吳越爭霸是指歷史上春秋時期吳越兩國互相征伐的一段時期。周景王元年(nian)(公元前(qian)(qian)544年(nian)),吳侵越(yue)時所獲戰俘剌死吳王余祭。周敬王十年(nian)(前(qian)(qian)510年(nian)),吳大舉攻楚前(qian)(qian),為解除后顧(gu)之憂(you),又曾攻越(yue),占(zhan)領(ling)檇李(今浙江嘉興(xing)南)。
十五年,吳軍主力在楚都(dou)郢(ying)時,越(yue)乘機侵入吳境,雙方矛盾日(ri)趨激化。從地緣上看(kan)吳國(guo)欲爭霸中(zhong)原,必(bi)先(xian)征(zheng)服(fu)越(yue)國(guo),以(yi)解(jie)除其后方威脅(xie);而越(yue)國(guo)欲北進(jin)中(zhong)原,更必(bi)先(xian)征(zheng)服(fu)吳國(guo)才能(neng)夠打通(tong)北進(jin)中(zhong)原的(de)通(tong)道,因而引起延續二(er)十余年的(de)吳越(yue)戰爭。
兩(liang)國相互(hu)征(zheng)伐(fa)多年(nian)直至笠(li)澤之戰后(hou),吳(wu)、越(yue)力量對比(bi)發(fa)生了根本變(bian)化,越(yue)已占(zhan)有絕對優勢。周元王元年(nian)(前475年(nian)),越(yue)再度攻吳(wu)。吳(wu)軍無力迎(ying)戰,據都(dou)(dou)城防守。越(yue)于吳(wu)都(dou)(dou)西南郊(jiao)筑城,謀長期圍困。吳(wu)數次遣(qian)使請和,均遭(zao)越(yue)拒絕。三年(nian),城破,吳(wu)王夫差自殺,吳(wu)國滅亡。
而(er)越(yue)國通過此(ci)次(ci)吞并吳(wu)國國力大(da)增盛極一(yi)時(shi),而(er)越(yue)王勾踐也成為了(le)春秋最后一(yi)位霸主(zhu)。
周景王(wang)元年(nian)(nian)(公元前(qian)544年(nian)(nian)),吳(wu)侵越(yue)時(shi)所獲(huo)戰(zhan)(zhan)俘(fu)剌死吳(wu)王(wang)余(yu)祭。周敬王(wang)十年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)510年(nian)(nian)),吳(wu)大(da)舉攻楚前(qian),為解除后(hou)顧之憂,又(you)曾攻越(yue),占領檇李(今浙江(jiang)嘉(jia)興南。十五年(nian)(nian),吳(wu)軍(jun)主力在楚都郢時(shi),越(yue)乘(cheng)(cheng)機侵入(ru)吳(wu)境,雙(shuang)方矛盾(dun)日(ri)趨(qu)激化。吳(wu)欲(yu)爭(zheng)霸中(zhong)原,必先(xian)征服越(yue)國,以解除其(qi)后(hou)方威脅;越(yue)欲(yu)北進(jin)中(zhong)原,更必先(xian)服吳(wu)才有可能,因而引起延續二十余(yu)年(nian)(nian)的(de)吳(wu)越(yue)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)。吳(wu)、越(yue)地處江(jiang)南水鄉,“以船(chuan)(chuan)為車(che),以楫為馬”(《越(yue)絕書·記地傳》),雙(shuang)方多為水上(shang)作戰(zhan)(zhan)。此時(shi)作為水軍(jun)的(de)“舟師”已(yi)成為新(xin)的(de)兵種,能獨立完(wan)成戰(zhan)(zhan)略、戰(zhan)(zhan)役任務(wu)。吳(wu)、越(yue)水軍(jun)有樓(lou)船(chuan)(chuan)(指揮船(chuan)(chuan))、大(da)翼、中(zhong)翼、小(xiao)翼三種主要戰(zhan)(zhan)艦船(chuan)(chuan)及突(tu)冒(船(chuan)(chuan)首裝有沖角)、橋船(chuan)(chuan)(輕快(kuai)戰(zhan)(zhan)船(chuan)(chuan))等戰(zhan)(zhan)船(chuan)(chuan)。主要戰(zhan)(zhan)船(chuan)(chuan)大(da)翼船(chuan)(chuan)長(chang)20米(mi),寬2.7米(mi),載乘(cheng)(cheng)“戰(zhan)(zhan)士二十六(liu)人,棹(手)五十人,舳艫(手)三人,操長(chang)鉤(gou)矛、斧者(各(ge))四人,吏、仆、射(she)(she)長(chang)各(ge)一人”,連同船(chuan)(chuan)長(chang)“凡(fan)九十一人”(《太平御覽》卷315引《伍子胥水戰(zhan)(zhan)兵法》)。水戰(zhan)(zhan)基本方式是先(xian)用弩射(she)(she),再進(jin)行接(jie)舷(xian)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗,最(zui)后(hou)登(deng)船(chuan)(chuan)格斗,有時(shi)亦用突(tu)冒撞擊敵船(chuan)(chuan)。
吳勝越
二十四年(公元前496年),吳(wu)王(wang)闔(he)閭(lv)率(lv)軍攻(gong)越(yue)(yue),雙方主(zhu)力戰(zhan)(zhan)于(yu)檇李(li)。越(yue)(yue)以死罪刑徒陣前自刎(wen),乘吳(wu)軍注意力分散之(zhi)機發動猛攻(gong),大敗(bai)吳(wu)軍。闔(he)閭(lv)負傷(shang)身死,夫(fu)差繼位為王(wang)。二十六年,越(yue)(yue)以水軍攻(gong)吳(wu),戰(zhan)(zhan)于(yu)夫(fu)椒(今(jin)(jin)江(jiang)蘇太湖中洞庭山)。越(yue)(yue)軍戰(zhan)(zhan)敗(bai),主(zhu)力被(bei)殲。吳(wu)軍乘勝追(zhui)擊,占領越(yue)(yue)都會(hui)(hui)稽(今(jin)(jin)浙江(jiang)紹興(xing))。越(yue)(yue)王(wang)勾踐率(lv)余部5000人(ren)被(bei)圍于(yu)會(hui)(hui)稽山上。勾踐請降,吳(wu)大臣伍員建議勿許(xu)(xu),認為“今(jin)(jin)不滅越(yue)(yue),后必悔(hui)之(zhi)”。夫(fu)差因(yin)急于(yu)北上中原爭霸,未采納伍子胥建議,以越(yue)(yue)王(wang)質吳(wu)為條件,許(xu)(xu)降撤兵(參見《夫(fu)椒之(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)》條)。
越王臥薪嘗膽
