏擊,陣亡總兵(bing)4名,損失(shi)兵(bing)弁數千人(ren)。太(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)自(zi)永安突圍(wei)后(hou),直指省(sheng)城桂(gui)林。向榮憑著他的軍(jun)(jun)事經驗(yan),判斷(duan)太(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)將襲取桂(gui)林,于(yu)是帶領千余(yu)清軍(jun)(jun)日(ri)夜(ye)兼程,先(xian)太(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)半日(ri)進入桂(gui)林城,會(hui)同新任巡撫鄒鳴鶴(he),力守危城,屢出(chu)奇兵(bing),俘獲甚眾。不日(ri)各(ge)路援軍(jun)(jun)趕(gan)到(dao),城防得到(dao)加強,太(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)雖猛(meng)攻(gong)月(yue)余(yu),而省(sheng)城得以保(bao)全。向榮力保(bao)危城,非但未受到(dao)朝廷的議(yi)敘(xu),反因桂(gui)林被圍(wei),又受到(dao)革(ge)職留任的處分。
5月19日,太平軍撤(che)桂林圍北上,攻全州,出廣(guang)(guang)(guang)西(xi),占(zhan)湖(hu)南道(dao)州、郴(chen)州,決意揮師北上,取道(dao)兩湖(hu),“專意金陵”。在(zai)此(ci)期間(jian),向榮稱病(bing)留住(zhu)桂林,對太平軍未予追擊,因此(ci)受到兩廣(guang)(guang)(guang)總督徐廣(guang)(guang)(guang)縉(jin)的彈劾,又被(bei)朝廷革(ge)職并擬(ni)發往新(xin)疆效力贖(shu)罪;后由于欽差大臣賽尚阿的奏請(qing),改令他馳(chi)援湖(hu)南。
9月,太(tai)(tai)平(ping)軍(jun)先遣隊自郴州奔襲湖南(nan)省城長沙(sha)。向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)于9月16日自桂(gui)林啟程赴援,10月2日到達(da)長沙(sha),即(ji)將5000斤重(zhong)的大炮置于城南(nan)天(tian)心閣上,向(xiang)(xiang)城外轟擊,斃傷不少太(tai)(tai)平(ping)軍(jun)。時張亮(liang)基(ji)為湖南(nan)巡撫,與向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)素不睦。張亮(liang)基(ji)要其駐扎城南(nan)龍回潭,以扼太(tai)(tai)平(ping)軍(jun)西出之路,向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)未予置理。后(hou)賽尚(shang)阿抵(di)達(da),命他據守湘江(jiang)西岸(an)(an),扎營岳麓山(shan)下。這(zhe)時太(tai)(tai)平(ping)軍(jun)早已渡過(guo)湘江(jiang),占(zhan)領水陸洲(即(ji)桔(jie)子洲)等要隘,并在(zai)江(jiang)上搭起(qi)浮橋(qiao),東西兩岸(an)(an)聲勢聯絡。10月31日,向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)為分割太(tai)(tai)平(ping)軍(jun),親率(lv)勁兵3000余人,進襲水陸洲,結果(guo)遭到太(tai)(tai)平(ping)軍(jun)痛殲,死傷千余人,向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)騎馬逃脫。
11月(yue)30日(ri)(ri),太(tai)平軍撤長(chang)沙圍(wei)(wei)(wei)北上,經益陽,出湘陰,越(yue)洞庭,占領(ling)岳州,沿長(chang)江水陸東下,進軍武(wu)(wu)漢。長(chang)沙解圍(wei)(wei)(wei)后,各路清軍都遲疑不進,唯向榮(rong)(rong)率部尾追(zhui)。太(tai)平軍于12月(yue)22日(ri)(ri)進抵武(wu)(wu)昌外圍(wei)(wei)(wei),向榮(rong)(rong)率部即(ji)于24日(ri)(ri)趕到城外白木嶺,扎營卓(zhuo)刀泉,企(qi)圖(tu)牽制圍(wei)(wei)(wei)攻武(wu)(wu)昌的(de)太(tai)平軍,1853年1月(yue)7日(ri)(ri),向榮(rong)(rong)挑選兵壯(zhuang)發起進攻,曾(ceng)攻奪(duo)太(tai)平軍洪山營壘15座,然也未能保住武(wu)(wu)昌。1月(yue)12日(ri)(ri),武(wu)(wu)昌失陷,向榮(rong)(rong)因此(ci)又(you)被革(ge)職(10天前(qian)(qian)賞還提督)。但這時(shi)軍事緊急,武(wu)(wu)漢前(qian)(qian)線統帥乏(fa)人,不久,朝廷又(you)令他暫署湖北提督,并授為欽(qin)差(cha)大(da)臣(chen),專(zhuan)辦軍務,所(suo)有軍營文武(wu)(wu),統歸節(jie)制。向榮(rong)(rong)于屢獲重咎之(zhi)后膺此(ci)重任(ren),使(shi)他對皇上感激涕零。在(zai)此(ci)之(zhi)前(qian)(qian),他在(zai)歷任(ren)欽(qin)差(cha)大(da)臣(chen)統轄之(zhi)下與太(tai)平軍作(zuo)戰(zhan),總感事權不專(zhuan),不能遂行他的(de)意志(zhi),發揮他的(de)作(zuo)用,如今(jin)欽(qin)差(cha)大(da)臣(chen)關(guan)防在(zai)握,準備振作(zuo)精神大(da)干一(yi)番。
咸豐三年(1853年)2月9日(ri),太平軍棄(qi)守武漢,以號稱50萬之眾(zhong),船萬余只,蔽(bi)江(jiang)而下。向榮所部兵(bing)(bing)多疲(pi)弱,遣散六(liu)千馀名,留下了精銳(rui)部隊,率(lv)(lv)總兵(bing)(bing)和春、李瑞、秦定三、玉山、福(fu)興沿江(jiang)追擊,并令提(ti)督(du)蘇布通(tong)阿率(lv)(lv)川兵(bing)(bing),總兵(bing)(bing)晉德布率(lv)(lv)滇兵(bing)(bing)支援。
向榮親率清兵2400余(yu)人為前(qian)隊,輕裝(zhuang)兼程追擊(ji),企圖抄(chao)截太平軍(jun),然(ran)太平軍(jun)水陸齊進(jin),所向無(wu)阻(zu),進(jin)軍(jun)異常(chang)神速。向榮于2月21日抵達九江(jiang),前(qian)阻(zu)鄱陽湖(hu),以無(wu)舟不得繼續前(qian)進(jin),在此遲滯半月。
