黃芩(拉丁(ding)學名(ming):Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi),別名(ming)山茶根(gen)、土金茶根(gen),是唇(chun)形科黃芩屬多年生草本植物;肉(rou)質(zhi)根(gen)莖(jing)肥(fei)厚,葉堅紙質(zhi),披(pi)針形至(zhi)(zhi)線狀(zhuang)披(pi)針形,總(zong)狀(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)序在莖(jing)及枝上(shang)頂(ding)生,花(hua)(hua)(hua)冠紫(zi)、紫(zi)紅至(zhi)(zhi)藍色,花(hua)(hua)(hua)絲扁平,花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱細長,花(hua)(hua)(hua)盤環狀(zhuang),子房褐色,小堅果(guo)卵球(qiu)形,花(hua)(hua)(hua)果(guo)期7~9月(yue)。
黃芩生于向陽草坡地、休荒(huang)地上,海拔60~1300(1700~2000)米。產于黑龍江,遼寧,內蒙古,河北,河南(nan),甘(gan)肅,陜西,山西,山東,四川等(deng)地,中(zhong)國北方多數省(sheng)區都可種植。俄羅斯(si)東西伯利(li)亞,蒙古,朝鮮,日本均有(you)分布(bu)。模(mo)式標本采自俄羅斯(si)。
黃芩的根入藥(yao)(yao),味苦(ku)、性(xing)寒,有清(qing)熱(re)燥濕、瀉火解毒(du)、止(zhi)血(xue)、安胎(tai)等功效。主(zhu)治溫(wen)熱(re)病、上呼吸道感染、肺(fei)熱(re)咳(ke)嗽、濕熱(re)黃膽、肺(fei)炎、痢疾(ji)、咳(ke)血(xue)、目赤、胎(tai)動不(bu)安、高(gao)血(xue)壓、癰腫癤瘡等癥。黃芩的臨床抗菌性(xing)比黃連好(hao),而且不(bu)產生抗藥(yao)(yao)性(xing)。
生于向陽草坡地、休荒地上,海拔60~1300(1700~2000)米(mi)。
黃芩(qin)野(ye)生于山(shan)(shan)頂、山(shan)(shan)坡、林緣(yuan)、路旁等向陽較干(gan)燥的(de)(de)地方。喜溫暖,耐嚴寒,成年植株地下部分在-35℃低(di)溫下仍能安(an)全越(yue)冬,35℃高(gao)溫不(bu)(bu)致枯(ku)死(si),但不(bu)(bu)能經(jing)受(shou)40℃以上(shang)連(lian)續高(gao)溫天(tian)氣。耐旱怕澇(lao),地內積水或(huo)雨水過多,生長不(bu)(bu)良,重(zhong)者爛根死(si)亡。排水不(bu)(bu)良的(de)(de)土(tu)地不(bu)(bu)宜種(zhong)植。土(tu)壤(rang)以壤(rang)土(tu)和沙質壤(rang)士(shi),酸堿度以中性和微堿性為好,忌連(lian)作。
黃芩(qin)主要分布在山東、陜西(xi)、山西(xi)、甘肅四大產(chan)(chan)區,其中集中在山西(xi)絳(jiang)縣南(nan)凡鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、運城市(shi)夏縣瑤峰鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、新絳(jiang)縣萬安鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、萬榮(rong)縣、聞喜(xi)縣薛店鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)等(deng)地;陜西(xi)商洛(luo)、渭(wei)南(nan)臨渭(wei)區橋南(nan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、商州(zhou)市(shi)商州(zhou)區孝義鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、洛(luo)南(nan)縣景村(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、丹鳳縣棣花鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、商洛(luo)市(shi)夜村(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、丹鳳縣商鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)等(deng)地;山東沂蒙山區、莒(ju)縣庫山鄉(xiang)、萊蕪市(shi)茶葉(xie)口鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、富(fu)官莊鄉(xiang)等(deng)地;甘肅主產(chan)(chan)隴西(xi)、渭(wei)源、漳縣,次產(chan)(chan)岷縣、宕昌、河西(xi)等(deng)地。
黃芩(qin)主要(yao)分布中國內(nei)蒙(meng)中東部(bu)和東北三省(sheng)大部(bu),河北承(cheng)德,內(nei)蒙(meng)古(gu)赤峰等幾個最(zui)具規(gui)模的主產區,是中國北方(fang)野生中藥材的主要(yao)產地之一。
多年(nian)生草本;根莖肥厚,肉質(zhi),徑達(da)2厘(li)米(mi),伸長而分枝(zhi)(zhi)。莖基(ji)部(bu)伏地,上(shang)升(sheng),高30~120厘(li)米(mi),基(ji)部(bu)徑2.5-3毫米(mi),鈍四棱形(xing),具細條紋(wen),近無毛或被上(shang)曲至開展的微(wei)柔毛,綠色(se)或帶紫色(se),自基(ji)部(bu)多分枝(zhi)(zhi)。
葉(xie)堅紙質,披(pi)針(zhen)形至(zhi)線狀披(pi)針(zhen)形,長1.5~4.5厘米,寬0.5~1.2厘米,頂端鈍,基(ji)部圓形,全緣,上面(mian)暗(an)綠色,無毛(mao)或疏被貼生(sheng)至(zhi)開展(zhan)的微(wei)柔(rou)毛(mao),下(xia)(xia)面(mian)色較淡,無毛(mao)或沿中脈疏被微(wei)柔(rou)毛(mao),密被下(xia)(xia)陷(xian)的腺(xian)點,側脈4對,與中脈上面(mian)下(xia)(xia)陷(xian)下(xia)(xia)面(mian)凸出(chu);葉(xie)柄短(duan),長2毫米,腹凹背凸,被微(wei)柔(rou)毛(mao)。
花(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)在(zai)莖(jing)及枝上頂(ding)生,總狀(zhuang)(zhuang),長7~15厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),常再于(yu)莖(jing)頂(ding)聚成圓(yuan)錐花(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu);花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗長3毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),與序(xu)(xu)軸均被(bei)(bei)微柔(rou)毛(mao);苞片(pian)下(xia)部(bu)(bu)(bu)者似葉(xie),上部(bu)(bu)(bu)者遠較小(xiao),卵圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing),長4~11毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),近于(yu)無毛(mao)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)萼開花(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)長4毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),盾片(pian)高1.