勾踐(jian)(jian)夫(fu)婦(fu)為吳(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)“駕車養馬(ma)”,執役三年,贏(ying)得夫(fu)差信任,獲(huo)釋回國(guo)(guo)。勾踐(jian)(jian)為興越(yue)滅吳(wu)(wu)(wu),“臥薪嘗膽”,發(fa)憤圖強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)。其(qi)在(zai)謀(mou)臣文(wen)種、范蠡輔佐下(xia),制(zhi)定了“十(shi)年生(sheng)聚(ju)”、“十(shi)年教訓”的(de)長期(qi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略:在(zai)內(nei)政上(shang)(shang)實行發(fa)展生(sheng)產、獎(jiang)勵生(sheng)育(yu)及尊重人才等政策,以安定民生(sheng),充裕兵(bing)(bing)源(yuan),收攬(lan)人心,鞏固(gu)團(tuan)(tuan)結,從而(er)(er)增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)綜合國(guo)(guo)力(li);在(zai)軍事上(shang)(shang),實行精兵(bing)(bing)政策,加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)訓練(lian),嚴格(ge)紀(ji)律,以提高(gao)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗力(li)。當時弩(nu)已用于作戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)車、戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)船(chuan)均“頓于兵(bing)(bing)弩(nu)”,戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗勝敗關鍵又(you)取決于最后之沖鋒。勾踐(jian)(jian)聘(pin)請精于弓弩(nu)射(she)法的(de)陳音教授用弩(nu)技術(shu),包括瞄準、連續發(fa)射(she)及掌握弩(nu)力(li)與箭重最佳(jia)比例(拉力(li)一石,箭重一兩)等方(fang)法,使(shi)“軍士皆(jie)能(neng)用弓弩(nu)之巧”,聘(pin)請善(shan)于“劍戟(ji)之術(shu)”的(de)越(yue)女(nv)教授“手戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)”格(ge)斗技術(shu),使(shi)軍士“一人當百(bai),百(bai)人當萬”。越(yue)地民風是“悅兵(bing)(bing)敢死”,慣于各自為戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。為此,勾踐(jian)(jian)反對(dui)“匹夫(fu)之勇”,強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)調紀(ji)律性,要(yao)求(qiu)作戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)單(dan)位在(zai)統一號令下(xia)統一戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗行動,以發(fa)揮(hui)整(zheng)體作戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)能(neng)力(li)。規(gui)定服從指(zhi)揮(hui)者有(you)(you)賞,違犯者“身斬,妻(qi)子鬻”。在(zai)外交上(shang)(shang),針對(dui)“吳(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)兵(bing)(bing)加(jia)于齊晉(jin),而(er)(er)怨(yuan)結于楚(chu)”的(de)情況,采用“親(qin)(qin)于齊,深結于晉(jin),陰固(gu)于楚(chu),而(er)(er)厚事于吳(wu)(wu)(wu)”的(de)方(fang)針(《吳(wu)(wu)(wu)越(yue)春秋(qiu)·勾踐(jian)(jian)歸國(guo)(guo)外傳(chuan)》)。厚事于吳(wu)(wu)(wu),即效法周文(wen)王(wang)(wang)對(dui)商紂王(wang)(wang)“文(wen)伐”之謀(mou)略,以非戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭手段瓦解、削弱敵人。主要(yao)措施有(you)(you),佯示忠誠(cheng),使(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)放(fang)松(song)對(dui)越(yue)戒備(bei),放(fang)手北上(shang)(shang)中(zhong)原爭霸(ba),縱其(qi)所欲,助長吳(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)愛好宮室、女(nv)色之欲望,使(shi)其(qi)大興土木,耗(hao)費國(guo)(guo)力(li);并(bing)行賄用間(jian),擴大吳(wu)(wu)(wu)統治(zhi)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)內(nei)部(bu)矛盾,破壞其(qi)團(tuan)(tuan)結。施行十(shi)年,使(shi)得越(yue)“荒無遺(yi)土,百(bai)姓親(qin)(qin)附”,國(guo)(guo)力(li)復興。越(yue)軍亦成為一支裝備(bei)精良(liang)、訓練(lian)有(you)(you)素且“人有(you)(you)致死之心”的(de)精銳部(bu)隊。
吳攻陳魯齊