當(dang)太(tai)平軍(jun)的(de)先(xian)頭部隊開始圍攻金陵時,向(xiang)榮(rong)方(fang)離九江取(qu)道水路(lu)(lu)東(dong)(dong)下。這(zhe)時,由(you)欽(qin)(qin)差大臣(chen)琦(qi)善(shan)率領(ling)的(de)清軍(jun)正由(you)河南(nan)南(nan)下,由(you)于太(tai)平軍(jun)已自武(wu)漢東(dong)(dong)趨,琦(qi)善(shan)也(ye)折而東(dong)(dong)向(xiang)。3月19日,向(xiang)榮(rong)與他的(de)老上(shang)司琦(qi)善(shan)在(zai)安慶(qing)會合,共同籌(chou)商進兵(bing)之策。向(xiang)榮(rong)趾高(gao)氣揚,對(dui)北路(lu)(lu)兵(bing)勇頗不(bu)(bu)放在(zai)眼(yan)里,他在(zai)奏報中(zhong)說:“欽(qin)(qin)差大臣(chen)琦(qi)善(shan)所帶各兵(bing),雖系生力,然素未經大敵,不(bu)(bu)敢驟(zou)令(ling)當(dang)先(xian)。臣(chen)前在(zai)安慶(qing)與之面(mian)商,臣(chen)之兵(bing)先(xian)進,琦(qi)善(shan)之兵(bing)權且在(zai)后作為接應(ying),看前隊兵(bing)勇數仗,使之眼(yan)明膽壯(zhuang),知(zhi)賊(zei)伎倆,然后再令(ling)獨當(dang)一面(mian),方(fang)為萬全之計。”
正當(dang)向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)、琦善在安慶會商對策時(shi),太(tai)平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)已經攻占(zhan)金(jin)陵城。同(tong)年(nian)3月24日,向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)自安慶抵(di)蕪湖,即(ji)舍(she)舟(zhou)登岸,由(you)陸路繞道秣陵關,于31日到金(jin)陵城東沙子岡,旋于鐘(zhong)山南麓孝陵衛一帶,建(jian)立起清軍(jun)江(jiang)南大(da)營。這時(shi),太(tai)平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)又分兵兩(liang)支,占(zhan)領了鎮(zhen)江(jiang)和揚州(zhou)。琦善率兵趕到揚州(zhou)外圍,建(jian)立起江(jiang)北(bei)大(da)營。兩(liang)個大(da)營互(hu)相策應,企(qi)圖鉗制太(tai)平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)向(xiang)(xiang)東、向(xiang)(xiang)北(bei)發展,并伺機攻占(zhan)金(jin)陵。
太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)占(zhan)領金陵(ling)(ling)之時(shi),隊伍號稱百萬(wan)(wan),其中能(neng)戰之兵(bing)(bing)約在10萬(wan)(wan)以(yi)上,而且擁有(you)(you)船(chuan)只以(yi)萬(wan)(wan)計,完全控制了(le)(le)這一(yi)帶(dai)長江水(shui)道。但洪(hong)秀全、楊秀清(qing)對江南(nan)大(da)營(ying)(ying)沒有(you)(you)采取立(li)即圍(wei)(wei)殲的(de)(de)方針,而是抽出主力分兵(bing)(bing)兩路,進行北伐和(he)西征,從而使向榮的(de)(de)江南(nan)大(da)營(ying)(ying)得以(yi)在金陵(ling)(ling)城(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)與太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)長期相持(chi)。這時(shi)的(de)(de)江南(nan)大(da)營(ying)(ying)擁有(you)(you)兵(bing)(bing)勇約萬(wan)(wan)余(yu)人,于(yu)到達金陵(ling)(ling)外(wai)圍(wei)(wei)之初,曾先后(hou)攻占(zhan)了(le)(le)太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)在七橋甕和(he)紫(zi)金山南(nan)麓的(de)(de)前哨陣地,太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)分遣主力北伐、西征后(hou),便主動收縮城(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)陣地,憑(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)固守。
在(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)(ci)(ci)情況下(xia),向(xiang)榮(rong)主張(zhang)“緩攻金(jin)陵(ling),先從水(shui)上去(qu)其(qi)(qi)船(chuan)(chuan)只(zhi)(zhi),使江(jiang)(jiang)寧(ning)、鎮江(jiang)(jiang),揚州三城(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)賊(zei),首尾(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)兼(jian)顧(gu),然(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)可(ke)以制(zhi)其(qi)(qi)死(si)命。”向(xiang)榮(rong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)武(wu)昌(chang)時,就深感建(jian)立一支水(shui)軍(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)要,在(zai)(zai)(zai)沿江(jiang)(jiang)東(dong)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中,又(you)深受無(wu)(wu)水(shui)軍(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)累,此(ci)(ci)(ci)時若要攻克金(jin)陵(ling),的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確非首先肅清江(jiang)(jiang)面不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)。然(ran)而建(jian)立一支能(neng)與太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)水(shui)師(shi)相匹(pi)敵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)軍(jun),也決非一日之(zhi)(zhi)功。