蜚(fei)聲中外的(de)唐代京(jing)師長(chang)安,以及(ji)東都(dou)洛(luo)陽,實(shi)際(ji)上都(dou)是在隋(sui)代建造的(de),創(chuang)建這兩(liang)座歷(li)史名城的(de)第一(yi)功(gong)臣是杰出的(de)建筑學家宇文愷。
宇文愷,字(zi)安樂,鮮(xian)卑(bei)族。西(xi)魏恭帝二年(nian)(555年(nian))生(sheng)于長安。他(ta)出(chu)生(sheng)在北(bei)朝(chao)后期一個顯赫的豪門(men)。
出生在這樣一個家庭中的(de)(de)宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷,二(er)歲時就(jiu)被贈爵雙泉縣(xian)伯,六歲時襲祖爵安(an)平郡公,但(dan)身在將門的(de)(de)宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷卻不(bu)好弓馬,而喜好讀書(shu)。《隋書(shu)》本傳說“愷少有器局。家世(shi)武將,諸兄(xiong)并(bing)以弓馬自(zi)達,愷獨好學(xue),博覽書(shu)記(ji),解屬文(wen)(wen),多(duo)伎藝,號為名父公子。”這段(duan)記(ji)載可(ke)窺知他為學(xue)的(de)(de)大(da)致情況。
北周(zhou)末,宇(yu)(yu)文愷(kai)累遷右侍上士、御正中大(da)(da)夫、儀同三司。大(da)(da)象二年(nian)(580年(nian)),楊堅任北周(zhou)宰(zai)相后,宇(yu)(yu)文愷(kai)又被任命為上開府、匠師(shi)中大(da)(da)夫。據《唐六典》卷二三“將作(zuo)都水(shui)監”記(ji)載:“后周(zhou)有(you)匠師(shi)中大(da)(da)夫一人(ren),掌城(cheng)郭、宮室之制及諸器物度量。”又據考證,北周(zhou)設有(you)“匠師(shi)中大(da)(da)夫,一人(ren),正五命”。因此可以推知,當時(shi)年(nian)輕的宇(yu)(yu)文愷(kai)已經(jing)在建筑科(ke)學和工(gong)程管理方面嶄露鋒芒(mang)。
581年,楊堅建(jian)立隋朝,是為隋文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)。為了鞏(gong)固自己的(de)(de)(de)統治地位,他大肆誅殺北(bei)周宗(zong)室(shi)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)氏,以清除北(bei)周殘余勢力。宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷原(yuan)也被定入(ru)誅殺之列。由(you)于宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷家族與北(bei)周宗(zong)室(shi)有(you)別(bie),二(er)兄宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)忻又(you)擁戴(dai)隋文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)有(you)功,加上(shang)他本人的(de)(de)(de)才華深得隋文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)賞識(shi),因而方幸免一死。隋文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)“修宗(zong)廟”,宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷被起(qi)用(yong),任營(ying)宗(zong)廟副監、太(tai)子左庶子,負責宗(zong)廟的(de)(de)(de)興修事務。宗(zong)廟建(jian)成(cheng)后,被加封(feng)為甑山縣公,邑千戶,隨后投入(ru)了隋代都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)大興城(cheng)(cheng)(今西安(an)城(cheng)(cheng))的(de)(de)(de)營(ying)建(jian)工(gong)程。隋朝建(jian)立之時,仍承(cheng)襲北(bei)周以長(chang)安(an)城(cheng)(cheng)為京都(dou)。長(chang)安(an)城(cheng)(cheng)始建(jian)于漢(han)代,已有(you)近(jin)八(ba)百(bai)年的(de)(de)(de)歷史,城(cheng)(cheng)市已顯得過(guo)于狹小,宮(gong)宇(yu)(yu)亦(yi)多朽蠹,加上(shang)供水(shui)、排水(shui)嚴重不(bu)暢,污水(shui)往往聚(ju)而不(bu)泄,生活(huo)(huo)用(yong)水(shui)受到嚴重污染(ran),已經不(bu)能適應社會發展和人們生活(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)需要。因此(ci),隋文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)嫌其“制(zhi)度狹小,又(you)宮(gong)內(nei)多妖異(yi)”,通(tong)直散騎常侍庾季才也奏云:“漢(han)營(ying)此(ci)城(cheng)(cheng),經今將(jiang)八(ba)百(bai)歲(sui),水(shui)皆咸(xian)鹵,不(bu)甚宜人。”于是決定另建(jian)新(xin)都(dou)。
開(kai)皇二年(nian)(582年(nian))六月,隋(sui)文(wen)帝(di)下(xia)詔(zhao)(zhao)(zhao):“此城(cheng)從漢,凋殘(can)日久,屢為戰場,舊(jiu)經喪亂。今(jin)(jin)(jin)之(zhi)宮(gong)室,事(shi)(shi)近權宜,又(you)非(fei)謀筮從龜,瞻(zhan)星揆(kui)日,不(bu)足(zu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)皇王之(zhi)邑,合大(da)(da)眾所聚”,“今(jin)(jin)(jin)區宇(yu)寧(ning)一,陰陽順序,安安以遷,勿懷胥怨。龍首山川原秀麗(li),卉物滋阜,卜食相土,宜建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)都(dou)邑,定鼎之(zhi)基永固,無窮(qiong)之(zhi)業在(zai)斯。公私府宅,規模(mo)遠近,營構資費,隨(sui)事(shi)(shi)條奏。”隋(sui)文(wen)帝(di)下(xia)詔(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)于是“詔(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)左(zuo)仆(pu)射(she)高颎、將作(zuo)大(da)(da)匠劉龍、巨(ju)鹿郡公賀婁子干、太府少(shao)卿(qing)高龍叉(cha)等創造(zao)新(xin)都(dou)”。“以太子左(zuo)庶(shu)子宇(yu)文(wen)愷有(you)巧思,領營新(xin)都(dou)副監”。時(shi)高颎雖為大(da)(da)監,不(bu)過總領大(da)(da)綱,而規模(mo)計劃皆(jie)出自宇(yu)文(wen)愷。由于楊(yang)堅在(zai)北周時(shi)曾被封(feng)為大(da)(da)興郡公,故新(xin)都(dou)命名為大(da)(da)興城(cheng)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)陜(shan)西西安)。開(kai)皇三年(nian),新(xin)都(dou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng),而倉廩尚虛,需要(yao)大(da)(da)量(liang)轉(zhuan)運關東(dong)米粟,渭(wei)水(shui)多沙,不(bu)便漕運。四年(nian),下(xia)詔(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)興建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)漕渠,令宇(yu)文(wen)愷率領水(shui)工鑿(zao)渠,引渭(wei)水(shui)通(tong)(tong)黃河,自大(da)(da)興城(cheng)東(dong)至潼關三百余里,名叫廣通(tong)(tong)渠。渠成(cheng)后(hou),轉(zhuan)運便利,隋(sui)唐關中的富庶(shu)頗得(de)益于此。其后(hou),他受(shou)到(dao)其兄(xiong)宇(yu)文(wen)忻被殺事(shi)(shi)件的牽(qian)連,一度(du)罷(ba)官(guan)居家(jia)。開(kai)皇十(shi)三年(nian),隋(sui)文(wen)帝(di)要(yao)在(zai)岐州(今(jin)(jin)(jin)陜(shan)西鳳翔)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)仁(ren)壽宮(gong),經右仆(pu)射(she)楊(yang)素(su)推薦,文(wen)帝(di)任命愷為檢校將作(zuo)大(da)(da)匠,后(hou)又(you)拜為仁(ren)壽宮(gong)監、將作(zuo)少(shao)監。在(zai)楊(yang)素(su)主持下(xia),仁(ren)壽宮(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)得(de)非(fei)常(chang)華麗(li),成(cheng)為隋(sui)文(wen)帝(di)經常(chang)臨幸的別(bie)宮(gong)。