吳(wu)(wu)(wu)王夫(fu)差在(zai)征服越(yue)國(guo)后,即(ji)積極作北(bei)(bei)進(jin)準備。伍員再次建(jian)議“定越(yue)而后圖齊”,認為(wei)越(yue)是“腹(fu)心(xin)之(zhi)病(bing)”,而“齊魯(lu)諸侯(hou)不(bu)過疥癬”之(zhi)疾。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)王仍未(wei)采納。三(san)(san)十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(前489年(nian)(nian)),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)先(xian)攻(gong)陳(今(jin)河南(nan)淮陽(yang)).以解除其(qi)北(bei)(bei)進(jin)時(shi)來(lai)自側翼的威脅。三(san)(san)十(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)攻(gong)魯(lu),打(da)(da)開進(jin)軍(jun)中(zhong)原的大(da)門。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)建(jian)立北(bei)(bei)進(jin)戰略(lve)基(ji)地及(ji)打(da)(da)通(tong)(tong)北(bei)(bei)進(jin)軍(jun)事運輸交通(tong)(tong)線,于(yu)三(san)(san)十(shi)四年(nian)(nian)在(zai)長(chang)江(jiang)北(bei)(bei)岸營(ying)建(jian)了(le)規模宏(hong)大(da)的邗(han)城(今(jin)江(jiang)蘇揚州),開鑿了(le)由(you)(you)今(jin)揚州經射陽(yang)湖至(zhi)淮安之(zhi)邗(han)溝,溝通(tong)(tong)江(jiang)、淮水(shui)域,并進(jin)而與(yu)泗(si)、沂、濟水(shui)聯(lian)結。三(san)(san)十(shi)五年(nian)(nian),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)率魯(lu)、邾(zhu)、郯等國(guo)聯(lian)軍(jun)由(you)(you)陸上(shang)攻(gong)齊;派大(da)夫(fu)徐(xu)承(cheng)率水(shui)軍(jun)由(you)(you)長(chang)江(jiang)入海,向山(shan)東(dong)半島迂回,攻(gong)齊側后。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)軍(jun)海上(shang)作戰失利(li),陸上(shang)聯(lian)軍(jun)遂退(tui)回(參(can)見吳(wu)(wu)(wu)魯(lu)邾(zhu)郯攻(gong)齊之(zhi)戰)。三(san)(san)十(shi)六年(nian)(nian),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)再次攻(gong)齊,在(zai)艾陵(今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)萊蕪東(dong)北(bei)(bei))全(quan)殲齊軍(jun)精銳(rui)(參(can)見艾陵之(zhi)戰)。三(san)(san)十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(前482年(nian)(nian)),夫(fu)差率吳(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)主力進(jin)至(zhi)黃池(今(jin)河南(nan)封丘西南(nan)),與(yu)晉及(ji)中(zhong)原諸侯(hou)會盟,“欲霸(ba)中(zhong)國(guo)”。此(ci)時(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)霸(ba)業達于(yu)頂點。
越滅吳
當吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)夫差(cha)在(zai)(zai)黃池與(yu)晉(jin)定公爭作盟主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)時,越(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)勾(gou)踐(jian)(jian)分兵(bing)(bing)兩路攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)。一部(bu)兵(bing)(bing)力(li)自(zi)海入淮,斷吳(wu)(wu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力(li)回援(yuan)之(zhi)路,掩護主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力(li)作戰(zhan);其(qi)自(zi)率主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力(li)直趨吳(wu)(wu)都(dou)(dou),在(zai)(zai)郊區泓水殲(jian)滅迎戰(zhan)之(zhi)吳(wu)(wu)軍,并乘勢(shi)攻(gong)入吳(wu)(wu)都(dou)(dou)。夫差(cha)南歸,恐因國都(dou)(dou)失守士氣下降及遠程(cheng)奔返造(zao)(zao)成部(bu)隊疲憊(bei)、決戰(zhan)不(bu)利(li),派人請和。勾(gou)踐(jian)(jian)亦以吳(wu)(wu)軍主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力(li)未損(sun),不(bu)愿進行無把(ba)握的決戰(zhan),遂(sui)與(yu)吳(wu)(wu)訂和約后(hou)(hou)撤軍。四十二(er)年(nian),吳(wu)(wu)國發生災荒。越(yue)(yue)乘機(ji)發動進攻(gong),與(yu)迎戰(zhan)吳(wu)(wu)軍在(zai)(zai)笠(li)澤(ze)(ze)(在(zai)(zai)今江(jiang)蘇吳(wu)(wu)江(jiang)一帶(dai))隔江(jiang)相峙。越(yue)(yue)軍利(li)用夜暗,以兩翼佯(yang)渡(du)(du)誘使(shi)吳(wu)(wu)軍分兵(bing)(bing),然(ran)后(hou)(hou)集中精銳,實施(shi)敵前(qian)(qian)潛渡(du)(du)、中間突破(po),并連續進攻(gong),擴大戰(zhan)果(guo),創造(zao)(zao)了(le)中國戰(zhan)爭史(shi)上較早的河川進攻(gong)的成功戰(zhan)例(參(can)見(jian)笠(li)澤(ze)(ze)之(zhi)戰(zhan))。