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),外(wai)面密(mi)被(bei)(bei)微柔(rou)毛(mao),萼緣被(bei)(bei)疏柔(rou)毛(mao),內(nei)面無毛(mao),果時(shi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)萼長5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),有高4毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的盾片(pian)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)冠紫、紫紅(hong)至(zhi)藍色,長2.3~3厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),外(wai)面密(mi)被(bei)(bei)具腺(xian)短(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao),內(nei)面在(zai)囊狀(zhuang)(zhuang)膨大處被(bei)(bei)短(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao);冠筒近基(ji)部(bu)(bu)(bu)明顯(xian)膝(xi)曲,中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)徑1.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),至(zhi)喉部(bu)(bu)(bu)寬(kuan)達6毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);冠檐2唇(chun)形(xing)(xing)(xing),上唇(chun)盔狀(zhuang)(zhuang),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)微缺,下(xia)唇(chun)中(zhong)(zhong)裂(lie)片(pian)三角狀(zhuang)(zhuang)卵圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),寬(kuan)7.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),兩側(ce)裂(lie)片(pian)向上唇(chun)靠合。雄蕊(rui)4,稍露出,前(qian)對(dui)(dui)較長,具半藥,退化半藥不明顯(xian),后對(dui)(dui)較短(duan),具全藥,藥室裂(lie)口具白(bai)色髯毛(mao),背(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)具泡狀(zhuang)(zhuang)毛(mao);花(hua)(hua)(hua)絲扁(bian)平(ping),中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)以下(xia)前(qian)對(dui)(dui)在(zai)內(nei)側(ce)后對(dui)(dui)在(zai)兩側(ce)被(bei)(bei)小(xiao)疏柔(rou)毛(mao)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱細長,先(xian)端(duan)(duan)銳尖,微裂(lie)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)盤環狀(zhuang)(zhuang),高0.75毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),前(qian)方(fang)稍增大,后方(fang)延伸成極短(duan)子房柄。子房褐色,無毛(mao)。
小堅果(guo)卵球形,高(gao)1.5毫米,徑1毫米,黑褐(he)色,具瘤,腹(fu)面近基部具果(guo)臍(qi)。花(hua)期7-8月,果(guo)期8-9月。
根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)的(de)生長:黃芩為直根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi),主(zhu)(zhu)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)在前三年生長正常,其主(zhu)(zhu)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)長度、粗度、鮮(xian)重(zhong)和(he)干重(zhong)均逐年增(zeng)加,主(zhu)(zhu)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)中黃芩苷含量較高。第四年以后,生長速度開始變慢,部分主(zhu)(zhu)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)開始出(chu)現枯(ku)(ku)心,以后逐年加重(zhong),八年生的(de)家重(zhong)黃芩幾乎所有主(zhu)(zhu)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)及較粗的(de)側根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)全部枯(ku)(ku)心,而且黃芩苷的(de)含量也(ye)大幅(fu)度降低。
莖(jing)、葉生長:出(chu)苗后(hou)(hou),主(zhu)莖(jing)逐(zhu)(zhu)漸長高,葉數逐(zhu)(zhu)漸增加,隨后(hou)(hou)形成分枝并(bing)現蕾、開花、結實。5~6月為莖(jing)葉生長期,一(yi)年生黃芩主(zhu)莖(jing)約可長出(chu)30對葉,其(qi)中前五(wu)對葉每(mei)4~6天長出(chu)1對,其(qi)后(hou)(hou)葉片每(mei)2~3天長出(chu)1對。
開(kai)(kai)花(hua)結果:一(yi)年(nian)生植株一(yi)般出(chu)苗后(hou)2個(ge)月開(kai)(kai)始(shi)(shi)現蕾,二年(nian)生及其以后(hou)的黃芩,多于返青出(chu)苗后(hou)70~80天開(kai)(kai)始(shi)(shi)現蕾,現蕾后(hou)10天左右開(kai)(kai)始(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)花(hua),40天左右果實(shi)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)(shi)成(cheng)熟,如環境條件適宜黃芩開(kai)(kai)花(hua)結實(shi)可持(chi)續到霜枯期。
采取種子直播時(shi),當幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)長(chang)到4厘(li)米高時(shi)要間去過密和瘦弱的小(xiao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao),按株距10厘(li)米定苗(miao)(miao)(miao)。育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)地不必間苗(miao)(miao)(miao)。
幼苗出土后,應及時松土除(chu)草(cao),并結合松土向幼苗四周(zhou)適當培土,保持疏松、無雜草(cao),一年(nian)需要除(chu)草(cao)3-4次。
苗(miao)高10-15厘米時,追肥1次,施(shi)(shi)(shi)用量為每(mei)畝(mu)用人畜糞(fen)水(shui)1500-2000千克(ke)(ke)。6月底(di)-7月初,每(mei)畝(mu)追施(shi)(shi)(shi)過(guo)磷(lin)酸鈣20千克(ke)(ke)、尿(niao)素5千克(ke)(ke),行間(jian)開溝(gou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)下,覆(fu)土(tu)后澆水(shui)。次年收獲的待植株枯萎(wei)后,于(yu)行間(jian)開溝(gou)每(mei)畝(mu)追施(shi)(shi)(shi)腐熟廄(jiu)肥2000千克(ke)(ke)、過(guo)磷(lin)酸鈣20千克(ke)(ke)、尿(niao)素5千克(ke)(ke)、草木灰(hui)150千克(ke)(ke),然后覆(fu)土(tu)蓋平。