經幾(ji)個月(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奏(zou)調、添(tian)造,在(zai)(zai)(zai)蕪(wu)湖得大(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)炮船(chuan)(chuan)28只(zhi)(zhi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)下(xia)游得艇船(chuan)(chuan)40余只(zhi)(zhi),但(dan)都(dou)船(chuan)(chuan)小(xiao)(xiao)炮輕,對(dui)太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)水(shui)師(shi)構不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)成威脅。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)久,北(bei)(bei)伐(fa)(fa)太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)過安徽,破(po)歸德(de)(今商丘(qiu)),圍開封,渡黃河,京師(shi)受到(dao)直接威脅,清廷(ting)在(zai)(zai)(zai)北(bei)(bei)伐(fa)(fa)軍(jun)勝利進軍(jun)下(xia)十(shi)分驚慌,責令(ling)向(xiang)榮(rong)加(jia)緊攻城(cheng),限夏(xia)末秋初(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)際收(shou)復金(jin)陵(ling),以牽制(zhi)北(bei)(bei)上之(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)朝廷(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諭旨,向(xiang)榮(rong)當然(ran)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)拒絕,但(dan)他心里明白(bai),僅(jin)憑江(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)(nan)大(da)(da)營(ying)現有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)力(li),內攻下(xia)金(jin)陵(ling)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。他在(zai)(zai)(zai)奏(zou)報中申述說:“攻城(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)法,城(cheng)小(xiao)(xiao)可(ke)以合圍,城(cheng)大(da)(da)只(zhi)(zhi)宜聲東(dong)擊西(xi),乘其(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)備,至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)低有(you)地道,高有(you)云(yun)梯,或束藁以填壕溝,或囊沙以作階級,此(ci)(ci)(ci)其(qi)(qi)大(da)(da)較(jiao)也。今則九十(shi)六(liu)里之(zhi)(zhi)城(cheng),合圍既(ji)力(li)有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)逮(dai),其(qi)(qi)余各法,自(zi)五月(yue)以來(lai),先后(hou)(hou)(hou)屢用(yong),雖(sui)有(you)小(xiao)(xiao)獲,終未能(neng)破(po)城(cheng)大(da)(da)創。”(《向(xiang)榮(rong)奏(zou)稿》卷三,《太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)天國》(七)第160頁)江(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)(nan)大(da)(da)營(ying)本來(lai)兵(bing)(bing)力(li)無(wu)(wu)多,太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)北(bei)(bei)伐(fa)(fa),西(xi)征后(hou)(hou)(hou),又(you)先后(hou)(hou)(hou)調出3000余名尾(wei)追(zhui),兵(bing)(bing)力(li)更形單薄(bo),于(yu)(yu)無(wu)(wu)可(ke)奈(nai)何之(zhi)(zhi)中,只(zhi)(zhi)得勉(mian)強(qiang)應付。他挑(tiao)選了3000余名精兵(bing)(bing),親自(zi)與之(zhi)(zhi)瀝(li)血飲酒,誓師(shi)破(po)城(cheng)。顯然(ran),這(zhe)(zhe)是做給皇上看的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。偌(ruo)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)陵(ling)城(cheng),決不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)能(neng)用(yong)此(ci)(ci)(ci)法收(shou)復。在(zai)(zai)(zai)江(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)(nan)大(da)(da)營(ying)建(jian)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一年內,向(xiang)榮(rong)只(zhi)(zhi)是定期(qi)派兵(bing)(bing)對(dui)金(jin)陵(ling)進行零星的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)攻擊,但(dan)這(zhe)(zhe)既(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)能(neng)攻克城(cheng)池,也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)使皇上滿意,結(jie)果不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷遭到(dao)咸豐帝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴責和痛罵:“似(si)此(ci)(ci)(ci)等打仗,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過謹(僅(jin))免大(da)(da)敗……若不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)攻克金(jin)陵(ling),汝(ru)亦無(wu)(wu)顏見(jian)朕。”(《向(xiang)榮(rong)奏(zou)稿》卷三,《太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)天國》(七)第195頁)