開皇(huang)十三年(593年)二月,隋(sui)文(wen)帝(di)令楊(yang)素在岐州(今陜西鳳翔)北(bei)營造仁(ren)(ren)壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。楊(yang)素以宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)(kai)有巧思(si),“奏前萊州刺史宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)(kai)檢校將作(zuo)大匠”,負(fu)責仁(ren)(ren)壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工程的籌劃和設計(ji)。“于是(shi)夷山(shan)堙(yin)谷以立宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian),崇臺(tai)累榭,宛轉相屬”,整個宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian)區“制(zhi)度壯麗”,是(shi)一組極其(qi)雄偉的宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian)建筑群。開皇(huang)十五年三月,仁(ren)(ren)壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建成,宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)(kai)被任(ren)命為仁(ren)(ren)壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)監(jian),授(shou)儀同三司,接著又被任(ren)命為將作(zuo)少(shao)監(jian)。
仁壽二年(602年)八月,隋文(wen)帝皇(huang)(huang)(huang)后獨孤(gu)氏卒。閏十月,楊素和宇(yu)文(wen)愷受命營(ying)造皇(huang)(huang)(huang)陵太陵。獨孤(gu)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)后葬后,宇(yu)文(wen)愷復爵安平郡公(gong),邑千戶。
仁壽四年(nian)七月,隋煬(yang)(yang)帝楊廣繼位(wei)。鑒于大興(xing)城位(wei)置偏西,又水(shui)陸交通不便,也為了更(geng)進一步加強對河(he)北(bei)、山東以及江淮地(di)區的控制,決(jue)定在(zai)洛(luo)陽故都附近建造新城,作為東京(jing)(jing)。十一月癸丑,隋煬(yang)(yang)帝在(zai)巡幸洛(luo)陽時下詔說,洛(luo)陽的地(di)理位(wei)置“控以三河(he),固以四塞,水(shui)陸通,貢賦(fu)等”,“今(jin)可于伊、洛(luo)營建東京(jing)(jing),便即設官分職(zhi),以為民(min)極(ji)也”。
據《隋書·煬(yang)帝(di)紀》記載(zai),大(da)(da)業元(yuan)年(605年)三月丁(ding)未,隋煬(yang)帝(di)“詔尚書令楊(yang)素(su)、納(na)言楊(yang)達、將(jiang)作大(da)(da)匠宇(yu)文愷(kai)營(ying)建(jian)東(dong)(dong)(dong)京(jing)(jing),徙豫州(zhou)郭下居人(ren)(ren)以(yi)實之(zhi)”。又據《資治通鑒》卷一八零記載(zai),“每(mei)月,役丁(ding)二百萬人(ren)(ren)。徙洛州(zhou)郭內居民,及諸州(zhou)富(fu)商大(da)(da)賈數(shu)萬戶以(yi)實之(zhi)”。大(da)(da)業二年春正月辛酉,“東(dong)(dong)(dong)京(jing)(jing)成”,其(qi)營(ying)建(jian)過程前后僅歷十(shi)個(ge)月,是(shi)又一座在短時(shi)間內經(jing)周密規劃、設計、建(jian)造而成的大(da)(da)型城市。在營(ying)建(jian)東(dong)(dong)(dong)京(jing)(jing)時(shi),宇(yu)文愷(kai)“揣帝(di)心在宏(hong)侈,于(yu)是(shi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)京(jing)(jing)制(zhi)度窮極壯麗”。故此(ci)宇(yu)文愷(kai)博(bo)得(de)隋煬(yang)帝(di)的歡(huan)心,被進(jin)位開(kai)府儀同三司。其(qi)間,宇(yu)文愷(kai)還受命在河南(nan)(nan)(nan)郡壽安縣(今河南(nan)(nan)(nan)宜陽(yang))營(ying)造顯(xian)仁(ren)宮,“南(nan)(nan)(nan)接(jie)皁澗(jian),北跨洛濱”,為此(ci),曾“發大(da)(da)江之(zhi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)、五嶺以(yi)北奇材(cai)異石(shi),輸之(zhi)洛陽(yang);又求海內嘉木異草,珍禽奇獸,以(yi)實園苑”。
隋(sui)煬帝(di)楊廣即位后(hou),要營(ying)建(jian)(jian)洛陽,又(you)以(yi)愷(kai)為(wei)(wei)營(ying)東都(dou)副監,后(hou)遷將(jiang)作大(da)匠(jiang)。宇文愷(kai)把東都(dou)建(jian)(jian)筑得極其壯麗,因此被升為(wei)(wei)工部尚(shang)書。他(ta)曾(ceng)經(jing)建(jian)(jian)造大(da)帳(zhang),帳(zhang)下(xia)可以(yi)容納(na)(na)數千人(ren)。又(you)造觀(guan)風行殿,殿上(shang)可以(yi)容納(na)(na)侍(shi)衛數百人(ren),行殿下(xia)裝(zhuang)輪軸,可以(yi)迅速(su)拆(chai)卸(xie)和(he)(he)拼合。他(ta)曾(ceng)建(jian)(jian)議按古(gu)制(zhi)建(jian)(jian)筑明(ming)堂(tang),“下(xia)為(wei)(wei)方(fang)堂(tang),堂(tang)有(you)(you)五(wu)室,上(shang)為(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)觀(guan),觀(guan)有(you)(you)四門”,并(bing)曾(ceng)用木料(liao)制(zhi)作了(le)模型。雖然(ran)沒有(you)(you)興建(jian)(jian),卻表現了(le)他(ta)的巧思(si)和(he)(he)學識(shi)的淵博。大(da)業八年(612年),宇文愷(kai)卒。
宇文愷(kai)在建(jian)筑(zhu)學(xue)(xue)方面的著述有《東都圖(tu)記》20卷,《明堂圖(tu)議(yi)》2卷,《釋疑》1卷,均見行于世。但除《明堂圖(tu)議(yi)》的部分內(nei)容保存在《隋(sui)書·宇文愷(kai)傳》、《北史(shi)·宇文貴傳》和《資治通(tong)鑒》等史(shi)籍中外,其(qi)他的后來(lai)都亡(wang)佚了,這實是建(jian)筑(zhu)學(xue)(xue)史(shi)上的一(yi)大(da)損失(shi)。
政治、經濟、文化中心
