蜚(fei)聲中外的(de)唐(tang)代(dai)京師(shi)長安(an),以及東都洛陽,實(shi)際上都是(shi)(shi)在隋代(dai)建造的(de),創建這兩座歷史名(ming)城的(de)第一功臣是(shi)(shi)杰(jie)出的(de)建筑學家宇文愷(kai)。
宇文愷(kai),字安(an)樂,鮮卑族。西魏恭帝二年(555年)生于長(chang)安(an)。他出生在(zai)北朝后期一(yi)個顯赫的(de)豪門。
出生在(zai)這(zhe)樣一(yi)個家庭(ting)中的宇(yu)文愷(kai),二(er)歲(sui)(sui)時就(jiu)被(bei)贈爵(jue)雙泉縣伯,六歲(sui)(sui)時襲祖爵(jue)安平郡公(gong),但(dan)身在(zai)將(jiang)門(men)的宇(yu)文愷(kai)卻不好(hao)(hao)弓(gong)馬(ma),而喜好(hao)(hao)讀書(shu)。《隋(sui)書(shu)》本傳說(shuo)“愷(kai)少有(you)器局。家世武將(jiang),諸兄并以弓(gong)馬(ma)自(zi)達,愷(kai)獨好(hao)(hao)學,博覽(lan)書(shu)記(ji),解屬文,多伎藝(yi),號為名父公(gong)子。”這(zhe)段(duan)記(ji)載可窺(kui)知他為學的大致情況(kuang)。
北(bei)周末,宇文(wen)愷(kai)累遷右侍上(shang)士、御正中(zhong)(zhong)大(da)夫、儀同三(san)司。大(da)象二(er)年(580年),楊堅任北(bei)周宰相后(hou),宇文(wen)愷(kai)又被任命為上(shang)開府、匠(jiang)師中(zhong)(zhong)大(da)夫。據《唐(tang)六典》卷(juan)二(er)三(san)“將作都水監”記載:“后(hou)周有匠(jiang)師中(zhong)(zhong)大(da)夫一人(ren),掌城郭、宮室(shi)之(zhi)制及諸器物度量(liang)。”又據考證,北(bei)周設有“匠(jiang)師中(zhong)(zhong)大(da)夫,一人(ren),正五命”。因此可以推知(zhi),當時年輕的宇文(wen)愷(kai)已經在建筑科(ke)學和(he)工程(cheng)管理方面嶄露鋒芒(mang)。
581年,楊堅建(jian)立隋朝,是(shi)為(wei)隋文(wen)(wen)帝。為(wei)了鞏固自己(ji)的(de)統治地位,他大(da)(da)肆誅殺北(bei)周(zhou)宗室宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)氏,以清(qing)除北(bei)周(zhou)殘(can)余(yu)勢力。宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)原也(ye)被(bei)(bei)定入(ru)誅殺之列。由于(yu)宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)家族與北(bei)周(zhou)宗室有別(bie),二兄宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)忻又擁戴(dai)隋文(wen)(wen)帝有功,加(jia)上(shang)他本(ben)人的(de)才(cai)華深得(de)隋文(wen)(wen)帝的(de)賞識,因(yin)(yin)而方幸(xing)免一死(si)。隋文(wen)(wen)帝“修宗廟”,宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)被(bei)(bei)起用,任營宗廟副監、太子左庶子,負(fu)責宗廟的(de)興修事務。宗廟建(jian)成后,被(bei)(bei)加(jia)封為(wei)甑山縣(xian)公,邑千(qian)戶(hu),隨(sui)后投入(ru)了隋代都城(cheng)大(da)(da)興城(cheng)(今西(xi)安(an)(an)城(cheng))的(de)營建(jian)工程。隋朝建(jian)立之時(shi),仍承襲北(bei)周(zhou)以長(chang)(chang)安(an)(an)城(cheng)為(wei)京(jing)都。長(chang)(chang)安(an)(an)城(cheng)始建(jian)于(yu)漢代,已(yi)有近八百(bai)年的(de)歷史,城(cheng)市已(yi)顯得(de)過(guo)于(yu)狹小,宮宇(yu)亦多朽(xiu)蠹,加(jia)上(shang)供水(shui)(shui)、排水(shui)(shui)嚴(yan)重不暢,污水(shui)(shui)往往聚(ju)而不泄,生(sheng)活用水(shui)(shui)受(shou)到嚴(yan)重污染(ran),已(yi)經不能適應社會發展和人們生(sheng)活的(de)需要。因(yin)(yin)此,隋文(wen)(wen)帝嫌(xian)其“制度狹小,又宮內多妖異”,通直散騎常侍庾季才(cai)也(ye)奏云:“漢營此城(cheng),經今將(jiang)八百(bai)歲,水(shui)(shui)皆咸鹵,不甚宜人。”于(yu)是(shi)決定另建(jian)新都。
開皇(huang)(huang)(huang)二年(nian)(582年(nian))六月(yue),隋(sui)(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)下(xia)詔:“此(ci)城(cheng)從漢(han),凋殘日(ri)久,屢為戰場,舊經(jing)(jing)喪亂。今(jin)之(zhi)宮(gong)室(shi),事(shi)(shi)近(jin)權宜,又非(fei)(fei)謀筮從龜,瞻(zhan)星揆日(ri),不(bu)足建(jian)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)王之(zhi)邑,合大(da)眾所聚”,“今(jin)區(qu)宇(yu)寧一,陰陽順序,安安以遷,勿懷胥怨。龍(long)首(shou)山川(chuan)原(yuan)秀(xiu)麗(li),卉物滋阜,卜食相土,宜建(jian)都(dou)邑,定(ding)鼎之(zhi)基永(yong)固(gu),無窮(qiong)之(zhi)業在斯。公私府(fu)宅,規(gui)模(mo)遠近(jin),營(ying)構資費,隨事(shi)(shi)條奏。”隋(sui)(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)下(xia)詔于(yu)是“詔左(zuo)仆射高颎、將(jiang)作(zuo)大(da)匠(jiang)劉(liu)龍(long)、巨鹿(lu)郡公賀婁子干(gan)、太(tai)府(fu)少卿高龍(long)叉(cha)等(deng)創造(zao)新都(dou)”。“以太(tai)子左(zuo)庶子宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)愷(kai)(kai)有巧思,領營(ying)新都(dou)副(fu)監(jian)”。時(shi)高颎雖為大(da)監(jian),不(bu)過總領大(da)綱,而(er)規(gui)模(mo)計劃皆出自(zi)宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)愷(kai)(kai)。由于(yu)楊(yang)堅在北周時(shi)曾被封為大(da)興(xing)郡公,故(gu)新都(dou)命名為大(da)興(xing)城(cheng)(今(jin)陜西西安)。開皇(huang)(huang)(huang)三(san)年(nian),新都(dou)建(jian)成,而(er)倉(cang)廩尚虛(xu),需(xu)要大(da)量(liang)轉運(yun)關東米粟,渭水(shui)(shui)(shui)多沙,不(bu)便漕運(yun)。四年(nian),下(xia)詔興(xing)建(jian)漕渠(qu),令宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)愷(kai)(kai)率領水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)鑿(zao)渠(qu),引渭水(shui)(shui)(shui)通黃(huang)河(he),自(zi)大(da)興(xing)城(cheng)東至潼關三(san)百(bai)余(yu)里,名叫廣通渠(qu)。渠(qu)成后,轉運(yun)便利,隋(sui)(sui)(sui)唐關中的富庶頗得(de)益(yi)于(yu)此(ci)。其(qi)后,他受到其(qi)兄宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)忻被殺事(shi)(shi)件的牽連,一度罷官(guan)居(ju)家。開皇(huang)(huang)(huang)十三(san)年(nian),隋(sui)(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)要在岐(qi)州(今(jin)陜西鳳翔)建(jian)仁壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong),經(jing)(jing)右仆射楊(yang)素推(tui)薦,文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)任(ren)命愷(kai)(kai)為檢校將(jiang)作(zuo)大(da)匠(jiang),后又拜為仁壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong)監(jian)、將(jiang)作(zuo)少監(jian)。在楊(yang)素主持(chi)下(xia),仁壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong)建(jian)造(zao)得(de)非(fei)(fei)常華(hua)麗(li),成為隋(sui)(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)經(jing)(jing)常臨幸的別宮(gong)。