向榮是一個行伍出身的(de)(de)戰將,統兵(bing)行陣,尚能面(mian)(mian)面(mian)(mian)俱到(dao);運籌帷幄,則非(fei)共所長。他受任欽差大(da)臣之后(hou)(hou),很少有通籌全局的(de)(de)奏報,到(dao)1853年秋,由于前臨大(da)敵,上(shang)(shang)(shang)受嚴責,才開(kai)始“通籌全局”起(qi)來。這時(shi)他深知,單靠江(jiang)南大(da)營本身的(de)(de)一點兵(bing)力,根本不可(ke)能攻克(ke)金(jin)陵(ling)(ling),于是他向皇(huang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)提出了攻克(ke)金(jin)陵(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)如意計劃:即等(deng)清軍攻克(ke)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(時(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海為小刀(dao)會起(qi)義軍所占領,江(jiang)南大(da)營又分兵(bing)前往攻剿(jiao))之后(hou)(hou),調(diao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海之兵(bing)先克(ke)鎮江(jiang),然后(hou)(hou)移得勝(sheng)(sheng)之師歸入大(da)營,扼守金(jin)陵(ling)(ling)東北,再(zai)調(diao)江(jiang)西江(jiang)忠源(yuan)之兵(bing),扼金(jin)陵(ling)(ling)之南,調(diao)黃(huang)河(he)以北勝(sheng)(sheng)保(bao)所部扼金(jin)陵(ling)(ling)之西,以各戰船扼塞(sai)大(da)江(jiang),四面(mian)(mian)兜剿(jiao),元兇即可(ke)授首(shou)。但根據(ju)當時(shi)情況,這種全無(wu)實(shi)現的(de)(de)可(ke)能。
這時攻克(ke)上(shang)海尚(shang)(shang)遙遙無(wu)(wu)期,江(jiang)忠源急忙(mang)于(yu)(yu)對付西征軍,勝(sheng)保正(zheng)忙(mang)于(yu)(yu)對付北伐(fa)軍,根(gen)本(ben)無(wu)(wu)法脫身(shen),至于(yu)(yu)奏調的(de)戰船也尚(shang)(shang)無(wu)(wu)蹤影。故向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)這樣(yang)的(de)“通籌全(quan)局”,在咸(xian)豐(feng)帝(di)(di)(di)看來(lai),形(xing)同搪(tang)塞(sai),根(gen)本(ben)無(wu)(wu)法采(cai)擇,因(yin)此,只換得(de)了更(geng)加(jia)嚴(yan)(yan)厲(li)的(de)訓斥。后來(lai),向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)出(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)無(wu)(wu)奈,又(you)硬著頭皮向(xiang)(xiang)朝廷提出(chu)(chu)從江(jiang)北大(da)營抽派(pai)1000馬隊(dui)的(de)要求,結果又(you)遭到皇上(shang)更(geng)加(jia)嚴(yan)(yan)厲(li)的(de)斥責:“汝(ru)(ru)(ru)必要江(jiang)北兵,可(ke)將汝(ru)(ru)(ru)首送來(lai)。”(《向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)奏稿》卷(juan)五(wu),《太(tai)平天國(guo)》(七(qi)(qi))第(di)(di)258頁(ye))咸(xian)豐(feng)皇帝(di)(di)(di)不(bu)顧現實(shi)可(ke)能(neng),命(ming)令向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)克(ke)日攻下金陵,以及對向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)破口大(da)罵(ma),充分反(fan)映其無(wu)(wu)可(ke)奈何(he)而又(you)迫不(bu)得(de)已的(de)復雜心情(qing)。咸(xian)豐(feng)帝(di)(di)(di)對向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)未能(neng)按(an)照(zhao)他的(de)主(zhu)觀(guan)愿(yuan)望如期攻克(ke)金陵而大(da)為(wei)惱怒(nu),但又(you)苦(ku)于(yu)(yu)找不(bu)到合(he)適的(de)將領來(lai)取代他,于(yu)(yu)是只好邊(bian)打邊(bian)拉(la),又(you)罵(ma)又(you)哄。咸(xian)豐(feng)帝(di)(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)1854年(nian)初在向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)一(yi)份奏稿上(shang)的(de)朱批,充分反(fan)映出(chu)(chu)這種心情(qing):“汝(ru)(ru)(ru)在江(jiang)南,勞師糜餉,日久(jiu)無(wu)(wu)功,任賊紛紛竄逸,蔓(man)延畿輔(fu)。雖立斬汝(ru)(ru)(ru)首,尚(shang)(shang)不(bu)足蔽汝(ru)(ru)(ru)一(yi)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)罪,稍泄(xie)數(shu)省積忿(fen)萬人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)心。第(di)(di)一(yi)時乏人(ren),姑(gu)念(nian)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)自(zi)廣西至今,情(qing)形(xing)尚(shang)(shang)熟,暫留汝(ru)(ru)(ru)項上(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)首,以待汝(ru)(ru)(ru)奮勉立功。若每次(ci)奏報仍不(bu)過敷(fu)銜塞(sai)責,是汝(ru)(ru)(ru)無(wu)(wu)福承受朕(zhen)恩,自(zi)速其死。”(《向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)奏稿》卷(juan)六,《太(tai)平天國(guo)》(七(qi)(qi))第(di)(di)272頁(ye))這段批語,確實(shi)反(fan)映出(chu)(chu)咸(xian)豐(feng)帝(di)(di)(di)對向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)(yu)責備之(zhi)(zhi)中寓有成全(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)意”。