大興(xing)城(cheng)的營(ying)建,史稱(cheng)“制度多出于高颎”,“高颎雖總大綱,凡所規(gui)畫,皆出于愷”。宋代(dai)的宋敏(min)求在《長安志》中(zhong)也說在隋大興(xing)城(cheng)興(xing)建時,“命(ming)左(zuo)仆射高颎總領(ling)其事,太(tai)子(zi)左(zuo)庶子(zi)宇(yu)文(wen)愷創制規(gui)模,將作大匠劉龍(long)、工部尚書巨(ju)鹿郡公賀(he)樓(婁)子(zi)干、大(太(tai))府少卿(qing)尚龍(long)義并(bing)充使(shi)營(ying)建”。可見高颎主(zhu)要是(shi)提出都城(cheng)的總的制度,并(bing)負(fu)責(ze)總的施(shi)建方針,而具(ju)體(ti)的規(gui)劃(hua)、設計(ji)則是(shi)由(you)宇(yu)文(wen)愷完(wan)成的,其他(ta)的副使(shi)主(zhu)要是(shi)協助負(fu)責(ze)施(shi)工和材料管理諸(zhu)事務。
大興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),不是(shi)在舊有基(ji)礎(chu)上進行改建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、擴建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi),而是(shi)在短時間內按周(zhou)密規劃(hua)(hua)興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嶄(zhan)新城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)。全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由(you)宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)組(zu)成,先建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),后(hou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),最(zui)后(hou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。開(kai)皇(huang)二年(nian)(582年(nian))六月(yue)(yue)開(kai)始興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),十二月(yue)(yue)基(ji)本竣工(gong)(gong)命名(ming)大興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),次(ci)年(nian)三月(yue)(yue)即正式遷入使(shi)用,前后(hou)僅九個(ge)月(yue)(yue),其(qi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)速(su)度(du)之快實(shi)令(ling)人驚嘆。整個(ge)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規劃(hua)(hua)、設(she)(she)計(ji)、人力、物力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)和(he)(he)管(guan)理(li)都應(ying)是(shi)相(xiang)當(dang)精細和(he)(he)嚴謹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在規劃(hua)(hua)設(she)(she)計(ji)和(he)(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)施工(gong)(gong)中(zhong),還得考慮地形、水(shui)源、交通、軍事防(fang)御、環境美化、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)管(guan)理(li)、市(shi)場供需等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配套(tao),以(yi)及都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)作為政治、軍事、經濟、文化中(zhong)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點等諸多方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素,解決(jue)一(yi)系列復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。因此(ci)大興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)標(biao)志著當(dang)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)國(guo)所達(da)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟和(he)(he)科學技術水(shui)平。
有(you)人(ren)曾(ceng)列舉世(shi)(shi)界(jie)古(gu)代(dai)十座城(cheng)市的面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)進行比(bi)較:(1)隋大興城(cheng)(唐長(chang)安城(cheng)),583年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)84.1平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(2)北魏洛陽城(cheng),493年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)擴建(jian)(jian),面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)100平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(3)明清北京(jing)城(cheng),1421—1553年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)60.2平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(4)元(yuan)大都(dou)(dou),1267年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)50平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(5)隋唐東京(jing)(洛陽城(cheng)),605年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)45.2平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(6)明南京(jing),1366年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)43平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(7)漢長(chang)安(內城(cheng)),建(jian)(jian)于公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前202年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)35平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(8)巴格達,800年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)30.44平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(9)羅馬,300年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)13.68平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(10)拜占庭,447年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)11.99平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。從上(shang)所(suo)列可以看到,中國古(gu)代(dai)都(dou)(dou)市的規模之(zhi)大在(zai)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上(shang)是無與倫比(bi)的。