開(kai)皇(huang)十三年(593年)二月(yue),隋文(wen)帝令楊素在(zai)岐州(zhou)(今陜西鳳翔)北營造仁壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。楊素以宇文(wen)愷(kai)有(you)巧思(si),“奏前萊州(zhou)刺史宇文(wen)愷(kai)檢校(xiao)將(jiang)作(zuo)大匠(jiang)”,負責仁壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)工程的(de)籌劃和設(she)計。“于是夷山堙谷以立(li)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿,崇臺累榭,宛轉相(xiang)屬(shu)”,整(zheng)個宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿區(qu)“制(zhi)度壯麗”,是一組極其雄偉的(de)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿建筑群。開(kai)皇(huang)十五年三月(yue),仁壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)建成,宇文(wen)愷(kai)被任命為仁壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)監,授儀(yi)同三司,接著(zhu)又被任命為將(jiang)作(zuo)少監。
仁(ren)壽二年(602年)八月,隋文帝皇(huang)后獨孤氏卒。閏十月,楊(yang)素和宇(yu)(yu)文愷(kai)受命營造(zao)皇(huang)陵太陵。獨孤皇(huang)后葬后,宇(yu)(yu)文愷(kai)復爵安平郡公(gong),邑千戶(hu)。
仁壽四年七月(yue)(yue),隋(sui)煬帝楊廣繼位(wei)。鑒于大興(xing)城位(wei)置(zhi)偏(pian)西,又水(shui)陸交通不便,也為(wei)了(le)更進一(yi)步加強(qiang)對河北、山東以(yi)及江淮(huai)地(di)區的控制,決定在(zai)洛(luo)陽故(gu)都(dou)附近建造(zao)新(xin)城,作為(wei)東京。十一(yi)月(yue)(yue)癸丑(chou),隋(sui)煬帝在(zai)巡(xun)幸洛(luo)陽時(shi)下詔(zhao)說,洛(luo)陽的地(di)理(li)位(wei)置(zhi)“控以(yi)三河,固以(yi)四塞,水(shui)陸通,貢賦等(deng)”,“今可于伊、洛(luo)營(ying)建東京,便即(ji)設官分職,以(yi)為(wei)民極(ji)也”。
據《隋書·煬(yang)帝(di)紀(ji)》記(ji)載(zai),大業(ye)元年(605年)三(san)月(yue)丁未,隋煬(yang)帝(di)“詔尚(shang)書令楊素、納言楊達、將(jiang)作大匠(jiang)宇(yu)文愷(kai)營建(jian)東(dong)京(jing),徙(xi)豫州(zhou)郭下居人以實之(zhi)”。又據《資治通鑒》卷(juan)一八零記(ji)載(zai),“每(mei)月(yue),役丁二百萬(wan)人。徙(xi)洛(luo)(luo)州(zhou)郭內居民,及諸州(zhou)富商大賈數(shu)萬(wan)戶以實之(zhi)”。大業(ye)二年春正月(yue)辛酉(you),“東(dong)京(jing)成(cheng)”,其營建(jian)過程前后僅歷十個月(yue),是又一座在短時間內經周密規(gui)劃、設計、建(jian)造而成(cheng)的大型(xing)城市。在營建(jian)東(dong)京(jing)時,宇(yu)文愷(kai)“揣帝(di)心(xin)在宏侈,于是東(dong)京(jing)制度窮極壯麗”。故此(ci)(ci)宇(yu)文愷(kai)博得隋煬(yang)帝(di)的歡心(xin),被進(jin)位(wei)開府儀同(tong)三(san)司。其間,宇(yu)文愷(kai)還受命(ming)在河南(nan)郡壽安縣(今河南(nan)宜(yi)陽)營造顯仁宮,“南(nan)接皁(zao)澗(jian),北跨洛(luo)(luo)濱”,為此(ci)(ci),曾(ceng)“發大江(jiang)之(zhi)南(nan)、五嶺(ling)以北奇材異石,輸之(zhi)洛(luo)(luo)陽;又求海(hai)內嘉木(mu)異草,珍禽奇獸,以實園苑”。
隋煬帝楊廣即位后,要營建(jian)(jian)洛陽,又以(yi)(yi)愷為營東(dong)都副(fu)監,后遷將作大匠。宇文愷把東(dong)都建(jian)(jian)筑得極其(qi)壯麗,因此被(bei)升為工部尚書(shu)。他(ta)(ta)曾經建(jian)(jian)造大帳,帳下(xia)可以(yi)(yi)容(rong)納數(shu)千(qian)人。又造觀(guan)(guan)風行殿(dian),殿(dian)上(shang)可以(yi)(yi)容(rong)納侍衛數(shu)百人,行殿(dian)下(xia)裝(zhuang)輪(lun)軸(zhou),可以(yi)(yi)迅速拆卸和拼合。他(ta)(ta)曾建(jian)(jian)議按古制建(jian)(jian)筑明(ming)堂,“下(xia)為方堂,堂有(you)五室,上(shang)為圓觀(guan)(guan),觀(guan)(guan)有(you)四門”,并曾用木(mu)料制作了模(mo)型。雖然沒有(you)興建(jian)(jian),卻表現了他(ta)(ta)的巧思和學識的淵博。大業八(ba)年(nian)(612年(nian)),宇文愷卒。
宇文愷在建筑學方面的著述有《東(dong)都圖(tu)記》20卷(juan),《明(ming)堂(tang)圖(tu)議(yi)》2卷(juan),《釋疑》1卷(juan),均(jun)見行于世(shi)。但(dan)除《明(ming)堂(tang)圖(tu)議(yi)》的部分內容(rong)保存在《隋書·宇文愷傳(chuan)》、《北史·宇文貴傳(chuan)》和《資(zi)治通鑒(jian)》等史籍(ji)中外,其他的后來(lai)都亡佚了,這實是(shi)建筑學史上的一大損(sun)失。
政治、經濟、文化中(zhong)心
大(da)興(xing)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)營建,史稱“制度多出于高(gao)(gao)(gao)颎”,“高(gao)(gao)(gao)颎雖總大(da)綱,凡所規畫,皆(jie)出于愷(kai)”。宋代的(de)(de)(de)(de)宋敏求在《長安志》中也(ye)說在隋大(da)興(xing)城(cheng)興(xing)建時(shi),“命左(zuo)仆射高(gao)(gao)(gao)颎總領其事(shi),太(tai)子左(zuo)庶子宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)創制規模(mo),將作大(da)匠劉(liu)龍(long)、工(gong)(gong)部尚(shang)(shang)書巨鹿郡公賀樓(婁)子干、大(da)(太(tai))府(fu)少卿尚(shang)(shang)龍(long)義(yi)并(bing)充(chong)使營建”。可見高(gao)(gao)(gao)颎主(zhu)要是(shi)提出都城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)總的(de)(de)(de)(de)制度,并(bing)負責總的(de)(de)(de)(de)施建方(fang)針,而具體的(de)(de)(de)(de)規劃、設計則(ze)是(shi)由(you)宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)完(wan)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de),其他的(de)(de)(de)(de)副(fu)使主(zhu)要是(shi)協(xie)助(zhu)負責施工(gong)(gong)和材料管(guan)理諸事(shi)務。