向(xiang)榮(rong)從小未曾(ceng)讀書(shu),識字(zi)無多(duo),皇帝的(de)(de)諭旨(zhi)也看不(bu)下來,因(yin)此每有廷寄(ji),要(yao)(yao)由他人代念。然這樣一來,一些軍機(ji)要(yao)(yao)聞,往往傳遍遠近,甚至為太平軍所探悉。而向(xiang)榮(rong)屢遭皇上申斥之事(shi),被下屬知道后,欽差大(da)臣的(de)(de)威嚴大(da)受(shou)影響(xiang)。向(xiang)榮(rong)說話(hua),無一不(bu)頂不(bu)碰,這時的(de)(de)向(xiang)榮(rong)完全處(chu)于上下交(jiao)迫的(de)(de)困境(jing)之中。(《何桂清等(deng)書(shu)札》第(di)202頁
向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)向(xiang)(xiang)主張水(shui)陸(lu)結合,然(ran)著廣東(dong)調派(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紅(hong)(hong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)船仍遲遲不到,陸(lu)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)不得(de),水(shui)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)不能(neng),日對(dui)堅城(cheng),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)籌(chou)莫展。1854年7月(yue),廣東(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)50只“紅(hong)(hong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)船”終(zhong)(zhong)于開抵(di)鎮(zhen)(zhen)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)焦山(shan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)面,向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)如(ru)(ru)獲(huo)至(zhi)(zhi)寶,興(xing)奮地說(shuo):“臣籌(chou)船兩載,至(zhi)(zhi)今甫(fu)有轉機(ji)。”(《向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)奏稿》卷六,《太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)天(tian)(tian)(tian)國(guo)》(七)第307頁(ye))向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)與(yu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)北大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)營(ying)商(shang)定(ding),將(jiang)50只紅(hong)(hong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)船,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)半(ban)留泊(bo)鎮(zhen)(zhen)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、瓜洲江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)面,歸(gui)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)北大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)營(ying)指揮調度(du);另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)半(ban)開赴金(jin)(jin)陵(ling)上(shang)(shang)(shang)游(you),歸(gui)向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)指揮調度(du)。紅(hong)(hong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)船大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)者可安(an)炮(pao)30余(yu)位(wei)(wei),小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亦(yi)可安(an)炮(pao)20位(wei)(wei),且運掉靈便(bian),在(zai)(zai)(zai)當時(shi)(shi)確是(shi)水(shui)上(shang)(shang)(shang)利器,對(dui)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)造成(cheng)很大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)威(wei)脅。為(wei)了(le)對(dui)付清軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紅(hong)(hong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)船,太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)曾(ceng)建造大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)型木牌(pai)(一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種能(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)上(shang)(shang)(shang)活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)壘),順(shun)著東(dong)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui),沖(chong)突而(er)下(xia)(xia),支援(yuan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),但(dan)往(wang)往(wang)被(bei)紅(hong)(hong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)船所(suo)阻(zu)截(jie)。