大興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)規劃(hua)吸(xi)取(qu)了(le)曹魏鄴城(cheng)(cheng)(故址在(zai)今河北臨漳鄴鎮(zhen)東)、北魏洛陽(yang)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)經驗,在(zai)方整(zheng)對稱(cheng)的(de)原則(ze)下,沿著南北中軸線,將(jiang)宮城(cheng)(cheng)和(he)皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)置于全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)主要地位,郭(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)則(ze)圍繞在(zai)宮城(cheng)(cheng)和(he)皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)東、西(xi)、南三面。分(fen)(fen)區整(zheng)齊(qi)(qi)明(ming)確,象征著皇(huang)權(quan)的(de)威嚴,充分(fen)(fen)體(ti)現了(le)中國古代(dai)京都規劃(hua)和(he)布局(ju)(ju)的(de)獨特風格,反映了(le)統(tong)治者專(zhuan)制集權(quan)的(de)思想和(he)要求。特別是把宮室、官署區與居(ju)住區嚴格分(fen)(fen)開(kai),是一(yi)大創新。北宋(song)呂大防在(zai)《隋(sui)都城(cheng)(cheng)圖》題記中,曾稱(cheng)贊大興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)布局(ju)(ju)思想:“隋(sui)氏設都,雖不(bu)能盡(jin)循先(xian)王之(zhi)法(fa),然畦分(fen)(fen)棋布,閭巷皆中繩(sheng)墨(mo),坊有墉(yong),墉(yong)有門(men),逋亡奸偽(wei)無所(suo)容足。而朝廷官寺,居(ju)民(min)市區不(bu)復相參,亦一(yi)代(dai)之(zhi)精制也。”清(qing)代(dai)徐(xu)松也說:“自兩漢以(yi)后,至于晉、齊(qi)(qi)、梁(liang)、陳,并(bing)有人家(jia)在(zai)宮闕之(zhi)間。隋(sui)文(wen)帝(di)以(yi)為不(bu)便于事,于是皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)內惟列(lie)府寺,不(bu)使(shi)雜居(ju),公私有辨,風俗齊(qi)(qi)整(zheng),實(shi)隋(sui)文(wen)之(zhi)新意(yi)也。”
在大(da)興城(cheng)的(de)規劃和(he)興建(jian)中,對(dui)于(yu)環(huan)境美化(hua)和(he)給排水(shui)(shui)問題,也(ye)給予了(le)高度的(de)重視。整個城(cheng)址位于(yu)渭水(shui)(shui)南(nan)(nan)岸,西傍灃(feng)河(he),東(dong)依灞水(shui)(shui)、浐水(shui)(shui),南(nan)(nan)對(dui)終南(nan)(nan)山。根據(ju)其(qi)地理環(huan)境和(he)河(he)道情況,開鑿了(le)三(san)條(tiao)(tiao)水(shui)(shui)渠(qu)引水(shui)(shui)入(ru)城(cheng)。城(cheng)南(nan)(nan)為永安渠(qu)和(he)清(qing)明(ming)渠(qu),城(cheng)東(dong)為龍首(shou)渠(qu),龍首(shou)渠(qu)又分出兩(liang)條(tiao)(tiao)支渠(qu)。三(san)條(tiao)(tiao)水(shui)(shui)渠(qu)都分別流經(jing)宮苑(yuan)再注入(ru)渭水(shui)(shui),不但可以解決(jue)給排水(shui)(shui)問題,而(er)且(qie)可以進行生活物(wu)資的(de)運輸(shu)。水(shui)(shui)渠(qu)兩(liang)岸種植有柳(liu)樹,形成了(le)“渠(qu)柳(liu)條(tiao)(tiao)條(tiao)(tiao)水(shui)(shui)面齊”的(de)宜人景色。城(cheng)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)還開辟有曲(qu)江“芙蓉(rong)園”,其(qi)“花卉周(zhou)環(huan),煙水(shui)(shui)明(ming)媚,都人游賞盛于(yu)中秋(qiu)節。江側菰(gu)蒲蔥翠(cui),柳(liu)蔭四合(he),碧波紅蕖,湛然可愛”,是全城(cheng)的(de)風(feng)景區(qu)和(he)旅(lv)游區(qu)。
在(zai)大興(xing)城的規劃(hua)、設計中,也還存在(zai)著嚴(yan)重(zhong)的缺(que)陷。其(qi)突出者(zhe)有三:
其(qi)一是沒有很好地考慮當時社會發展的需求(qiu)(qiu),城市(shi)規模過大,超越(yue)了時代(dai)的要求(qiu)(qiu)。其(qi)城南(nan)四(si)列(lie)里坊,經(jing)過隋唐(tang)兩代(dai)三百多年的時間(jian),始終沒有多少住戶,非(fei)常冷落荒涼。正如(ru)宋敏求(qiu)(qiu)所說:“自(zi)朱(zhu)雀門南(nan)第六橫街以南(nan),率無居(ju)人第宅。”其(qi)注又云:“自(zi)興善寺(si)以南(nan)四(si)坊,東西(xi)盡(jin)郭,雖有居(ju)者,煙(yan)火不接(jie),耕(geng)墾種植,阡陌相連。”
其(qi)二是大(da)興城(cheng)的道(dao)路(lu)雖然很寬,但全是土路(lu),雨雪時泥(ni)濘不堪,難以(yi)通行,有(you)時連上朝(chao)都(dou)得停止。為了排水(shui),路(lu)面都(dou)是中間較(jiao)高,兩(liang)側有(you)寬、深各兩(liang)米多的水(shui)溝,但由于城(cheng)內地(di)形起伏較(jiao)大(da),排水(shui)仍有(you)困難,以(yi)致(zhi)暴雨后常(chang)有(you)坊墻倒塌(ta),居民(min)溺(ni)死(si)的事故(gu)發生(sheng)。
其三是在(zai)漕運(yun)方面也存在(zai)著較大的問題。有時漕運(yun)不通,即造成糧(liang)食供(gong)應匱乏。為此,終于釀成了都城(cheng)的東遷。
在當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)社會、經濟、科技條(tiao)件下,大興(xing)城(cheng)有(you)(you)如(ru)此規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)建設和成就,是值得(de)人們贊(zan)頌的(de)(de)(de)(de)。大興(xing)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計和布局思想,不但對(dui)中(zhong)國后(hou)世的(de)(de)(de)(de)都市建設有(you)(you)著(zhu)很(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響,而且對(dui)日本(ben)、朝鮮的(de)(de)(de)(de)都市建設也有(you)(you)著(zhu)深刻(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。如(ru)日本(ben)飛鳥、奈良時代的(de)(de)(de)(de)都城(cheng)藤原京、平(ping)城(cheng)京,就是仿效大興(xing)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)布局特點而建造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。平(ping)城(cheng)京東(dong)西三十二町,南北(bei)三十六町,每隔四町均有(you)(you)大路相通,形成整(zheng)齊有(you)(you)序的(de)(de)(de)(de)棋盤狀。宮城(cheng)也是位(wei)于城(cheng)北(bei)正中(zhong),四周以官衙和貴族邸第圍(wei)繞,明顯地體現著(zhu)大興(xing)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征。