黃芩耐旱怕澇,雨季需(xu)注意排水,田間不可(ke)積水,否則易(yi)爛根。遇嚴重干旱時或(huo)追肥后,可(ke)適當澆水。
在抽出花序前,將花梗減掉,可減少養分消耗,促使根系生長,提高產(chan)量(liang)。
種子繁殖:
⑴直播法
種子繁殖以直(zhi)播為主,直(zhi)播黃芩根系直(zhi),根叉少,商品(pin)(pin)外觀品(pin)(pin)質好,同時省工。
直播多于春(chun)季進行,一般在(zai)地(di)下5厘米地(di)溫穩(wen)定在(zai)12℃-15℃時播種,北(bei)方地(di)區多在(zai)4月上中(zhong)旬前后(hou)。
⑵育苗移栽法
育苗移(yi)栽法可(ke)節省種子(zi),延(yan)長生長時間(jian),利于確保全苗,但較為費工,同時移(yi)栽黃芩主根(gen)較短,根(gen)叉較多(duo),商品外(wai)觀品質(zhi)差(cha),一般在種子(zi)昂貴或者旱地(di)缺水直播難以出苗保苗時采用(yong)。
扦插繁殖(zhi):扦插雖可(ke)繁殖(zhi),但生產(chan)中很少采用。扦插成敗的關鍵在于扦插季節和(he)取條部分。扦插時間以春(chun)季5-6月份扦插成活率高。插條應(ying)選莖尖半木質化的幼嫩部分,扦插成活率可(ke)達90%以上。
分根(gen)繁殖(zhi):即挖取洞未萌(meng)發的3年生黃芩(qin)根(gen)莖,切取主根(gen)留(liu)供藥用,然后根(gen)據(ju)根(gen)莖生長的自然形狀分切成若(ruo)干塊,每塊有(you)芽眼2-3個即可(ke)栽種。分根(gen)繁殖(zhi)雖然生長快(kuai),但繁殖(zhi)系數(shu)太低,生產中很少(shao)采用。
病(bing)害有葉枯(ku)病(bing),可清潔(jie)田園(yuan),發(fa)端正(zheng)初期噴(pen)灑(sa)1:1:200波爾多(duo)液,或用50%多(duo)菌靈1000倍液防治(zhi)。
根腐病(bing),注意排(pai)水(shui),實行(xing)輪作;及早撥出病(bing)株燒毀,病(bing)株處(chu)土壤用石灰消毒(du)。
蟲(chong)害有(you)黃芩舞蛾,可用90%敵百蟲(chong)防治。
付方
性味:苦,寒。
①《本經(jing)》:味苦,平。
②《別(bie)錄》:大寒,無毒。
③《藥性論》:味苦甘(gan)。
歸經(jing):入心、肺、膽、大(da)腸經(jing)。
①《品匯精要》:行手太陰、陽明經。
②《綱目》:入手(shou)少(shao)陰(yin)、陽明,手(shou)足太陰(yin)、少(shao)陽六經。
③《雷公(gong)炮制藥性(xing)解》:入肺、大腸、膀胱、膽四經(jing)。
瀉(xie)實火,除濕(shi)熱,止血,安胎。治壯熱煩渴,肺熱咳嗽,濕(shi)熱瀉(xie)痢,黃疸(dan),熱淋,吐、衄、崩、漏(lou),目(mu)赤腫痛,胎動不安,癰腫疔瘡。
①《本經》:主諸熱黃疸,腸澼,泄利,逐水,下血閉,(治)惡瘡(chuang),疽(ju)蝕,火瘍。
②《別錄(lu)》:療(liao)痰熱(re),胃中(zhong)熱(re),小腹絞痛,消谷,利(li)小腸,女子血閉,淋(lin)露(lu)下血,小兒腹痛。
③陶弘景(jing):治奔(ben)豚,臍下(xia)熱痛。
④《藥性論》:能治(zhi)熱(re)毒,骨(gu)蒸(zheng),寒熱(re)往來,腸胃(wei)不利,破(po)壅(yong)氣,治(zhi)五淋,令(ling)人(ren)宣暢,去關節煩悶(men),解熱(re)渴,治(zhi)熱(re)腹中疞痛,心腹堅(jian)脹。
⑤《日華(hua)子本草》:下氣,主(zhu)天行(xing)熱(re)疾,疔瘡,排膿(nong)。治(zhi)乳癰(yong),發背(bei)。
⑥《珍(zhen)珠囊》:除(chu)陽有余(yu),涼心(xin)去熱(re),通寒格。
⑦李杲:治(zhi)發熱(re)口苦(ku)。
⑧《滇南(nan)本草》:上行瀉肺火,下(xia)行瀉膀胱火,(治)男子五淋,女子暴崩,調(diao)經清熱,胎有(you)火熱不安(an),清胎熱,除六(liu)經實(shi)火實(shi)熱。
⑨《綱目》:治風熱濕熱頭疼,奔豚熱痛,火咳,肺痿(wei)喉腥(xing),諸失(shi)血。
⑩《本草正》:枯者清(qing)(qing)上焦(jiao)之火,消痰(tan)利氣,定(ding)喘嗽(sou),止失血,退往(wang)來(lai)寒熱,風熱濕熱,頭痛,解瘟疫,清(qing)(qing)咽,療肺痿(wei)肺癰(yong),乳癰(yong)發背,尤祛肌(ji)表之熱,故(gu)治(zhi)斑疹、鼠瘺,瘡瘍、赤眼(yan);實者涼下焦(jiao)之熱,能除赤痢,熱蓄膀胱(guang),五淋澀痛,大(da)腸閉結,便血、漏(lou)血。
⑾《科學的民間(jian)藥草(cao)》:外洗創口,有防腐作用(yong)。
內(nei)服:煎湯,1~3錢;或入丸、散(san)。外(wai)用:煎水洗或研(yan)末(mo)撤(che)。
黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)根含黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)類化合物(wu):黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(baicalein),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)新素(su)(su)(neobaicalein),即(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)Ⅱ(skullcapflavoneⅡ),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)甙(dai)(dai)(baicalin),漢(han)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(wogonin),漢(han)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)甙(dai)(dai)(wogono-side),木蝴(hu)蝶素(su)(su)A(oroxylin,oroxylin A),7-甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(7-methoxbaic alein),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(skullcapflavone)Ⅰ,二氫木蝴(hu)蝶素(su)(su)A(dihydrooroxylin A),白(bai)(bai)楊素(su)(su)(chrysin),2,5,8-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-7-甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(2,5,8-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-flavone),2,5,8-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-6,7-二甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(2,5,8-trihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone),4,5,7-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-6-甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)烷(wan)(wan)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(4