大(da)興(xing)(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)興(xing)(xing)(xing)建(jian),不是(shi)在(zai)舊有(you)基礎上進(jin)行改(gai)建(jian)、擴建(jian)而成的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi),而是(shi)在(zai)短時(shi)間內按(an)周密(mi)規(gui)劃(hua)興(xing)(xing)(xing)建(jian)而成的(de)(de)(de)嶄新城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)。全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)組(zu)成,先(xian)建(jian)宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),后建(jian)皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),最后建(jian)郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。開皇(huang)二年(582年)六月開始(shi)興(xing)(xing)(xing)建(jian),十(shi)二月基本竣工命名大(da)興(xing)(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),次(ci)年三月即正(zheng)式(shi)遷入使(shi)用,前(qian)后僅九(jiu)個月,其建(jian)設(she)(she)速度之快實令(ling)人驚嘆。整個工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃(hua)、設(she)(she)計、人力、物(wu)力的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織和(he)管(guan)理(li)都(dou)應(ying)是(shi)相當精細和(he)嚴謹(jin)的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)規(gui)劃(hua)設(she)(she)計和(he)建(jian)設(she)(she)施工中,還得考慮地(di)形、水源、交通(tong)、軍(jun)事(shi)防(fang)御、環(huan)境(jing)美化(hua)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)管(guan)理(li)、市(shi)場供需等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)配套(tao),以及(ji)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)作為(wei)政治、軍(jun)事(shi)、經濟、文化(hua)中心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)特點等(deng)諸(zhu)多(duo)方面的(de)(de)(de)因素,解決(jue)一系列復雜的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。因此大(da)興(xing)(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)興(xing)(xing)(xing)建(jian)標志著當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)中國所達到的(de)(de)(de)經濟和(he)科學技術水平。
有人曾列(lie)舉世界(jie)古代(dai)十座城(cheng)市的面(mian)積(ji)進行比較(jiao):(1)隋大(da)(da)興城(cheng)(唐(tang)(tang)長安(an)城(cheng)),583年(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)84.1平方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(2)北魏洛陽城(cheng),493年(nian)擴建(jian)(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)100平方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(3)明(ming)(ming)清(qing)北京城(cheng),1421—1553年(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)60.2平方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(4)元大(da)(da)都,1267年(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)50平方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(5)隋唐(tang)(tang)東京(洛陽城(cheng)),605年(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)45.2平方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(6)明(ming)(ming)南京,1366年(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)43平方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(7)漢長安(an)(內城(cheng)),建(jian)(jian)(jian)于公(gong)(gong)元前202年(nian),面(mian)積(ji)35平方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(8)巴(ba)格(ge)達(da),800年(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)30.44平方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(9)羅(luo)馬(ma),300年(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)13.68平方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);(10)拜(bai)占庭,447年(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)11.99平方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。從上(shang)(shang)所列(lie)可以(yi)看到,中國(guo)古代(dai)都市的規模之大(da)(da)在世界(jie)上(shang)(shang)是(shi)無與倫比的。