又謂(wei)“新(xin)都”。是隋唐時期僅僅次(ci)于大興(長安)的(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)它位于漢(han)魏洛陽城(cheng)之西(xi)約十(shi)(shi)(shi)公里(li),北(bei)依邙(mang)山,南對龍門(men),地(di)理位置十(shi)(shi)(shi)分優越。正如李吉甫所(suo)說:“北(bei)據邙(mang)山,南直伊闕(que)之口,洛水(shui)貫(guan)之,有(you)河(he)漢(han)之象,東(dong)去故(gu)城(cheng)一十(shi)(shi)(shi)八里(li)。”由于水(shui)陸交通方便,自(zi)隋代至北(bei)宋,一直作為都城(cheng),成為一個政治、經濟(ji)和交通的(de)(de)中心。
東京的營(ying)建(jian)是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)浩(hao)大(da)(da)(da)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程。據《隋(sui)書(shu)·食(shi)貨志》記載(zai)(zai):“始建(jian)東都(dou)(dou),以(yi)尚書(shu)令楊素為營(ying)作大(da)(da)(da)監(jian),每月役丁二(er)(er)百萬(wan)人(ren)。”《大(da)(da)(da)業(ye)雜記》中(zhong)記載(zai)(zai):“初衛尉劉權(quan)、秘書(shu)丞韋萬(wan)頃總(zong)監(jian)筑宮城(cheng)(cheng),一(yi)(yi)時布兵夫,周匝四(si)面,有(you)七(qi)十(shi)萬(wan)人(ren)。城(cheng)(cheng)周匝兩重,延袤三十(shi)余(yu)里,高四(si)十(shi)六(liu)尺(chi)。六(liu)十(shi)日成(cheng)。其(qi)內(nei)諸殿基及(ji)諸墻院,又役十(shi)余(yu)萬(wan)人(ren)。直東都(dou)(dou)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)監(jian)常役八(ba)十(shi)萬(wan)人(ren),其(qi)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)、瓦(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)、金工(gong)(gong)(gong)、石工(gong)(gong)(gong)又役十(shi)余(yu)萬(wan)人(ren)。”唐(tang)初張玄素曾對(dui)唐(tang)太宗言(yan)及(ji)他所(suo)見營(ying)建(jian)東都(dou)(dou)的情況(kuang),說:“臣又嘗見隋(sui)室造殿,楹(ying)棟宏壯,大(da)(da)(da)木(mu)非隨(sui)近所(suo)有(you),多從(cong)豫章(今江西境)采來。二(er)(er)千(qian)人(ren)曳一(yi)(yi)柱,其(qi)下施轂,皆(jie)以(yi)生(sheng)鐵為之,若用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)木(mu)輪,便即火出。鐵轂既(ji)生(sheng),行一(yi)(yi)二(er)(er)里即有(you)破壞,仍數百人(ren)別赍鐵轂以(yi)隨(sui)之,終日不過(guo)進三二(er)(er)十(shi)里。略計一(yi)(yi)柱,已用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)數十(shi)萬(wan)功,則余(yu)費又過(guo)于此。”從(cong)這些記載(zai)(zai),可(ke)以(yi)看到其(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)量的大(da)(da)(da)致狀況(kuang)。建(jian)造大(da)(da)(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)的用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)狀況(kuang),雖(sui)缺(que)乏史料記載(zai)(zai),但參照有(you)關東京的記載(zai)(zai),當與東京的用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)數量相當。
東(dong)(dong)京規(gui)模(mo)略(lve)小于大(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。據勘探,它(ta)的(de)東(dong)(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)7312米(mi),南城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)7290米(mi),北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)6138米(mi),西城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)6776米(mi),總(zong)計(ji)周長(chang)(chang)(chang)27516米(mi),合(he)55里。平面(mian)呈南寬北(bei)窄的(de)不(bu)規(gui)則長(chang)(chang)(chang)方(fang)形。全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)亦是由宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所構(gou)成。洛(luo)水由西而(er)東(dong)(dong)穿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)而(er)過,把城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分為南北(bei)二區。由于地形的(de)關系,東(dong)(dong)京不(bu)似大(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)那(nei)樣(yang)強(qiang)調南北(bei)中軸(zhou)線和完全對稱的(de)布(bu)局方(fang)式,其宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建于西北(bei)部,但(dan)整(zheng)個規(gui)劃力求方(fang)正、整(zheng)齊,仍與大(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相似。
東(dong)京洛陽(yang)城的營建
開鑿廣通渠工程
營建東京是宇文愷(kai)(kai)在城(cheng)(cheng)市建設方面的另(ling)一(yi)個重大成就。開(kai)皇四(si)年(584年)六(liu)月,宇文愷(kai)(kai)又受命(ming)負責開(kai)鑿(zao)廣(guang)(guang)通(tong)(tong)渠(qu)(qu)工程。據記(ji)載:“隋主以(yi)渭水多沙,深淺不(bu)常,漕(cao)者(zhe)苦之”,“詔太子(zi)左庶(shu)子(zi)宇文愷(kai)(kai)帥(shuai)水工鑿(zao)渠(qu)(qu),引渭水,自(zi)大興城(cheng)(cheng)東至潼關三(san)百余(yu)里,名(ming)曰(yue)廣(guang)(guang)通(tong)(tong)渠(qu)(qu)。漕(cao)運通(tong)(tong)利,關內賴(lai)之。”其后,宇文愷(kai)(kai)出(chu)任萊(lai)州(今山(shan)東掖(ye)縣)刺史,“甚有能名(ming)”。
開皇六年閏八(ba)月,宇(yu)(yu)文愷之(zhi)二兄上柱(zhu)國(guo)(guo)、杞國(guo)(guo)公宇(yu)(yu)文忻因謀(mou)反(fan)被誅,宇(yu)(yu)文愷也受(shou)株連(lian)而解職,“除名于家,久不得(de)調”。
宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)名紫微城(cheng)(cheng),宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)位于(yu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)中軸線的(de)北(bei)部,“東(dong)西四(si)里(li)(li)一百(bai)(bai)八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)步,南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)二里(li)(li)八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五步,周一十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三里(li)(li)二百(bai)(bai)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一步,其崇四(si)丈八(ba)尺(chi)(chi),以象北(bei)辰藩衛。實測(ce)東(dong)西長2820.3米(含掖庭宮(gong)),南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)寬1492.1米。城(cheng)(cheng)內有墻把宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)隔成三部分(fen)(fen)。宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)內有乾陽殿(dian)(dian)、大(da)(da)業(ye)殿(dian)(dian)等數十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)座殿(dian)(dian)、閣(ge)、堂(tang)、院,極其富(fu)麗堂(tang)皇。中部是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)興(xing)宮(gong),由大(da)(da)興(xing)殿(dian)(dian)等數十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)座殿(dian)(dian)臺(tai)樓閣(ge)組成,是(shi)(shi)皇帝(di)起居、聽(ting)政的(de)場所。東(dong)部為東(dong)宮(gong),專供太子(zi)居住(zhu)和辦理(li)政務。西部為掖庭宮(gong),是(shi)(shi)安置宮(gong)女(nv)學(xue)習(xi)技藝的(de)地(di)方。李(li)吉甫稱:“(東(dong)京)宮(gong)室(shi)臺(tai)殿(dian)(dian),皆宇文愷所創(chuang)也(ye)。愷巧思絕倫,因(yin)此(ci)制造頗(po)窮(qiong)(qiong)奢(she)麗,前代都(dou)邑(yi)莫之比(bi)焉。”其中以乾陽殿(dian)(dian)最(zui)為奢(she)華(hua),是(shi)(shi)皇帝(di)舉行大(da)(da)典(dian)和接(jie)待重要外國使團(tuan)的(de)地(di)方。“殿(dian)(dian)基高九尺(chi)(chi),從地(di)至鴟(chi)尾(wei)(房(fang)脊(ji)兩端的(de)獸)高一百(bai)(bai)七十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尺(chi)(chi),十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三間二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九架,三陛軒。文掍(gun)鏤檻,欒櫨百(bai)(bai)重,楶拱千構,云(yun)楣繡(xiu)柱,華(hua)榱璧珰,窮(qiong)(qiong)軒甍之壯(zhuang)麗。其柱大(da)(da)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)圍,倚井垂(chui)蓮,仰(yang)之者眩(xuan)曜。南(nan)(nan)(nan)軒垂(chui)以珠絲(si)網絡,下(xia)(xia)不(bu)至地(di)七尺(chi)(chi),以防飛鳥。四(si)面周以軒廊,坐宿衛兵。”“殿(dian)(dian)庭東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)西南(nan)(nan)(nan)各(ge)有重樓,一懸(xuan)鐘(zhong),一懸(xuan)鼓,刻(ke)漏即在樓下(xia)(xia),隨(sui)刻(ke)漏則鳴鐘(zhong)鼓。”宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)正門則天門,“門上飛觀(guan)相夾,門外即朝(chao)堂(tang)”。因(yin)其太奢(she),致武德(de)四(si)年(621年)唐高祖(zu)李(li)淵(yuan)令人焚毀另(ling)建(jian)。
形如偃月,謂之月陂
宮(gong)城西(xi)面是上林西(xi)苑(yuan),又名(ming)會(hui)通(tong)苑(yuan),在(zai)今洛(luo)(luo)陽(yang)澗西(xi)一帶。據《大業(ye)雜記》記載:“(大業(ye))元年夏五月(yue)(yue)西(xi)苑(yuan),周二百里,其內造十六(liu)院,屈曲繞龍鱗溝。”苑(yuan)內引澗河匯水(shui)(shui)成(cheng)海,周十余里,海中造蓬萊(lai)、方(fang)丈、瀛洲三(san)神山,高(gao)出水(shui)(shui)面百余尺,臺觀殿(dian)閣(ge)布置在(zai)山上,風景(jing)非常壯觀。緣渠作十六(liu)院,門皆臨渠,堂(tang)殿(dian)樓觀,極為(wei)華麗。為(wei)了引洛(luo)(luo)水(shui)(shui)入苑(yuan),宇文(wen)愷(kai)還修筑了月(yue)(yue)陂(po)。據李吉甫《元和郡縣圖志》卷(juan)五記載:“洛(luo)(luo)水(shui)(shui),在(zai)(洛(luo)(luo)陽(yang))縣西(xi)南三(san)里。西(xi)自苑(yuan)內上陽(yang)之(zhi)南彌漫東(dong)流,宇文(wen)愷(kai)筑斜堤束令(ling)東(dong)北流。當(dang)水(shui)(shui)沖,捺堰九折,形如偃(yan)月(yue)(yue),謂(wei)之(zhi)月(yue)(yue)陂(po)。”
宮城的(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)北面為含(han)嘉(jia)(jia)城,城里為含(han)嘉(jia)(jia)倉(cang)(cang),是一(yi)座貯藏糧食(shi)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)型(xing)國家糧倉(cang)(cang)。據《大(da)(da)業(ye)雜記》記載:“大(da)(da)業(ye)元年,煬帝建東(dong)(dong)都洛陽,在(zai)宮城東(dong)(dong)建含(han)嘉(jia)(jia)倉(cang)(cang)。”據1969年以來的(de)(de)考(kao)古發掘(jue),含(han)嘉(jia)(jia)城的(de)(de)總面積約43萬平(ping)方米(mi),四(si)面有城墻,城墻為挖槽夯筑而成。在(zai)倉(cang)(cang)城的(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)北和偏南(nan)地(di)區,勘探出大(da)(da)小(xiao)不等的(de)(de)圓(yuan)(yuan)形或橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形的(de)(de)地(di)下(xia)糧窖(jiao)(jiao)287座,估計全(quan)城的(de)(de)地(di)下(xia)糧窖(jiao)(jiao)應(ying)在(zai)400座以上。由(you)于東(dong)(dong)京(jing)漕運方便,又在(zai)含(han)嘉(jia)(jia)城內(nei)儲藏了(le)(le)大(da)(da)量(liang)糧食(shi),避(bi)免了(le)(le)大(da)(da)興城發生糧荒(huang)的(de)(de)問題(ti),使其糧食(shi)供應(ying)得到了(le)(le)保障。