,5,7-trhydroxy-6-methoxyflavanone),2,3,5,6,7-五羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)烷(wan)(wan)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(2,3,5,6,7-pentahydroxyflavanone),漢(han)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)-5-β-D-葡(pu)(pu)萄(tao)糖(tang)(tang)甙(dai)(dai)(wogonin-5-β-D-glucoside),2-(3-羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-4-甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)苯基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji))-乙基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-1-O-α-L-鼠李糖(tang)(tang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(1→3)-β-D(4-阿魏酰基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji))-葡(pu)(pu)萄(tao)糖(tang)(tang)〔2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl-1-O-α-L-rhamnosyl(1→3)-β-D-(4-feruloyl)glucoside〕,白(bai)(bai)楊素(su)(su)-6-C-α-L-阿拉伯糖(tang)(tang)甙(dai)(dai)(chrysin-6-C-β-D-glucoside-8-C-β-L-arabinoside),白(bai)(bai)楊素(su)(su)-6-C-α-L-阿拉伯糖(tang)(tang)甙(dai)(dai)-8-C-β-D-葡(pu)(pu)萄(tao)糖(tang)(tang)甙(dai)(dai)(chrysin-6-C-α-L-arabi-noside-8-C-β-D-glucoside),(2S)-2,5,6,7-四(si)(si)羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)烷(wan)(wan)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)〔(2S)-25,6,7-terahydroxyflavanone〕,5,7,2,6-四(si)(si)羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2,6-tetrahydroxyflavone),5,8-二羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-6,7-二甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,8-dihydroxy-6,7-drimethoxyflavone),5,7,4-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-8-甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,4-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone),木蝴(hu)蝶素(su)(su)A-7-O-葡(pu)(pu)萄(tao)糖(tang)(tang)醛酸甙(dai)(dai)(oroxylinA-7-O-glucuronide),5,7,2-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2-trihyroxy-6-methoxyflavone),5,2-二羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-6,7,8-三(san)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,2-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyfla-vone),5-閎基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-7,8-二甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-flavone),去甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)漢(han)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(norwogonin),二氫黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)(dihydro-baicalin),5,7,2-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2-trihydroxyflavone),5,7,2-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-8,6-二甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2-trihydroxy-8,6-dimethoxyflavone),5,7,2,5-四(si)(si)羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-8,6-二甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)即(ji)粘(zhan)毛黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)Ⅲ(5,7,2,5-tetrahydroxy-8,6-dimethoxyflavone,vis-ciduiin Ⅲ,5,2,5-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)三(san)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,2,5-trihy-droxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)-7-O-β-D-吡(bi)喃葡(pu)(pu)萄(tao)糖(tang)(tang)甙(dai)(dai)(baicalein-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside),5,7,2-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-8-甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2-trhiyroxy-8-methoxyflavone),5,7,2,3-四(si)(si)羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2,3-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone),5,7,2,3-四(si)(si)閎基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2,3-tetrahydroxyflavone),3,5,7,2,5,6-五羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(3,5,7,2,5,6-pentahydroxyflavone)即(ji)粘(zhan)毛黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)Ⅰ(viscidulin