笠(li)澤(ze)(ze)之(zhi)戰(zhan)后(hou)(hou),吳(wu)(wu)、越(yue)(yue)力(li)量對比發生了(le)根(gen)本變化(hua),越(yue)(yue)已(yi)占有(you)絕(jue)對優勢(shi)。周元(yuan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)元(yuan)年(nian)(前(qian)(qian)475年(nian)),越(yue)(yue)再度攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)。吳(wu)(wu)軍無力(li)迎戰(zhan),據都(dou)(dou)城(cheng)防守。越(yue)(yue)于(yu)吳(wu)(wu)都(dou)(dou)西南郊筑(zhu)城(cheng),謀長期圍困(kun)。吳(wu)(wu)八(ba)次遣使(shi)請和,均遭越(yue)(yue)拒絕(jue)。三(san)年(nian),城(cheng)破(po),夫差(cha)自(zi)殺,吳(wu)(wu)亡(參(can)見(jian)《越(yue)(yue)滅吳(wu)(wu)之(zhi)戰(zhan)》條)。勾(gou)踐(jian)(jian)率軍“北渡(du)(du)江(jiang)淮,與(yu)齊、晉(jin)諸侯會于(yu)徐州(zhou)”。周元(yuan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)封勾(gou)踐(jian)(jian)為(wei)伯。“越(yue)(yue)兵(bing)(bing)橫行于(yu)江(jiang)淮東,諸侯畢賀,號稱霸王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)”(《史(shi)記·越(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)勾(gou)踐(jian)(jian)世家》),越(yue)(yue)終于(yu)成為(wei)春秋時期的最后(hou)(hou)一任霸主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。
此戰(zhan)(zhan),吳(wu)王夫差不聽伍(wu)員之(zhi)(zhi)言,養虎為(wei)(wei)患,終遭(zao)滅國。而越(yue)王勾踐則臥(wo)薪嘗膽,養精蓄銳,并聽取(qu)謀臣文種(zhong)、范(fan)蠡之(zhi)(zhi)言,主(zhu)要(yao)靠(kao)謀略制勝(sheng);親齊(qi)、結晉、聯(lian)楚的外交策略,在戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)發揮了重(zhong)要(yao)作用(yong)。這說明春秋(qiu)末期的戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng),已(yi)發展為(wei)(wei)智戰(zhan)(zhan)。當(dang)時人即(ji)認為(wei)(wei)“夫戰(zhan)(zhan),智為(wei)(wei)始,仁次(ci)之(zhi)(zhi),勇次(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)。”(《國語·吳(wu)語》記楚將(jiang)申包胥(xu)言)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)還出現了早期入(ru)海(hai)遠(yuan)航作戰(zhan)(zhan)及(ji)河(he)川進攻等新的作戰(zhan)(zhan)方法。
大國爭霸
大國(guo)(guo)爭霸(ba)是(shi)春(chun)秋時(shi)代(dai)的(de)顯(xian)著特征。在齊桓公(gong)首霸(ba)之后,晉、楚兩國(guo)(guo)相(xiang)繼而起,逐鹿中(zhong)原,爭當(dang)盟主,但(dan)終因旗鼓(gu)相(xiang)當(dang),勢均(jun)力(li)敵,在春(chun)秋中(zhong)葉以后,出現并霸(ba)的(de)局面。在這(zhe)樣的(de)形勢下(xia),晉景公(gong)采納(na)申公(gong)巫臣的(de)意(yi)見,開始聯合(he)吳國(guo)(guo),企圖利用吳國(guo)(guo)牽制楚國(guo)(guo)的(de)右翼,使楚國(guo)(guo)不能騰出手來招駕(jia)晉國(guo)(guo)的(de)攻勢,從(cong)而謀(mou)利。
爭霸過程
吳(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)偏(pian)居東南沿(yan)海(hai)地區,與越國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)鄰,有斷(duan)發文(wen)身之(zhi)俗。據《吳(wu)(wu)越春秋》記(ji)載(zai),當時吳(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)“險(xian)阻潤濕,又(you)有江海(hai)之(zhi)害,君無守御(yu),民無所依,倉(cang)庫(ku)不(bu)設,田(tian)疇不(bu)墾(ken)。”嚴格地說,它還不(bu)能(neng)算是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia),只是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個部(bu)落群體。在(zai)中(zhong)原(yuan)列國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)眼(yan)里,吳(wu)(wu)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個經濟(ji)、文(wen)化十分落后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)蠻夷之(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。公元前五(wu)八四年,晉景公派申(shen)公巫臣到吳(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)傳授(shou)車戰(zhan)射御(yu)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術,并唆使吳(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)背叛楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。