大(da)興城的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃吸取了曹魏鄴(ye)城(故(gu)址(zhi)在(zai)(zai)今河北(bei)(bei)臨漳鄴(ye)鎮東)、北(bei)(bei)魏洛(luo)陽(yang)城的(de)(de)(de)(de)經驗,在(zai)(zai)方整(zheng)(zheng)對稱(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)(ze)下,沿著南北(bei)(bei)中(zhong)軸線,將宮(gong)(gong)城和(he)(he)(he)皇(huang)城置于(yu)全城的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要地位,郭城則(ze)(ze)圍繞在(zai)(zai)宮(gong)(gong)城和(he)(he)(he)皇(huang)城的(de)(de)(de)(de)東、西、南三面。分區(qu)(qu)整(zheng)(zheng)齊明確,象征著皇(huang)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)威嚴,充分體現(xian)了中(zhong)國古代京(jing)都(dou)規(gui)劃和(he)(he)(he)布局的(de)(de)(de)(de)獨特風格,反映了統(tong)治者專制集(ji)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)思想和(he)(he)(he)要求。特別是把宮(gong)(gong)室(shi)、官署區(qu)(qu)與居住(zhu)區(qu)(qu)嚴格分開,是一大(da)創新。北(bei)(bei)宋呂大(da)防在(zai)(zai)《隋(sui)都(dou)城圖》題記中(zhong),曾(ceng)稱(cheng)贊大(da)興城的(de)(de)(de)(de)布局思想:“隋(sui)氏設都(dou),雖不能盡(jin)循先王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)法(fa),然畦分棋布,閭巷皆中(zhong)繩墨,坊有墉(yong),墉(yong)有門,逋亡(wang)奸偽無所容(rong)足。而(er)朝(chao)廷(ting)官寺,居民市區(qu)(qu)不復相參,亦一代之(zhi)(zhi)精制也。”清代徐松也說:“自兩(liang)漢(han)以后(hou),至(zhi)于(yu)晉、齊、梁、陳,并有人家在(zai)(zai)宮(gong)(gong)闕之(zhi)(zhi)間。隋(sui)文帝以為不便于(yu)事,于(yu)是皇(huang)城之(zhi)(zhi)內惟列府寺,不使雜居,公(gong)私(si)有辨(bian),風俗齊整(zheng)(zheng),實(shi)隋(sui)文之(zhi)(zhi)新意也。”
在(zai)大興(xing)城(cheng)的(de)規劃和(he)(he)興(xing)建中,對于環境美(mei)化(hua)和(he)(he)給排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)問題(ti),也給予(yu)了(le)高度的(de)重(zhong)視(shi)。整個城(cheng)址位于渭(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)南(nan)岸,西傍灃河,東(dong)依灞水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、浐水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),南(nan)對終南(nan)山(shan)。根據其(qi)地理環境和(he)(he)河道(dao)情況(kuang),開(kai)鑿了(le)三(san)條(tiao)(tiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)渠(qu)引(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)入城(cheng)。城(cheng)南(nan)為(wei)(wei)永安渠(qu)和(he)(he)清明渠(qu),城(cheng)東(dong)為(wei)(wei)龍(long)首(shou)渠(qu),龍(long)首(shou)渠(qu)又分出兩(liang)條(tiao)(tiao)支(zhi)渠(qu)。三(san)條(tiao)(tiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)渠(qu)都(dou)(dou)分別流經(jing)宮苑再注入渭(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),不但可以(yi)解(jie)決(jue)給排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)問題(ti),而且可以(yi)進行生活物資的(de)運(yun)輸。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)渠(qu)兩(liang)岸種植有柳(liu)樹,形成了(le)“渠(qu)柳(liu)條(tiao)(tiao)條(tiao)(tiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面齊”的(de)宜人景色。城(cheng)東(dong)南(nan)還(huan)開(kai)辟有曲江“芙(fu)蓉園”,其(qi)“花卉周(zhou)環,煙水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)明媚,都(dou)(dou)人游賞盛于中秋節。江側菰蒲蔥(cong)翠(cui),柳(liu)蔭四合,碧波紅蕖,湛(zhan)然可愛(ai)”,是全城(cheng)的(de)風景區和(he)(he)旅游區。
在大興(xing)城(cheng)的(de)規劃、設(she)計中,也還(huan)存在著嚴重的(de)缺(que)陷。其突(tu)出者有(you)三(san):
其(qi)(qi)(qi)一是沒有很好(hao)地考慮當時社會發展(zhan)的需求(qiu)(qiu),城(cheng)市規模過大,超(chao)越了時代的要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)城(cheng)南四列里坊(fang)(fang),經過隋唐兩代三百多(duo)年的時間(jian),始終沒有多(duo)少(shao)住戶(hu),非常冷落(luo)荒涼。正如宋敏求(qiu)(qiu)所說:“自朱雀門南第六(liu)橫街以南,率(lv)無(wu)居人第宅。”其(qi)(qi)(qi)注又(you)云:“自興善寺(si)以南四坊(fang)(fang),東西盡郭,雖有居者(zhe),煙(yan)火(huo)不接,耕墾種植(zhi),阡(qian)陌相(xiang)連。”
其二是大興城(cheng)的道路雖然很寬(kuan),但(dan)全是土路,雨雪時泥(ni)濘(ning)不(bu)堪,難以通行,有(you)時連上朝(chao)都得停止。為了排(pai)水,路面都是中間較(jiao)高,兩(liang)(liang)側有(you)寬(kuan)、深各(ge)兩(liang)(liang)米(mi)多的水溝,但(dan)由于城(cheng)內地形(xing)起伏較(jiao)大,排(pai)水仍(reng)有(you)困難,以致暴雨后常(chang)有(you)坊墻倒塌,居(ju)民溺死的事(shi)故發(fa)生。
其三是(shi)在(zai)漕運方面也存在(zai)著較大的問題。有時漕運不通(tong),即(ji)造成糧食供(gong)應匱乏。為此,終于釀成了(le)都城(cheng)的東(dong)遷。
在當時的(de)(de)(de)社會、經(jing)濟、科技條件(jian)下,大(da)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)有(you)如此規模的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)和成就,是(shi)值得人們贊(zan)頌的(de)(de)(de)。大(da)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計和布局思想,不但對中(zhong)國后世的(de)(de)(de)都(dou)市建(jian)設(she)有(you)著很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)影響,而且對日本(ben)(ben)、朝(chao)鮮的(de)(de)(de)都(dou)市建(jian)設(she)也有(you)著深刻的(de)(de)(de)影響。如日本(ben)(ben)飛鳥、奈(nai)良時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)藤原京、平城(cheng)(cheng)京,就是(shi)仿(fang)效大(da)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)布局特點而建(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)。平城(cheng)(cheng)京東西三(san)十二町,南北三(san)十六町,每隔四町均有(you)大(da)路相通,形成整齊有(you)序的(de)(de)(de)棋盤狀。宮城(cheng)(cheng)也是(shi)位于城(cheng)(cheng)北正中(zhong),四周以(yi)官衙和貴族邸第圍繞,明顯地(di)體現著大(da)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)特征(zheng)。