皇城(cheng)(cheng)名太微(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(又稱子城(cheng)(cheng)),亦(yi)稱南(nan)(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)、寶城(cheng)(cheng),在(zai)宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)面(mian),由一條橫街(jie)與(yu)宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)相隔,“東西五里(li)(li)一十七步(bu)(bu),南(nan)(nan)北三(san)里(li)(li)二(er)百九(jiu)十八步(bu)(bu),周(zhou)一十三(san)里(li)(li)二(er)百五十步(bu)(bu),高三(san)丈(zhang)七尺。實測東西長與(yu)宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)相同,南(nan)(nan)北寬(kuan)為1843.6米。其城(cheng)(cheng)曲折,以象南(nan)(nan)宮(gong)(gong)垣”。皇城(cheng)(cheng)是軍政機構和(he)宗(zong)廟的所(suo)在(zai)地(di)。“城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)南(nan)(nan)北七街(jie),東西五街(jie)。左宗(zong)廟,右社稷。百僚廨(xie)署(shu)列于(yu)其間,凡(fan)省六,寺九(jiu),臺一,監四,衛十有八。東宮(gong)(gong)官(guan)屬,凡(fan)府一,坊三(san),寺三(san),率府十”。
郭(guo)城(cheng)稱羅(luo)郭(guo)城(cheng)、羅(luo)城(cheng)、京城(cheng),隋時僅筑(zhu)有短垣(yuan),一(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo):“東西一(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)里(li)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)一(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)步(bu)(bu),南(nan)北(bei)(bei)一(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)里(li)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)七十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)步(bu)(bu),周六十(shi)(shi)(shi)七里(li),其崇一(yi)(yi)丈八(ba)尺(chi)”,實測東西長9721 米,南(nan)北(bei)(bei)寬8651.7米。全城(cheng)由南(nan)北(bei)(bei)向大(da)街(jie)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)條(tiao),東西向大(da)街(jie)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四條(tiao),劃分(fen)為一(yi)(yi)百(bai)零八(ba)個里(li)坊(fang)和(he)兩個商(shang)市,形成棋盤(pan)型的(de)(de)布局。白居易有詩云:“百(bai)千家(jia)似圍棋局,十(shi)(shi)(shi)二街(jie)如種菜畦。”既(ji)形象又貼切地描繪(hui)了(le)大(da)興(xing)城(cheng)的(de)(de)布局特(te)征(zheng)。二說(shuo)(shuo):“東西五(wu)千六百(bai)十(shi)(shi)(shi)步(bu)(bu),南(nan)北(bei)(bei)五(wu)千四百(bai)七十(shi)(shi)(shi)步(bu)(bu)”,實測南(nan)北(bei)(bei)最長處(chu)7312米,東西最寬處(chu)7290米。全城(cheng)縱橫大(da)街(jie)各(ge)十(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)寬41米,把全城(cheng)劃分(fen)為“里(li)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)三(san),市三(san)”。這些里(li)坊(fang)分(fen)布在北(bei)(bei)區(qu)的(de)(de)東部(bu)和(he)整個南(nan)區(qu),其中(zhong)南(nan)區(qu)的(de)(de)里(li)坊(fang)與(yu)街(jie)道最整齊。里(li)坊(fang)平面(mian)(mian)作方(fang)形或長方(fang)形,面(mian)(mian)積比大(da)興(xing)城(cheng)的(de)(de)里(li)坊(fang)略小(xiao),坊(fang)內辟(pi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)字形街(jie)道。由于里(li)坊(fang)小(xiao)街(jie)道窄,臨街(jie)開門(men)的(de)(de)住宅隨之增多,這樣就使城(cheng)內各(ge)部(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)關系(xi)顯得(de)比較緊(jin)湊。
城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)街(jie)(jie)(jie)道(dao)都(dou)很寬(kuan)。通向(xiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門的(de)(de)(de)街(jie)(jie)(jie)道(dao)之寬(kuan)度都(dou)在百(bai)米(mi)(mi)以上(shang);最(zui)寬(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)界(jie)于(yu)宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之間的(de)(de)(de)橫街(jie)(jie)(jie),寬(kuan)達220米(mi)(mi)以上(shang);位(wei)于(yu)南北中(zhong)軸線上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)主干(gan)道(dao)朱雀大(da)(da)街(jie)(jie)(jie)寬(kuan)150 米(mi)(mi);不(bu)通城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門的(de)(de)(de)街(jie)(jie)(jie)道(dao)寬(kuan)42—68米(mi)(mi);最(zui)窄的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)四周沿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻內(nei)側的(de)(de)(de)順城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)街(jie)(jie)(jie),寬(kuan)25米(mi)(mi)。里(li)坊都(dou)筑有(you)(you)(you)坊墻,坊中(zhong)也有(you)(you)(you)街(jie)(jie)(jie)道(dao)。大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)里(li)坊四面開四個坊門,中(zhong)辟十字街(jie)(jie)(jie);小的(de)(de)(de)里(li)坊開東西二門,有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)條橫街(jie)(jie)(jie)。這些縱橫相(xiang)交的(de)(de)(de)街(jie)(jie)(jie)道(dao)形成一(yi)個交通網絡,井然有(you)(you)(you)序(xu)。各(ge)大(da)(da)街(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)兩側都(dou)開有(you)(you)(you)排水溝(gou),街(jie)(jie)(jie)道(dao)兩旁(pang)植(zhi)以榆、槐為主的(de)(de)(de)行道(dao)樹,株行距整齊劃(hua)一(yi),使道(dao)路成為寬(kuan)廣筆直的(de)(de)(de)林蔭大(da)(da)道(dao),為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市增添了風采。