Ⅰ),(2S)-7,2,6-三(san)羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-5-甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)烷(wan)(wan)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)〔(2S)-7,2,6-trihydroxy-5-methoxyflavanone〕,2,6,2,4-四(si)(si)羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)-6-甲(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)查爾酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(2,6,2,4-tetrahydroxy-6-methoxychalcone),5,7,2,5-四(si)(si)羥(qian)(qian)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酮(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(5,7,2,5-tetrahydroxyflavone),左旋圣草素(su)(su)(eriodictyol),半枝蓮種素(su)(su)(rivularin)及(ji)粘(zhan)毛黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)Ⅲ-2-O-β-D-吡(bi)喃葡(pu)(pu)萄(tao)糖(tang)(tang)甙(dai)(dai)(viscidulin Ⅲ-2-O-β-D-glucoplyranoside)等(deng)。另外還含β-谷(gu)甾醇(chun)(β-sitosterol),菜油甾醇(chun)(campesterol)及(ji)豆甾醇(chun)(stigmasterol)。
抗菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong):黃(huang)芩(qin)煎(jian)劑(ji)100%濃(nong)度,平(ping)板法試(shi)驗(yan),對(dui)(dui)痢(li)疾桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、傷(shang)(shang)寒桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、副傷(shang)(shang)寒桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、霍亂弧(hu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、大腸桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、變形桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、綠(lv)膿桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、葡萄球菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、溶(rong)血性(xing)璉球菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(a,B)、肺炎雙球菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、白喉桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)等有(you)(you)抑制(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。黃(huang)芩(qin)煎(jian)劑(ji)試(shi)管法試(shi)驗(yan)1:1280濃(nong)度可(ke)(ke)抑制(zhi)傷(shang)(shang)寒桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、溶(rong)血性(xing)鏈球菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)a,1:640濃(nong)度抑制(zhi)溶(rong)血性(xing)鏈球菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)B,肺炎雙球菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)及福氏痢(li)疾桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、人結核桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)H37,1:320濃(nong)度可(ke)(ke)抑制(zhi)霍亂弧(hu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、志賀氏痢(li)疾桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun);1:80濃(nong)度時宋內氏痢(li)疾桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)抑制(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。黃(huang)芩(qin)醇(chun)浸液0.5g/ml或0。05g/ml,用(yong)(yong)瓊脂(zhi)斜面(mian)培養,藥液與培養基1:1混合,對(dui)(dui)綠(lv)膿桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)抑制(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。黃(huang)芩(qin)醇(chun)浸液2g/ml濃(nong)度,平(ping)皿法試(shi)驗(yan)對(dui)(dui)大腸桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、桔(jie)草桿(gan)(gan)(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、金黃(huang)色葡萄球菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)抑制(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。黃(huang)芩(qin)煎(jian)劑(ji)、醇(chun)提劑(ji)1g/ml濃(nong)度,用(yong)(yong)平(ping)板法試(shi)驗(yan)時對(dui)(dui)腦(nao)膜炎球菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)均(jun)有(you)(you)抑作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。