又謂“新都”。是隋(sui)唐時(shi)期僅僅次(ci)于大(da)興(長(chang)安)的(de)城(cheng)市(shi)它位于漢魏(wei)洛陽城(cheng)之西約十公里,北依邙山(shan),南(nan)對龍(long)門,地理位置(zhi)十分(fen)優(you)越。正(zheng)如(ru)李吉甫所說:“北據邙山(shan),南(nan)直伊闕之口,洛水貫之,有河漢之象,東去(qu)故城(cheng)一十八(ba)里。”由于水陸交通方便(bian),自隋(sui)代至(zhi)北宋,一直作為都城(cheng),成為一個政治、經濟和(he)交通的(de)中(zhong)心。
東(dong)京的(de)(de)(de)營(ying)建(jian)是一(yi)個浩(hao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程。據《隋書(shu)·食貨(huo)志》記載(zai)(zai):“始建(jian)東(dong)都(dou),以(yi)尚書(shu)令(ling)楊(yang)素為(wei)營(ying)作大(da)(da)監(jian),每(mei)月役丁二(er)(er)百萬(wan)人。”《大(da)(da)業雜記》中記載(zai)(zai):“初(chu)衛尉(wei)劉權、秘書(shu)丞(cheng)韋萬(wan)頃(qing)總監(jian)筑宮城,一(yi)時布兵夫,周匝四面,有七十(shi)(shi)萬(wan)人。城周匝兩(liang)重,延袤三十(shi)(shi)余(yu)里(li),高四十(shi)(shi)六尺。六十(shi)(shi)日(ri)(ri)成。其(qi)內諸殿基及諸墻(qiang)院(yuan),又(you)(you)役十(shi)(shi)余(yu)萬(wan)人。直(zhi)東(dong)都(dou)土工(gong)(gong)監(jian)常役八(ba)十(shi)(shi)萬(wan)人,其(qi)木(mu)工(gong)(gong)、瓦(wa)工(gong)(gong)、金(jin)工(gong)(gong)、石工(gong)(gong)又(you)(you)役十(shi)(shi)余(yu)萬(wan)人。”唐初(chu)張玄素曾對唐太宗言及他所見(jian)營(ying)建(jian)東(dong)都(dou)的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang),說:“臣又(you)(you)嘗見(jian)隋室(shi)造(zao)殿,楹棟宏(hong)壯,大(da)(da)木(mu)非(fei)隨近所有,多從豫章(今江西境)采來。二(er)(er)千人曳(ye)一(yi)柱(zhu),其(qi)下施轂,皆以(yi)生(sheng)鐵(tie)為(wei)之,若用(yong)木(mu)輪,便即(ji)火出。鐵(tie)轂既生(sheng),行一(yi)二(er)(er)里(li)即(ji)有破(po)壞,仍數百人別赍鐵(tie)轂以(yi)隨之,終日(ri)(ri)不過進三二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)里(li)。略計一(yi)柱(zhu),已用(yong)數十(shi)(shi)萬(wan)功,則余(yu)費又(you)(you)過于此。”從這些記載(zai)(zai),可以(yi)看到其(qi)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)量的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)致狀況(kuang)。建(jian)造(zao)大(da)(da)興(xing)城的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)狀況(kuang),雖缺乏史(shi)料記載(zai)(zai),但(dan)參照(zhao)有關東(dong)京的(de)(de)(de)記載(zai)(zai),當與東(dong)京的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)數量相當。
東京規(gui)模略小于(yu)(yu)大興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。據勘探(tan),它的東城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻長(chang)(chang)(chang)7312米(mi)(mi),南(nan)(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻長(chang)(chang)(chang)7290米(mi)(mi),北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻長(chang)(chang)(chang)6138米(mi)(mi),西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻長(chang)(chang)(chang)6776米(mi)(mi),總(zong)計周(zhou)長(chang)(chang)(chang)27516米(mi)(mi),合55里。平面呈南(nan)(nan)寬北(bei)窄的不(bu)規(gui)則長(chang)(chang)(chang)方(fang)(fang)形。全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)亦是由宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所構成。洛(luo)水(shui)由西(xi)而東穿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)而過,把城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)為南(nan)(nan)北(bei)二區。由于(yu)(yu)地形的關系,東京不(bu)似大興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)那樣強調(diao)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)中軸線和完(wan)全對稱(cheng)的布局方(fang)(fang)式,其宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建于(yu)(yu)西(xi)北(bei)部,但整個規(gui)劃力求(qiu)方(fang)(fang)正、整齊(qi),仍與大興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相似。
東(dong)京洛(luo)陽城的營建
開鑿廣通渠工程
營建(jian)東京(jing)是宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)在城市(shi)建(jian)設方面(mian)的另一個重大(da)成就(jiu)。開(kai)皇四年(584年)六月(yue),宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)又受命(ming)負(fu)責開(kai)鑿廣(guang)通(tong)渠(qu)工(gong)程(cheng)。據記載:“隋主以渭(wei)水(shui)多沙,深淺不常,漕(cao)者苦之”,“詔太子左庶(shu)子宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)帥水(shui)工(gong)鑿渠(qu),引渭(wei)水(shui),自大(da)興城東至潼關三百余(yu)里,名曰廣(guang)通(tong)渠(qu)。漕(cao)運(yun)通(tong)利,關內賴之。”其后,宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)出任萊州(今山東掖(ye)縣)刺史,“甚有能名”。
開皇六(liu)年閏八月,宇文(wen)愷之二兄上柱國、杞國公(gong)宇文(wen)忻因(yin)謀反被誅,宇文(wen)愷也受(shou)株連而解(jie)職,“除名于(yu)家,久(jiu)不得調(diao)”。
宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)名紫微城(cheng)(cheng),宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)位(wei)于南(nan)北(bei)中軸線的(de)北(bei)部(bu),“東(dong)西四(si)里一(yi)百八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)步,南(nan)北(bei)二(er)里八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五步,周一(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)里二(er)百四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)步,其(qi)崇四(si)丈八(ba)尺,以(yi)(yi)象北(bei)辰藩衛。實測(ce)東(dong)西長2820.3米(含掖庭宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)),南(nan)北(bei)寬1492.1米。城(cheng)(cheng)內有(you)墻把宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)隔成(cheng)三(san)部(bu)分(fen)。宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)內有(you)乾(qian)陽殿、大(da)(da)(da)業(ye)殿等數十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)座(zuo)殿、閣(ge)(ge)、堂、院,極其(qi)富(fu)麗堂皇。中部(bu)是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)興宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),由大(da)(da)(da)興殿等數十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)座(zuo)殿臺樓(lou)閣(ge)(ge)組成(cheng),是(shi)(shi)皇帝起居、聽政的(de)場(chang)所。東(dong)部(bu)為(wei)(wei)東(dong)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),專供太子居住(zhu)和辦(ban)理政務。西部(bu)為(wei)(wei)掖庭宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),是(shi)(shi)安置宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)女學習技藝的(de)地(di)(di)方。李吉甫稱:“(東(dong)京)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)室臺殿,皆宇文(wen)愷所創也。愷巧思絕倫(lun),因此制(zhi)造頗窮(qiong)奢麗,前代都邑莫之(zhi)比焉。”其(qi)中以(yi)(yi)乾(qian)陽殿最為(wei)(wei)奢華,是(shi)(shi)皇帝舉行大(da)(da)(da)典(dian)和接待重要外國使團(tuan)的(de)地(di)(di)方。“殿基(ji)高九尺,從地(di)(di)至鴟尾(房(fang)脊兩(liang)端的(de)獸)高一(yi)百七十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尺,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)間二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九架,三(san)陛軒(xuan)(xuan)。文(wen)掍鏤檻,欒(luan)櫨百重,楶拱千構,云楣繡柱,華榱璧珰,窮(qiong)軒(xuan)(xuan)甍(meng)之(zhi)壯(zhuang)麗。其(qi)柱大(da)(da)(da)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)圍(wei),倚(yi)井垂蓮(lian),仰之(zhi)者眩曜。南(nan)軒(xuan)(xuan)垂以(yi)(yi)珠(zhu)絲網絡(luo),下不至地(di)(di)七尺,以(yi)(yi)防飛(fei)鳥(niao)。四(si)面周以(yi)(yi)軒(xuan)(xuan)廊(lang),坐宿(su)衛兵(bing)。”“殿庭東(dong)南(nan)西南(nan)各有(you)重樓(lou),一(yi)懸鐘(zhong),一(yi)懸鼓(gu),刻漏(lou)即(ji)在樓(lou)下,隨刻漏(lou)則鳴鐘(zhong)鼓(gu)。”宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)正門則天門,“門上飛(fei)觀相(xiang)夾,門外即(ji)朝(chao)堂”。因其(qi)太奢,致武(wu)德四(si)年(nian)(621年(nian))唐(tang)高祖李淵令人焚毀(hui)另建(jian)。
形如偃月(yue),謂之月(yue)陂
宮城西(xi)(xi)(xi)面(mian)(mian)是上(shang)(shang)林(lin)西(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan),又名會通(tong)苑(yuan)(yuan),在(zai)今洛(luo)(luo)陽澗西(xi)(xi)(xi)一帶。據《大(da)業雜記》記載(zai):“(大(da)業)元年夏五月(yue)西(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan),周二百里,其內(nei)造十(shi)六院,屈(qu)曲繞龍鱗溝。”苑(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)引澗河匯水(shui)成海,周十(shi)余里,海中造蓬萊(lai)、方丈、瀛洲三(san)神山,高(gao)出水(shui)面(mian)(mian)百余尺,臺觀(guan)殿閣布置在(zai)山上(shang)(shang),風景(jing)非(fei)常壯觀(guan)。緣渠作十(shi)六院,門皆臨渠,堂殿樓觀(guan),極為(wei)華麗。為(wei)了(le)引洛(luo)(luo)水(shui)入苑(yuan)(yuan),宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)還修筑(zhu)了(le)月(yue)陂。據李(li)吉甫《元和郡縣(xian)圖志》卷(juan)五記載(zai):“洛(luo)(luo)水(shui),在(zai)(洛(luo)(luo)陽)縣(xian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南三(san)里。西(xi)(xi)(xi)自苑(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)上(shang)(shang)陽之南彌(mi)漫東流(liu),宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)筑(zhu)斜堤束令東北流(liu)。當水(shui)沖,捺堰九折,形如偃月(yue),謂之月(yue)陂。”
宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)東(dong)(dong)北面(mian)(mian)為(wei)含(han)嘉(jia)(jia)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)里為(wei)含(han)嘉(jia)(jia)倉,是一座(zuo)貯藏糧(liang)(liang)食的(de)大(da)(da)(da)型國家糧(liang)(liang)倉。據(ju)《大(da)(da)(da)業雜記》記載:“大(da)(da)(da)業元年,煬帝建東(dong)(dong)都洛陽(yang),在宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)建含(han)嘉(jia)(jia)倉。”據(ju)1969年以來的(de)考古發掘(jue),含(han)嘉(jia)(jia)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)約43萬平方(fang)米,四(si)面(mian)(mian)有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻為(wei)挖(wa)槽(cao)夯筑而成(cheng)。在倉城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)東(dong)(dong)北和偏南(nan)地區,勘(kan)探(tan)出(chu)大(da)(da)(da)小不等的(de)圓形或橢圓形的(de)地下糧(liang)(liang)窖(jiao)287座(zuo),估計全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)地下糧(liang)(liang)窖(jiao)應在400座(zuo)以上。由于(yu)東(dong)(dong)京漕運方(fang)便(bian),又在含(han)嘉(jia)(jia)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內儲(chu)藏了(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)量糧(liang)(liang)食,避免了(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)發生糧(liang)(liang)荒的(de)問(wen)題,使其糧(liang)(liang)食供應得(de)到了(le)(le)保障。
皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)名太微(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(又稱(cheng)子城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)),亦稱(cheng)南城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、寶城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),在宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南面,由一(yi)條橫街(jie)與(yu)宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)隔,“東(dong)西五里一(yi)十七步,南北(bei)(bei)三(san)里二百九十八步,周一(yi)十三(san)里二百五十步,高三(san)丈(zhang)七尺。實測東(dong)西長與(yu)宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)同,南北(bei)(bei)寬為1843.6米。其城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曲折,以(yi)象南宮(gong)垣”。皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是軍政機(ji)構(gou)和宗(zong)廟的所在地。“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中南北(bei)(bei)七街(jie),東(dong)西五街(jie)。左(zuo)宗(zong)廟,右社稷。百僚(liao)廨署列于其間(jian),凡省六,寺(si)九,臺一(yi),監四,衛十有(you)八。東(dong)宮(gong)官屬,凡府(fu)一(yi),坊三(san),寺(si)三(san),率(lv)府(fu)十”。
郭(guo)城稱羅(luo)郭(guo)城、羅(luo)城、京城,隋時(shi)僅筑有(you)短(duan)垣,一(yi)說(shuo):“東(dong)西一(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八里(li)一(yi)百(bai)一(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五步(bu),南北(bei)(bei)(bei)一(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五里(li)一(yi)百(bai)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五步(bu),周(zhou)六十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)里(li),其崇一(yi)丈八尺(chi)”,實測(ce)東(dong)西長9721 米(mi)(mi),南北(bei)(bei)(bei)寬8651.7米(mi)(mi)。全城由(you)南北(bei)(bei)(bei)向(xiang)大街(jie)(jie)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)條,東(dong)西向(xiang)大街(jie)(jie)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四條,劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為一(yi)百(bai)零八個里(li)坊(fang)和兩個商市,形(xing)成(cheng)棋(qi)盤型的(de)(de)(de)布(bu)局。白居易有(you)詩云:“百(bai)千家似(si)圍棋(qi)局,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)街(jie)(jie)如(ru)種菜畦。”既形(xing)象又貼切(qie)地描繪了大興城的(de)(de)(de)布(bu)局特征。二(er)說(shuo):“東(dong)西五千六百(bai)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)步(bu),南北(bei)(bei)(bei)五千四百(bai)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)步(bu)”,實測(ce)南北(bei)(bei)(bei)最長處7312米(mi)(mi),東(dong)西最寬處7290米(mi)(mi)。全城縱橫大街(jie)(jie)各十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條,一(yi)般寬41米(mi)(mi),把全城劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為“里(li)一(yi)百(bai)三,市三”。這些里(li)坊(fang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)在北(bei)(bei)(bei)區的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)部(bu)和整(zheng)個南區,其中南區的(de)(de)(de)里(li)坊(fang)與街(jie)(jie)道(dao)(dao)最整(zheng)齊(qi)。里(li)坊(fang)平(ping)面(mian)作方(fang)(fang)形(xing)或長方(fang)(fang)形(xing),面(mian)積比(bi)大興城的(de)(de)(de)里(li)坊(fang)略(lve)小,坊(fang)內(nei)(nei)辟(pi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)字形(xing)街(jie)(jie)道(dao)(dao)。由(you)于里(li)坊(fang)小街(jie)(jie)道(dao)(dao)窄,臨(lin)街(jie)(jie)開門(men)的(de)(de)(de)住宅隨之增(zeng)多(duo),這樣就使城內(nei)(nei)各部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)關系顯(xian)得比(bi)較緊湊。
城(cheng)中的(de)(de)街(jie)道都(dou)很寬(kuan)(kuan)。通向城(cheng)門(men)的(de)(de)街(jie)道之寬(kuan)(kuan)度都(dou)在(zai)百米(mi)以(yi)上;最(zui)寬(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)是界于(yu)宮城(cheng)和皇城(cheng)之間的(de)(de)橫(heng)(heng)街(jie),寬(kuan)(kuan)達220米(mi)以(yi)上;位于(yu)南北中軸線(xian)上的(de)(de)主(zhu)干道朱雀大街(jie)寬(kuan)(kuan)150 米(mi);不通城(cheng)門(men)的(de)(de)街(jie)道寬(kuan)(kuan)42—68米(mi);最(zui)窄的(de)(de)是四周沿(yan)城(cheng)墻(qiang)內側的(de)(de)順城(cheng)街(jie),寬(kuan)(kuan)25米(mi)。里坊都(dou)筑有(you)坊墻(qiang),坊中也(ye)有(you)街(jie)道。大的(de)(de)里坊四面(mian)開(kai)四個坊門(men),中辟十字街(jie);小的(de)(de)里坊開(kai)東西二門(men),有(you)一條橫(heng)(heng)街(jie)。這些縱橫(heng)(heng)相交的(de)(de)街(jie)道形成一個交通網絡(luo),井然有(you)序(xu)。各(ge)大街(jie)的(de)(de)兩側都(dou)開(kai)有(you)排(pai)水溝(gou),街(jie)道兩旁植以(yi)榆、槐為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)行(xing)道樹(shu),株行(xing)距整齊劃一,使(shi)道路成為(wei)寬(kuan)(kuan)廣筆直(zhi)的(de)(de)林蔭(yin)大道,為(wei)城(cheng)市(shi)增添(tian)了風采。