大興宮的(de)建造(zao)布(bu)局天(tian)人合一,從(cong)(cong)六坡的(de)高度(du)看,地(di)勢從(cong)(cong)北(bei)到南漸(jian)次(ci)降低(di)。那么(me)宮城所處的(de)位置(zhi)則(ze)相(xiang)對較(jiao)低(di)。不把宮城設置(zhi)在(zai)最(zui)高處另有(you)原委。根據天(tian)上(shang)(shang)星(xing)宿的(de)位置(zhi),最(zui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)尊(zun)貴(gui)的(de)紫(zi)薇宮居(ju)于(yu)北(bei)天(tian)中央,它以(yi)北(bei)極(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中樞,東、西兩藩共(gong)有(you)十(shi)五(wu)顆星(xing)環抱(bao)著它。紫(zi)薇宮即(ji)皇(huang)(huang)宮的(de)意思(si),皇(huang)(huang)帝貴(gui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)子,地(di)上(shang)(shang)的(de)君(jun)主(zhu)和(he)天(tian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)星(xing)宿應該相(xiang)對應,應此,只能把皇(huang)(huang)宮布(bu)置(zhi)在(zai)北(bei)邊中央位置(zhi)。而且(qie)北(bei)有(you)渭河相(xiang)倚,從(cong)(cong)防衛角度(du)看,也(ye)具安全性。
但是(shi)這種追求理(li)念的(de)設(she)計似(si)乎也有缺(que)陷(xian)。隋代(dai)的(de)皇(huang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)——大(da)(da)興宮(gong)(gong)(gong)到(dao)唐(tang)(tang)朝繼續沿用,只是(shi)改名太(tai)極宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。而太(tai)極宮(gong)(gong)(gong)很(hen)(hen)快(kuai)就被大(da)(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)所(suo)取代(dai),究其原因,就是(shi)應為(wei)(wei)太(tai)極宮(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)勢較低(di),而長(chang)安(an)城盛(sheng)夏(xia)氣溫很(hen)(hen)高(gao),使得(de)住在太(tai)極宮(gong)(gong)(gong)有“湫濕感”。為(wei)(wei)此(ci)從秦至(zhi)唐(tang)(tang),每逢夏(xia)季,統治(zhi)者都要(yao)到(dao)夏(xia)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)去避暑。唐(tang)(tang)太(tai)宗選定長(chang)安(an)城北禁苑(yuan)中龍首(shou)高(gao)地(di),營造(zao)大(da)(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong),為(wei)(wei)太(tai)上皇(huang)消夏(xia)的(de)夏(xia)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。后(hou)來(lai)唐(tang)(tang)高(gao)宗李治(zhi)又(you)接著以為(wei)(wei)完(wan)成(cheng)的(de)大(da)(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎,進(jin)行大(da)(da)規模的(de)再建(jian)工(gong)程。大(da)(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)正殿含(han)元殿建(jian)成(cheng)后(hou),唐(tang)(tang)高(gao)宗便(bian)正式在大(da)(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)聽政(zheng)。此(ci)后(hou)二百余年,大(da)(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)都是(shi)唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)朝會之所(suo),成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)唐(tang)(tang)王朝的(de)統治(zhi)中心和國家(jia)象(xiang)征。
宇文愷的(de)(de)一生(sheng),主要是擔任營(ying)造(zao)方(fang)面的(de)(de)高級官員(yuan),主持過(guo)許(xu)多(duo)(duo)大型的(de)(de)建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng),起著相(xiang)當(dang)于工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總指揮、總設計(ji)(ji)師和(he)總工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師的(de)(de)作用(yong)。他(ta)在建(jian)筑方(fang)面取得了許(xu)多(duo)(duo)重大的(de)(de)成就,有(you)些成就甚至(zhi)具有(you)劃時(shi)(shi)代的(de)(de)意義。但(dan)也(ye)應該指出(chu)的(de)(de)是,在他(ta)設計(ji)(ji)和(he)主持的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中,除了開鑿廣通渠,客觀上(shang)有(you)利(li)于國(guo)計(ji)(ji)民生(sheng)外,其(qi)余大多(duo)(duo)是為了滿足(zu)統(tong)治者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)統(tong)治需(xu)要,尤其(qi)是宮殿(dian)建(jian)筑,不顧勞民傷財,取悅帝王(wang)。如營(ying)造(zao)仁壽宮時(shi)(shi),“役使嚴急,丁夫多(duo)(duo)死(si)(si)(si),疲頓顛(dian)仆(pu),推填坑坎,覆以土石,因(yin)而(er)筑為平地(di)。死(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)以萬(wan)數”,“時(shi)(shi)天(tian)暑,役夫死(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)相(xiang)次于道,楊素悉焚除之”。營(ying)建(jian)東京時(shi)(shi),他(ta)“揣帝心在宏侈(chi),于是東京制度(du)窮極(ji)壯麗(li)”。“東京官吏督(du)役嚴急,役丁死(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)什四五,所司(si)以車載死(si)(si)(si)丁,東至(zhi)城(cheng)皋(今河南滎陽),北至(zhi)河陽(今河南孟縣南),相(xiang)望于道”。長城(cheng)之役,“死(si)(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)十五六(liu)”。建(jian)仁壽宮和(he)東京的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng),宇文愷雖(sui)掛的(de)(de)是副職,但(dan)他(ta)是實際的(de)(de)負責者(zhe)(zhe),因(yin)此功過(guo)與(yu)他(ta)都有(you)直(zhi)接(jie)的(de)(de)關(guan)系。