向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)指揮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)25艘(sou)紅(hong)(hong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)船,上(shang)(shang)(shang)泊(bo)金(jin)(jin)陵(ling)上(shang)(shang)(shang)游(you)之(zhi)三山(shan)營(ying)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)面,給天(tian)(tian)(tian)京(jing)與(yu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)游(you)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系和接濟帶(dai)來了(le)嚴重威(wei)脅。后(hou)這(zhe)些紅(hong)(hong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)船由(you)于遠離江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)營(ying),補給不便(bian)等原因(yin),曾(ceng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)駛(shi)回(hui)(hui)金(jin)(jin)陵(ling)以下(xia)(xia)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)面,天(tian)(tian)(tian)京(jing)當局(ju)抓(zhua)住這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)機(ji),在(zai)(zai)(zai)下(xia)(xia)關與(yu)九袱洲之(zhi)間構筑起(qi)兩道(dao)鐵鏈,以阻(zu)止紅(hong)(hong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)船再(zai)度(du)上(shang)(shang)(shang)駛(shi)。對(dui)此(ci),向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)組織水(shui)師多(duo)次(ci)(ci)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)沖(chong)擊,屢屢失敗,直(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)1855年4月(yue)22日才將(jiang)鐵鏈斬斷(duan),紅(hong)(hong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)船始(shi)得(de)再(zai)度(du)駛(shi)往(wang)金(jin)(jin)陵(ling)上(shang)(shang)(shang)游(you)。5月(yue),向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)派(pai)出(chu)(chu)陸(lu)隊(dui)(dui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)支,進(jin)(jin)扎江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)寧鎮(zhen)(zhen),清軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)水(shui)陸(lu)相依,腳跟漸穩,曾(ceng)多(duo)次(ci)(ci)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)敗太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)水(shui)師,破壞運輸船隊(dui)(dui),并(bing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)占蕪湖。紅(hong)(hong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)船還節節上(shang)(shang)(shang)駛(shi),最(zui)遠抵(di)達安(an)徽(hui)繁昌區境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)荻港,日益(yi)成(cheng)為(wei)威(wei)脅太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)天(tian)(tian)(tian)國(guo)首都天(tian)(tian)(tian)京(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心腹大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)患。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)期,江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)營(ying)清軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)金(jin)(jin)陵(ling)上(shang)(shang)(shang)游(you)打了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些勝仗,向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處境(jing)稍(shao)有改善,報給皇上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奏摺多(duo)次(ci)(ci)以600里奏捷,因(yin)而(er)朝廷(ting)對(dui)向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)也(ye)稍(shao)滿(man)意而(er)少訓斥了(le)。然(ran)而(er),清軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)營(ying)對(dui)天(tian)(tian)(tian)京(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威(wei)脅日益(yi)嚴重(時(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)京(jing)城(cheng)內(nei)糧(liang)食(shi)匱乏),終(zhong)(zhong)于迫使(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)京(jing)當局(ju)下(xia)(xia)決心從(cong)安(an)徽(hui)、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)(xi)戰(zhan)場調集重兵回(hui)(hui)救(jiu)。