抗真(zhen)菌(jun)作(zuo)用(yong):黃(huang)(huang)芩煎液,試管(guan)(guan)斜(xie)面法試驗(yan)4%濃(nong)度(du)抑制狗(gou)小牙胞菌(jun)及堇色毛(mao)癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun),8%濃(nong)度(du)抑制許(xu)蘭氏(shi)(shi)黃(huang)(huang)癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun),10%濃(nong)度(du)抑制許(xu)蘭氏(shi)(shi)黃(huang)(huang)癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)蒙古(gu)變種,15%濃(nong)度(du)抑制共心性(xing)毛(mao)癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)及鐵(tie)銹色毛(mao)癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)。黃(huang)(huang)芩水浸劑1:3濃(nong)度(du)在試管(guan)(guan)內對堇色毛(mao)癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)、同心性(xing)毛(mao)癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun),許(xu)蘭氏(shi)(shi)黃(huang)(huang)癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)、奧杜(du)盎氏(shi)(shi)小芽胞癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)、羊毛(mao)樣(yang)小芽胞癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)、紅(hong)色表皮癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)、K、W、氏(shi)(shi)表皮癬(xian)(xian)菌(jun)、星(xing)形奴卡氏(shi)(shi)菌(jun)等有不同程(cheng)度(du)抑菌(jun)作(zuo)用(yong)。
抗病(bing)毒作(zuo)用:黃(huang)芩煎(jian)劑25-100%濃度,體外試驗對乙型肝炎病(bing)毒DNA復制有抑制作(zuo)用。
抗炎(yan)(yan)抗變態反應(ying):黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)70%乙醇提取物200,500mg/kg灌(guan)胃(wei)黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素、黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)甙(dai)、漢黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素50,100mg/kg灌(guan)胃(wei),可抑制(zhi)醋酸引(yin)起的小(xiao)鼠(shu)腹(fu)腔滲出增加,對48/80(一種化(hua)(hua)合物名稱,Sigma生產)引(yin)起的大(da)鼠(shu)足腫也有(you)抑制(zhi)作用(yong),黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)70%乙醇提取物500mg/kg灌(guan)胃(wei),黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素、黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)甙(dai)及漢黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素100mg/kg灌(guan)胃(wei)對大(da)鼠(shu)佐劑性(xing)關(guan)節炎(yan)(yan)有(you)抑制(zhi)作用(yong)。黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)水提物100,200mg/kg灌(guan)胃(wei),對大(da)鼠(shu)被(bei)動(dong)皮(pi)膚過敏反應(ying)(PCA)有(you)抑制(zhi)作用(yong),但對氯化(hua)(hua)苦(ku)引(yin)起的小(xiao)鼠(shu)接(jie)觸皮(pi)炎(yan)(yan)(耳腫脹(zhang))無明(ming)顯影響。
對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)樞(shu)神經系統的作(zuo)(zuo)用:黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)煎(jian)(jian)劑(ji)4g/kg腹(fu)腔注射(she),對(dui)(dui)小鼠(shu)防御性(xing)條(tiao)件(jian)反(fan)射(she)可使陽性(xing)反(fan)射(she)時延長,而對(dui)(dui)非(fei)條(tiao)件(jian)反(fan)射(she)及分化無(wu)影響,說(shuo)明(ming)黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)可加強(qiang)皮層抑制過程。黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)煎(jian)(jian)劑(ji)2g/kg,對(dui)(dui)傷(shang)(shang)寒(han)混合(he)疫苗(miao)致熱(re)家兔(tu)有解熱(re)作(zuo)(zuo)用。但(dan)也有報道黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)水(shui)煎(jian)(jian)劑(ji)或(huo)酒浸劑(ji)5-9g/只灌胃,或(huo)2g/只im,均不能證(zheng)明(ming)黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)對(dui)(dui)傷(shang)(shang)寒(han)疫苗(miao)致熱(re)家兔(tu)有解熱(re)作(zuo)(zuo)用。
對(dui)心血管的(de)作用(yong)(yong):黃(huang)(huang)芩醇提(ti)液(ye)1g/kg靜(jing)脈(mo)注射,可使(shi)麻(ma)(ma)醉犬(quan)血壓(ya)下(xia)降(jiang)。黃(huang)(huang)芩煎劑(ji)0。06g/kg靜(jing)脈(mo)注射,對(dui)麻(ma)(ma)醉犬(quan)有明顯(xian)降(jiang)壓(ya)作用(yong)(yong)。黃(huang)(huang)芩素(su)20mg/kg靜(jing)脈(mo)注射,可使(shi)麻(ma)(ma)醉犬(quan)血壓(ya)下(xia)降(jiang)40-50%。黃(huang)(huang)芩浸劑(ji)灌胃/kg灌胃,3次/天,連續4周,使(shi)慢性腎(shen)(shen)性高血壓(ya)犬(quan)血壓(ya)下(xia)降(jiang),心率變(bian)慢。黃(huang)(huang)芩甙2×10(-4)mol/l,在豚鼠離(li)體主動脈(mo)條、肺動脈(mo)條、氣管條及右心房(fang)(fang)均(jun)(jun)有競爭性的(de)拮(jie)抗(kang)腎(shen)(shen)上(shang)腺(xian)素(su),去(qu)甲腎(shen)(shen)上(shang)腺(xian)素(su)及多巴(ba)胺引起的(de)收(shou)縮作用(yong)(yong),也拮(jie)抗(kang)異丙(bing)腎(shen)(shen)上(shang)腺(xian)素(su)舒(shu)張氣管和增加右心房(fang)(fang)自(zi)發頻率作用(yong)(yong),提(ti)示黃(huang)(huang)芩甙對(dui)a,B1,B2受體均(jun)(jun)有阻斷作用(yong)(yong)。