于(yu)是(shi)吳(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不(bu)斷(duan)侵伐楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),又(you)攻(gong)打巢、徐(xu)等吳(wu)(wu)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)小國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),弄得楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)忙于(yu)應(ying)戰(zhan),疲于(yu)奔(ben)命(ming)。在(zai)晉國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)扶植(zhi)下(xia),吳(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)力量(liang)發展得很快,國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)土日(ri)益擴展,聲望日(ri)益提(ti)高。中(zhong)原(yuan)諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)和吳(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)開始建立了聯系(xi)。公元前五(wu)二二年,伍子胥從(cong)(cong)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)逃到吳(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),做了相國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。他(ta)教給吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)闔閭(lv)(lv)“立城(cheng)郭,設守備、實倉(cang)廩,治(zhi)府(fu)庫(ku)”等“安君治(zhi)民,興霸成王(wang)”之(zhi)道(《吳(wu)(wu)越春秋》),使吳(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)由極為(wei)落后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)蠻夷之(zhi)邦,一(yi)(yi)躍而(er)成為(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)強國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。公元五(wu)○六年,吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)闔閭(lv)(lv)以(yi)孫武為(wei)大將伍子胥為(wei)副將,聯合蔡、唐兩(liang)(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)興師(shi)伐楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。孫武是(shi)杰(jie)出的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)家(jia),為(wei)了切(qie)斷(duan)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)本部(bu)與方(fang)城(cheng)之(zhi)外的(de)(de)(de)聯系(xi),他(ta)采(cai)取(qu)中(zhong)間突破的(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)略,率領(ling)吳(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)從(cong)(cong)淮(huai)河流(liu)域(yu)西進,至(zhi)淮(huai)汭舍(she)舟(zhou)登陸,翻越大別山,與此同時,唐軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)東進襲取(qu)大隧(sui)、直轅、冥厄三隘(在(zai)今(jin)武勝(sheng)(sheng)關一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)),蔡軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)循(xun)汝(ru)水至(zhi)淮(huai)河、南下(xia)直取(qu)訾梁(在(zai)今(jin)固(gu)始縣)。這兩(liang)(liang)支偏(pian)師(shi)堵住(zhu)(zhu)了楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)北上(shang)中(zhong)原(yuan),東通(tong)齊(qi)、魯的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)道,從(cong)(cong)側翼牽制住(zhu)(zhu)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),使楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)不(bu)敢正面迎(ying)擊吳(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),而(er)吳(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)卻乘(cheng)機掃蕩楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)東境沿(yan)途的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)鎮,從(cong)(cong)容西進,跟蔡、唐兩(liang)(liang)路軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)會師(shi),將楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)攔腰截為(wei)兩(liang)(liang)段,隔(ge)漢(han)(han)水同楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)對(dui)峙。楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)司(si)馬沈系(xi)戍發現(xian)問題的(de)(de)(de)嚴重性,向令(ling)(ling)尹子常建議:“請令(ling)(ling)尹封鎖漢(han)(han)水,自己(ji)以(yi)方(fang)城(cheng)外人毀(hui)掉吳(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)舍(she)棄的(de)(de)(de)舟(zhou)船,回過頭來封住(zhu)(zhu)大隧(sui)、直轅、冥厄三隘,然后(hou)夾(jia)擊吳(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),一(yi)(yi)定能(neng)勝(sheng)(sheng)利。”令(ling)(ling)尹子常接受(shou)了這個建議。可惜,當他(ta)聽楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)大夫史皇說:“現(xian)在(zai)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人都怨惡令(ling)(ling)尹,喜歡司(si)馬,假(jia)使采(cai)取(qu)司(si)馬的(de)(de)(de)建議,那么戰(zhan)勝(sheng)(sheng)吳(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)功績就全歸司(si)馬了。”就斷(duan)然改變主意,輕率地領(ling)兵渡漢(han)(han)水,與吳(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)對(dui)陣于(yu)柏舉(ju)(今(jin)湖水麻城(cheng)),結果一(yi)(yi)敗涂地。吳(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)乘(cheng)勝(sheng)(sheng)窮追猛(meng)打,五(wu)戰(zhan)五(wu)勝(sheng)(sheng),攻(gong)古了楚(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)郢都。
楚國的(de)慘敗有內(nei)外兩方面原因。
外因
晉、吳聯合力量超過楚國;
內因
楚國政治腐敗。
而(er)起決定作用(yong)(yong)的(de)是內因。楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)的(de)政治腐敗突出(chu)表現于用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)問題上。楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)出(chu)人(ren)(ren)才,可楚(chu)平(ping)王(wang)專信奸邪,加害賢良,后來楚(chu)昭王(wang)上臺,也胸無大志,只(zhi)勉強(qiang)立(li)國(guo)(guo),致使大批人(ren)(ren)才有的(de)消沉,有的(de)流走。象范蠡,出(chu)身于布衣之家(jia)(jia),有匡世(shi)奇才,而(er)“時人(ren)(ren)盡以為狂(kuang)”(《越絕(jue)書》)。他琢磨,楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)不(bu)用(yong)(yong),自己不(bu)能直接報效于父母之邦,不(bu)如東去(qu)助越,以越制(zhi)吳,消除楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)東顧之憂,將全部(bu)的(de)才智曲折(zhe)地貢獻給生養自己的(de)故國(guo)(guo)。于是,他邀好友文(wen)種一起告(gao)別了家(jia)(jia)鄉,踏(ta)上東去(qu)越國(guo)(guo)的(de)道路(lu)。
越國
越國是古(gu)代越族建立的(de)(de)(de)國家。傳說(shuo)其先祖(zu)乃大禹的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)裔,被(bei)封于(yu)會稽(今浙江紹興),“文身斷發(fa),被(bei)草(cao)萊而(er)邑”(《史記·越王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)勾(gou)踐世(shi)家》),歷二(er)十余(yu)世(shi)而(er)至允(yun)(yun)常(chang)。公元前五(wu)一○年,吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)闔閭(lv)攻越,正是允(yun)(yun)常(chang)在位時(shi)。吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)闔閭(lv)攻占郢都后(hou),慶功作樂,流連忘返,國內很空虛。越王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)允(yun)(yun)常(chang)乘機襲(xi)吳(wu)(wu)國。吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)闔閭(lv)之弟夫概(gai)也(ye)悄悄溜(liu)回(hui)吳(wu)(wu)國,自(zi)立為王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。恰巧這時(shi),楚大夫申(shen)包(bao)胥哭秦(qin)庭七日,求來救兵,吳(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)闔閭(lv)被(bei)迫(po)跟楚國講和(he),匆忙回(hui)師,趕跑(pao)夫概(gai),保住王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)位,而(er)楚國也(ye)僥(jiao)幸復活(huo)。楚昭王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)接受了(le)痛苦的(de)(de)(de)教訓,開始勵精圖(tu)治。為了(le)解除吳(wu)(wu)國對楚國的(de)(de)(de)威脅,他采取(qu)聯越制吳(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)策略。
吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)闔閭(lv)(lv)決心(xin)(xin)打敗越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)四(si)(si)九(jiu)六年(nian)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)允常(chang)死(si),其(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)繼(ji)位。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)起兵攻(gong)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)兩(liang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)戰(zhan)于(yu)(yu)檇(zui)李(今浙江(jiang)嘉興(xing)南(nan))。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊陣(zhen)(zhen)列整齊(qi)(qi)(qi)嚴肅(su),越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)派敢死(si)隊沖鋒(feng)失敗,就改用罪人在(zai)(zai)陣(zhen)(zhen)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)集體自(zi)殺(sha)(sha),吸引吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)力(li)(li)(li),然(ran)后(hou)空襲(xi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)將(jiang)靈(ling)姑浮揮戈刺傷吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)闔閭(lv)(lv),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)敗退,闔閭(lv)(lv)死(si)于(yu)(yu)途中(zhong),其(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差繼(ji)位。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差將(jiang)闔閭(lv)(lv)葬(zang)于(yu)(yu)虎丘。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差派專人侍立宮門,每逢(feng)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差出入(ru),便發問:“夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差,越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)殺(sha)(sha)害(hai)你(ni)父親的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仇恨你(ni)忘掉(diao)了(le)嗎(ma)?”夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差則回(hui)答(da):“不(bu)(bu)敢忘,不(bu)(bu)敢忘!”過了(le)兩(liang)年(nian),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)出動(dong)精兵攻(gong)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)椒(古(gu)山(shan)名,在(zai)(zai)今江(jiang)蘇(su)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)縣西(xi)南(nan)太湖中(zhong))一(yi)戰(zhan),越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大敗。越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)僅剩(sheng)五千人,被吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)包圍(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)會稽山(shan)。文仲(zhong)、范(fan)蠡(li)說(shuo)服勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)忍辱(ru)圖(tu)存,厚賂吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寵臣(chen)伯(bo)嚭,向(xiang)(xiang)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)求和(he)(he)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)相(xiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)伍子(zi)(zi)(zi)胥(xu)表示反(fan)對,他(ta)(ta)舉夏代少康中(zhong)興(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故事(shi),勸告吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),消滅越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),以(yi)絕(jue)后(hou)患(huan)。