江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)營(ying)被(bei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)徹底摧毀也(ye)就為(wei)期不遠了(le)。1856年春(chun),從(cong)西(xi)(xi)征(zheng)戰(zhan)場調回(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)陸(lu)續(xu)到達天(tian)(tian)(tian)京(jing)外圍。摧毀江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)營(ying)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事行(xing)(xing)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu),是(shi)打通天(tian)(tian)(tian)京(jing)與(yu)鎮(zhen)(zhen)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通道(dao)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)京(jing)方面一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)面派(pai)出(chu)(chu)部隊(dui)(dui)沿江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)東(dong)攻(gong)(gong)(gong),同(tong)時(shi)(shi)約會鎮(zhen)(zhen)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)守將(jiang)吳如(ru)(ru)孝(xiao)(xiao)出(chu)(chu)城(cheng)西(xi)(xi)攻(gong)(gong)(gong),接應東(dong)進(jin)(jin)援(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)面對(dui)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)勢,與(yu)圍攻(gong)(gong)(gong)鎮(zhen)(zhen)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蘇巡(xun)撫(fu)吉(ji)(ji)爾抗阿商(shang)定(ding),由(you)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)營(ying)派(pai)兵阻(zu)擊金(jin)(jin)陵(ling)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)東(dong)下(xia)(xia),由(you)吉(ji)(ji)爾抗阿派(pai)兵阻(zu)擊鎮(zhen)(zhen)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)西(xi)(xi)進(jin)(jin)。2月(yue)1日,燕王秦日綱(gang)等率(lv)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)自天(tian)(tian)(tian)京(jing)東(dong)進(jin)(jin)至(zhi)(zhi)棲霞、龍潭一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)線(xian)(xian)(xian),清軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)頑強阻(zu)截(jie),多(duo)次(ci)(ci)激戰(zhan),互有勝負,雙方在(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)相持月(yue)余(yu)。與(yu)此(ci)同(tong)時(shi)(shi),吉(ji)(ji)爾抗阿軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)與(yu)吳如(ru)(ru)孝(xiao)(xiao)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)則相持于鎮(zhen)(zhen)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)以西(xi)(xi)之(zhi)高資。3月(yue)18日,太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)突破清軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)線(xian)(xian)(xian),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)兩軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)會師,秦日綱(gang)等率(lv)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)進(jin)(jin)入鎮(zhen)(zhen)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)。向(xiang)(xiang)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)把清軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)阻(zu)擊失敗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責任歸(gui)罪于前線(xian)(xian)(xian)指揮提督鄧紹良,并(bing)以總兵張國(guo)梁取代,繼續(xu)與(yu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)作(zuo)戰(zhan)。
4月2日(ri)(ri)夜,秦(qin)日(ri)(ri)綱等(deng)率太平(ping)軍(jun)(jun)由金山夜渡長(chang)江(jiang),進(jin)攻江(jiang)北大(da)營,清軍(jun)(jun)聞風大(da)潰,太平(ping)軍(jun)(jun)占領揚州(zhou),立即(ji)征集(ji)糧(liang)食,轉運鎮(zhen)江(jiang),并(bing)乘勝攻下(xia)儀征、浦(pu)(pu)口、江(jiang)浦(pu)(pu)等(deng)城(cheng),準備由浦(pu)(pu)口返回(hui)江(jiang)南。然向榮先后從江(jiang)南派出提督鄧紹良(liang)、總兵張國梁(liang)渡江(jiang)北援,并(bing)收復了浦(pu)(pu)口、江(jiang)浦(pu)(pu),阻塞(sai)了太平(ping)軍(jun)(jun)自(zi)浦(pu)(pu)口南渡之路(lu)。秦(qin)日(ri)(ri)綱等(deng)遂率太平(ping)軍(jun)(jun)主力東返瓜(gua)洲,稍事休整后南渡鎮(zhen)江(jiang)。