抗血(xue)(xue)(xue)小(xiao)板(ban)(ban)聚集(ji)(ji)及抗凝(ning)(ning):黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)、漢(han)黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)、千層紙素(su)A、黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)黃(huang)(huang)酮Ⅱ及白楊素(su)(chrysin)于濃度1。0mM時,均(jun)可抑(yi)制膠原誘(you)(you)導(dao)的(de)大(da)鼠血(xue)(xue)(xue)小(xiao)板(ban)(ban)聚集(ji)(ji),白楊素(su)對(dui)(dui)ADP誘(you)(you)導(dao)的(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)小(xiao)板(ban)(ban)聚集(ji)(ji)也(ye)有抑(yi)制作用,黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)及漢(han)黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)對(dui)(dui)花(hua)生四烯酸誘(you)(you)導(dao)的(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)小(xiao)板(ban)(ban)聚集(ji)(ji)也(ye)有抑(yi)制作用,黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)及黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)甙對(dui)(dui)凝(ning)(ning)血(xue)(xue)(xue)酶誘(you)(you)導(dao)的(de)纖(xian)維蛋(dan)(dan)白原轉化為纖(xian)維蛋(dan)(dan)白也(ye)抑(yi)制;黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)及黃(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)甙20,50mg/kg灌胃,對(dui)(dui)內(nei)毒素(su)誘(you)(you)導(dao)的(de)大(da)鼠彌漫性(xing)血(xue)(xue)(xue)管內(nei)凝(ning)(ning)血(xue)(xue)(xue),可以防止血(xue)(xue)(xue)小(xiao)板(ban)(ban)及纖(xian)維蛋(dan)(dan)白原含量(liang)的(de)降低(di)。
降(jiang)(jiang)血脂:黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)水浸液10%2ml/只(zhi)灌胃,連續給藥7周(zhou),可使(shi)膽(dan)(dan)固(gu)醇喂飼(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)家兔(tu)血清(qing)膽(dan)(dan)固(gu)醇含(han)量(liang)下降(jiang)(jiang)。黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素、黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)甙(dai)100mg/kg灌胃,可降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)實(shi)驗性高(gao)(gao)血脂大(da)鼠(shu)(shu)玉(yu)米油(you)-膽(dan)(dan)固(gu)醇-膽(dan)(dan)酸(suan)喂飼(si)血清(qing)游離(li)脂肪酸(suan)、甘(gan)油(you)三(san)酯及肝甘(gan)油(you)三(san)酯的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang),黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)黃(huang)酮Ⅱ100mg/kg灌胃,可降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)血清(qing)總膽(dan)(dan)固(gu)醇及肝甘(gan)油(you)三(san)酯的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang),增(zeng)加血清(qing)高(gao)(gao)密度脂蛋白-膽(dan)(dan)固(gu)醇(HDL-ch)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang),漢(han)黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素100mg/kg灌胃,可防(fang)止(zhi)肝甘(gan)油(you)三(san)酯的(de)(de)(de)(de)沉積(ji)并增(zeng)加血清(qing)HDL-ch的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang)。黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素、黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)甙(dai)100mg/kg灌胃,對乙醇引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)血脂大(da)鼠(shu)(shu),可降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)肝總膽(dan)(dan)固(gu)醇、游離(li)膽(dan)(dan)固(gu)醇及甘(gan)油(you)三(san)酯含(han)量(liang),漢(han)黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素能(neng)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)血清(qing)甘(gan)油(you)三(san)酯的(de)(de)(de)(de)水平(ping),黃(huang)芩(qin)(qin)素能(neng)增(zeng)加血清(qing)HDL-ch含(han)量(liang)。
保肝(gan)、利膽、抗氧(yang)化(hua):黃(huang)芩甲醇(chun)提(ti)取物1000mg/kg腹腔注(zhu)射(she),對異硫氰酸萘(nai)酯(zhi)(ANIT)引起(qi)的(de)大(da)鼠(shu)(shu)肝(gan)損害有(you)抑(yi)(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong),可抑(yi)(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)血清膽紅素的(de)增加(jia)。黃(huang)芩醇(chun)提(ti)物50,100mg/kg,黃(huang)芩甙(dai)50,100mg/kg灌胃,對家兔(tu)有(you)利膽作(zuo)用(yong)。漢黃(huang)芩素10(-4)-10(-6)mol/l濃度體(ti)(ti)外試驗,對大(da)鼠(shu)(shu)肝(gan)微粒體(ti)(ti)脂質(zhi)過(guo)氧(yang)化(hua)有(you)抑(yi)(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong),使丙二(er)醛(MDA)含量下(xia)降。黃(huang)芩素及黃(huang)芩甙(dai)2。5×10(-4)mol/l,1.0×10(-4)mol/l,漢黃(huang)芩素2.5×10(-4)mol/l,黃(huang)芩黃(huang)酮Ⅱ2。5×10(-4)mol/l,漢黃(huang)芩素-7-O-D葡萄糖醛酸2.5×10(-4)mol/l,1.0×10(-4)mol/l,對FeC12-維生(sheng)素C-ADP混合(he)物誘導的(de)大(da)鼠(shu)(shu)肝(gan)勻漿脂質(zhi)過(guo)氧(yang)化(hua)有(you)抑(yi)(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong),使肝(gan)MDA的(de)形成(cheng)顯著下(xia)降,對NADPH一ADP引起(qi)的(de)脂質(zhi)過(guo)氧(yang)化(hua)也抑(yi)(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)。