大興宮(gong)的(de)建造布(bu)局天人合一,從(cong)(cong)六坡的(de)高(gao)度看,地(di)(di)勢從(cong)(cong)北到南漸次降低。那么宮(gong)城所處的(de)位(wei)置則相對較低。不(bu)把宮(gong)城設置在最高(gao)處另有原委。根(gen)據天上星宿的(de)位(wei)置,最為(wei)(wei)(wei)尊貴(gui)的(de)紫薇(wei)宮(gong)居于北天中(zhong)央,它(ta)(ta)以(yi)北極(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)樞(shu),東、西兩藩共有十(shi)五(wu)顆星環抱著它(ta)(ta)。紫薇(wei)宮(gong)即(ji)皇宮(gong)的(de)意(yi)思(si),皇帝貴(gui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)天子,地(di)(di)上的(de)君主和天上的(de)星宿應(ying)該相對應(ying),應(ying)此,只能把皇宮(gong)布(bu)置在北邊中(zhong)央位(wei)置。而且北有渭河(he)相倚,從(cong)(cong)防衛(wei)角度看,也(ye)具安全性。
但是(shi)這種追求理念的設計似乎也(ye)有缺陷。隋(sui)代的皇宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)——大興宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)到(dao)唐(tang)朝(chao)(chao)繼續沿用,只是(shi)改名太(tai)(tai)極(ji)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。而(er)太(tai)(tai)極(ji)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)很快就被大明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)所取代,究其原因,就是(shi)應為(wei)太(tai)(tai)極(ji)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)勢(shi)較低,而(er)長安(an)城盛夏(xia)(xia)氣溫很高(gao)(gao),使得(de)住(zhu)在太(tai)(tai)極(ji)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有“湫濕(shi)感”。為(wei)此從秦至唐(tang),每逢夏(xia)(xia)季,統治者都(dou)要到(dao)夏(xia)(xia)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)去(qu)避暑。唐(tang)太(tai)(tai)宗(zong)選定長安(an)城北禁苑中龍首(shou)高(gao)(gao)地(di),營造大明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),為(wei)太(tai)(tai)上皇消夏(xia)(xia)的夏(xia)(xia)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。后來唐(tang)高(gao)(gao)宗(zong)李(li)治又接著以為(wei)完成(cheng)的大明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)基礎,進行大規模(mo)的再(zai)建(jian)工程。大明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的正殿(dian)(dian)含元(yuan)殿(dian)(dian)建(jian)成(cheng)后,唐(tang)高(gao)(gao)宗(zong)便正式在大明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)聽政(zheng)。此后二百余年(nian),大明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)是(shi)唐(tang)代主要的朝(chao)(chao)會之(zhi)所,成(cheng)為(wei)唐(tang)王(wang)朝(chao)(chao)的統治中心(xin)和國家象(xiang)征。
宇(yu)文(wen)愷的(de)(de)(de)(de)一生,主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)擔任營(ying)(ying)造方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)級官員(yuan),主(zhu)持過許多(duo)大型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),起(qi)著相(xiang)當(dang)于(yu)(yu)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)指揮、總(zong)設(she)計師和(he)總(zong)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。他(ta)在(zai)建筑(zhu)方面取得了(le)(le)許多(duo)重大的(de)(de)(de)(de)成就(jiu),有(you)些成就(jiu)甚至具(ju)有(you)劃(hua)時(shi)(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)意義。但也應該(gai)指出的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),在(zai)他(ta)設(she)計和(he)主(zhu)持的(de)(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中,除(chu)了(le)(le)開鑿廣通渠,客觀上有(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)國計民生外,其余(yu)大多(duo)是(shi)(shi)為了(le)(le)滿足統治(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統治(zhi)需要,尤其是(shi)(shi)宮殿建筑(zhu),不顧勞民傷財,取悅帝王。如營(ying)(ying)造仁壽宮時(shi)(shi),“役(yi)使嚴急,丁(ding)夫(fu)(fu)多(duo)死,疲頓(dun)顛(dian)仆,推(tui)填坑坎,覆以(yi)土(tu)石,因而筑(zhu)為平(ping)地。死者(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)萬數”,“時(shi)(shi)天暑(shu),役(yi)夫(fu)(fu)死者(zhe)(zhe)相(xiang)次于(yu)(yu)道(dao),楊素悉焚除(chu)之”。營(ying)(ying)建東(dong)京(jing)時(shi)(shi),他(ta)“揣(chuai)帝心在(zai)宏侈,于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)東(dong)京(jing)制度窮極(ji)壯(zhuang)麗”。“東(dong)京(jing)官吏督(du)役(yi)嚴急,役(yi)丁(ding)死者(zhe)(zhe)什四(si)五,所司(si)以(yi)車載死丁(ding),東(dong)至城皋(今河南滎陽),北(bei)至河陽(今河南孟(meng)縣(xian)南),相(xiang)望于(yu)(yu)道(dao)”。長(chang)城之役(yi),“死者(zhe)(zhe)十五六”。建仁壽宮和(he)東(dong)京(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),宇(yu)文(wen)愷雖(sui)掛的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)副職(zhi),但他(ta)是(shi)(shi)實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)負責者(zhe)(zhe),因此功(gong)過與他(ta)都有(you)直接的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)。