正(zheng)當向榮派(pai)兵支援(yuan)江(jiang)(jiang)北之(zhi)際,翼王石達開率大(da)軍(jun)自江(jiang)(jiang)西回(hui)援(yuan),經安徽占寧國(今宣城),分路(lu)進向天(tian)京外圍,聲言直(zhi)撲江(jiang)(jiang)南大(da)營(ying)。向榮聞訊,急忙從江(jiang)(jiang)北調張(zhang)國梁(liang)馳(chi)赴溧水,以阻(zu)擊石達開軍(jun)。正(zheng)在這時,秦日綱率領太(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)猛攻鎮(zhen)江(jiang)(jiang)外圍的九華山(shan)大(da)營(ying),吉爾抗阿兵敗身死,清軍(jun)大(da)潰。向榮又(you)令張(zhang)國梁(liang)從灤水馳(chi)援(yuan)鎮(zhen)江(jiang)(jiang)。這時向榮四面皆敵(di),顧(gu)此(ci)失彼,應接不暇,處(chu)境空前困難。同年6月13日,秦日綱等率太(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)從鎮(zhen)江(jiang)(jiang)外圍撤回(hui)金(jin)陵,駐(zhu)營(ying)觀音門、燕子(zi)磯一(yi)(yi)帶,張(zhang)國梁(liang)也率隊尾隨,趕回(hui)大(da)營(ying),15日,向榮聞溧水失守(shou),又(you)派(pai)張(zhang)國梁(liang)率隊馳(chi)救,以堵太(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)東進蘇、常之(zhi)路(lu)。正(zheng)當江(jiang)(jiang)南大(da)營(ying)東堵西潰、左支右絀之(zhi)際,太(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)各路(lu)主力已云(yun)集金(jin)陵東北郊,楊秀(xiu)清抓(zhua)住(zhu)有利戰(zhan)機,決(jue)定徹底摧(cui)毀(hui)江(jiang)(jiang)南大(da)營(ying)。面對太(tai)(tai)平(ping)(ping)軍(jun)的強大(da)攻勢,向榮一(yi)(yi)籌(chou)莫展,只得(de)從外圍各據(ju)點收縮兵力,增(zeng)防(fang)大(da)營(ying)。
向(xiang)榮大(da)(da)營扎于鐘山之陽(yang),與金陵城相隔5里(li),距孝陵衛3里(li)。17日太(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)開始進(jin)攻(gong),至19日,清軍(jun)(jun)仙鶴門營壘被占,退(tui)守青馬(ma)群。20日,太(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)發起總攻(gong),主(zhu)力進(jin)攻(gong)青馬(ma)群,一部出太(tai)平門直指(zhi)江南大(da)(da)營西翼,一部翻越(yue)鐘山拊大(da)(da)營之背,此時,城內的(de)太(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)也從通濟門,朝陽(yang)門(今(jin)中(zhong)山門)出擊,威脅大(da)(da)營退(tui)路(lu)。各路(lu)清軍(jun)(jun)抵擋不住(zhu),紛紛敗退(tui),向(xiang)榮、張國(guo)梁等遂(sui)放棄大(da)(da)營,經(jing)淳化鎮退(tui)守丹陽(yang)。江南大(da)(da)營被徹(che)底摧毀(hui)。
向榮自1853年春受任欽差大臣,建立(li)江(jiang)南大營以來(lai),歷時三(san)載,雖未能克復(fu)金陵,但對(dui)阻扼(e)太(tai)平(ping)軍向蘇、常發(fa)展,威脅天京太(tai)平(ping)軍的(de)安全,確也起到了一定的(de)作用。
向榮(rong)(rong)參加(jia)鎮(zhen)壓太平軍(jun)時(shi),年已(yi)60開外,精(jing)力已(yi)非往日(ri)可比(bi)。從前出隊(dui)打仗(zhang),他總是(shi)親臨(lin)前線督陣,自(zi)(zi)1854年秋后,老病交侵,其(qi)氣已(yi)衰(shuai),蟄居寓廬,步履艱難,不能騎馬(ma),出隊(dui)打仗(zhang),就一概(gai)委之于(yu)部將。1856年春,鎮(zhen)江九華山大(da)營潰敗,他焦(jiao)灼(zhuo)萬分,寢食俱廢;6月,大(da)營復潰,敗退丹(dan)(dan)陽,愧憤交加(jia),自(zi)(zi)謂英名掃(sao)地,終(zhong)于(yu)8月9日(ri)死(si)(si)于(yu)丹(dan)(dan)陽軍(jun)營(有說病死(si)(si),有說自(zi)(zi)縊(yi)死(si)(si))。向榮(rong)(rong)死(si)(si)后,清廷賞給一等(deng)輕車都尉世職,并追謚忠武(wu),以表彰他終(zhong)身鎮(zhen)壓農民起(qi)義,維護封(feng)建統治的功績。后其(qi)子向繼(ji)雄將其(qi)擔任欽(qin)差大(da)臣期間的奏摺,編纂(zuan)成《向榮(rong)(rong)奏稿》十二卷。
《清史(shi)稿》:粵匪初起,向榮與諸帥不和,致無(wu)(wu)(wu)成(cheng)功,援(yuan)桂林、長沙(sha),為(wei)時所稱,故文宗(zong)終用之(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)規江南(nan)也,近未破鎮江、瓜洲犄(ji)角之(zhi)(zhi)勢,遠(yuan)未清長江上游(you),無(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)制賊死命,數年支拄,暫保吳疆,固(gu)昧(mei)遠(yuan)猷,亦限(xian)兵力。和春(chun)繼克鎮江,又以(yi)援(yuan)浙分(fen)兵,垂成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)敗,禍更烈焉(yan)。張國梁一(yi)時健者(zhe),使盡(jin)其(qi)用,功不止此。善夫胡林翼之(zhi)(zhi)言曰:“未扼賊吭,江寧(ning)原難遽復。”觀湘軍之(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)成(cheng)功,與向榮、和春(chun)等之(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)蹉(cuo)跌,兵事固(gu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)幸焉(yan)者(zhe)矣。