抗(kang)癌(ai):黃(huang)芩醚提物對小鼠白血(xue)病L1210細(xi)胞有細(xi)胞毒作(zuo)用,半數有效量(liang)為10.4mg/ml,黃(huang)芩黃(huang)酮Ⅱ對小鼠L1210細(xi)胞的半數有效量(liang)為1.5μg/ml,黃(huang)芩甙、黃(huang)芩素及漢黃(huang)芩素對L1210作(zuo)用不(bu)顯(xian)著。
其它(ta)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong):黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)10,20mg/kg靜(jing)脈注射,對(dui)(dui)麻醉犬有(you)利尿作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)煎劑4g/kg灌(guan)胃,對(dui)(dui)大(da)鼠(shu)(shu)半乳(ru)糖性(xing)白內(nei)(nei)障有(you)防治(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong),可(ke)延(yan)緩白內(nei)(nei)障的(de)(de)形成。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)甙對(dui)(dui)大(da)鼠(shu)(shu)晶體醛(quan)(quan)糖還原酶有(you)抑(yi)(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong),其ID50為(wei)1.81×10(-3)mg/ml。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)甙150mg/kg灌(guan)胃,對(dui)(dui)鏈黑(hei)霉素(su)(su)引起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)糖尿病(bing)大(da)鼠(shu)(shu)血糖水平(ping)無(wu)(wu)明(ming)顯(xian)下降,但(dan)紅(hong)細(xi)胞山梨醇含(han)量(liang)于治(zhi)療后顯(xian)著降低(di),提示(shi)在動物體內(nei)(nei)也有(you)抑(yi)(yi)制(zhi)醛(quan)(quan)糖酶的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong),有(you)可(ke)能用(yong)(yong)于糖尿病(bing)性(xing)并發癥(zheng)的(de)(de)防治(zhi)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)甙、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)及漢黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)50-125μg/ml對(dui)(dui)小(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)肝唾液酸(suan)酶有(you)抑(yi)(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)甙100mg/kg,葡萄糖醛(quan)(quan)酸(suan)43mg/kg皮(pi)下注射均可(ke)對(dui)(dui)抗(kang)士的(de)(de)寧引起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)小(xiao)鼠(shu)(shu)死亡,而甙元黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)素(su)(su)無(wu)(wu)效,認為(wei)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)甙水解(jie)后的(de)(de)葡萄糖醛(quan)(quan)酸(suan)起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)解(jie)毒(du)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)芩(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)對(dui)(dui)PGs的(de)(de)代謝有(you)較廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)影響,水提物對(dui)(dui)PGs的(de)(de)生物合成有(you)抑(yi)(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。
李時(shi)珍(zhen)生(sheng)于明朝嘉靖年(nian)間,自幼聰明伶俐,好學(xue)上進,小(xiao)小(xiao)年(nian)紀(ji)就(jiu)立志考(kao)取功名。光耀門庭(ting)。可是(shi)天有不測(ce)風云,在李時(shi)珍(zhen)十(shi)、六歲(sui)時(shi),他突患急病,咳(ke)嗽(sou)不止,并(bing)且久冶不愈。隨著(zhu)病情加劇,他每日吐痰碗余,煩、渴引飲,骨蒸勞熱,六脈浮(fu)洪,雖服用柴胡、麥冬、荊芥(jie)、竹瀝等解表退熱、潤肺清心、清熱化痰之劑卻(que)并(bing)無效果。方圓(yuan)百里的(de)名醫都束手無策,認(ren)為其(qi)已無藥可救。眼看(kan)小(xiao)時(shi)珍(zhen)生(sheng)命(ming)危在旦夕。
正在李時(shi)(shi)珍的(de)(de)(de)父母悲傷(shang)絕望之際,村子里來了一(yi)位(wei)從(cong)遠方云游到此的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)士,這位(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)人白發(fa)長(chang)髯,頗有一(yi)種仙風道(dao)(dao)(dao)骨的(de)(de)(de)味(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。聞言(yan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)人專治(zhi)疑(yi)難(nan)雜癥,小時(shi)(shi)珍的(de)(de)(de)父母急忙把道(dao)(dao)(dao)人請到家中(zhong)給(gei)他看病(bing)。道(dao)(dao)(dao)士給(gei)小時(shi)(shi)珍號了脈(mo)象(xiang)后,捋(lv)捋(lv)長(chang)髯說(shuo):“不妨,不妨,此病(bing)只(zhi)需服用黃芩(qin)30克(ke),加水兩盅,煎(jian)至一(yi)盅,服用半月(yue)即可痊愈(yu)。“時(shi)(shi)珍的(de)(de)(de)父母半信半疑(yi)地按方煎(jian)藥。奇跡出現了。半月(yue)之后,小時(shi)(shi)珍身熱(re)全(quan)退,痰多咳嗽的(de)(de)(de)癥狀也(ye)消失了,身體逐漸恢復健(jian)康(kang)。一(yi)味(wei)黃芩(qin)居(ju)然起到了立竿(gan)見(jian)影的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)療效果(guo)。
李(li)時(shi)(shi)珍(zhen)深(shen)感中(zhong)國醫(yi)學的(de)神(shen)奇,更對這(zhe)位(wei)身懷絕技的(de)道士(shi)欽佩不已(yi),從此,便跟隨道人刻苦鉆研醫(yi)學,讀遍歷代醫(yi)書,踏遍高山大川。功夫不負有心人,李(li)時(shi)(shi)珍(zhen)終(zhong)于(yu)在(zai)醫(yi)學上(shang)取得(de)了(le)巨大的(de)成就,成為(wei)醫(yi)林一代宗(zong)師。在(zai)他編著的(de)《本草(cao)綱目》中(zhong),李(li)時(shi)(shi)珍(zhen)對救了(le)他性命的(de)黃芩這(zhe)味中(zhong)藥推崇備加,稱之為(wei)“藥中(zhong)肯綮,如鼓(gu)應(ying)桴,醫(yi)中(zhong)之妙,有如此哉(zai)!