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)太宰伯(bo)嚭既(ji)貪圖(tu)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)財貨,又嫉妒相(xiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)伍子(zi)(zi)(zi)胥(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功勞(lao),極力(li)(li)(li)慫恿吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)答(da)應(ying)(ying)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)請求。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差終于(yu)(yu)允許求和(he)(he),但條(tiao)件(jian)是越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)必須(xu)臣(chen)服于(yu)(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),并要(yao)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)到(dao)(dao)(dao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)奴三年(nian)。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)帶(dai)范(fan)蠡(li)來(lai)到(dao)(dao)(dao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)當馬夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。每天(tian)(tian)早上喂馬擦車,以(yi)備夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差田獵,游(you)玩(wan);晚上棲身(shen)于(yu)(yu)石屋,守在(zai)(zai)闔閭(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墳旁,期待三年(nian)一(yi)過,重(zhong)返越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),最使(shi)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)君(jun)臣(chen)提心(xin)(xin)吊膽(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伍子(zi)(zi)(zi)胥(xu),他(ta)(ta)常(chang)常(chang)勸吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)殺(sha)(sha)掉(diao)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)。因(yin)此,勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)必須(xu)裝出萬分(fen)忠于(yu)(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現,而且不(bu)(bu)能(neng)讓吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發覺半點矯飾做作。范(fan)蠡(li)為(wei)(wei)此煞費(fei)苦心(xin)(xin),他(ta)(ta)聽到(dao)(dao)(dao)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差病了(le),就動(dong)員勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)嘗溲(sou)辨疾(ji),以(yi)感(gan)動(dong)他(ta)(ta)。這招果(guo)然(ran)靈(ling)驗,夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差誤(wu)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)確實屈服了(le),便如(ru)期放(fang)他(ta)(ta)回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou),身(shen)邊總放(fang)著一(yi)個苦膽(dan),坐臥(wo)飲食不(bu)(bu)忘先嘗苦膽(dan),借以(yi)牢(lao)記會稽之辱(ru)。范(fan)蠡(li)為(wei)(wei)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)制定(ding)一(yi)套保民、富(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、強兵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方針。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)親自(zi)耕田,夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)人親自(zi)織(zhi)布,食不(bu)(bu)加肉,衣不(bu)(bu)重(zhong)彩,禮賢下(xia)士(shi),賑(zhen)貧恤死(si),深(shen)得民心(xin)(xin),越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)很快富(fu)起來(lai)。相(xiang)反(fan),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差因(yin)勝(sheng)利而驕傲自(zi)滿,腐(fu)化墮落,偏(pian)(pian)信奸佞術宰伯(bo)嚭,殺(sha)(sha)害(hai)忠誠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)子(zi)(zi)(zi)胥(xu),政治日趨腐(fu)敗。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差看不(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)是自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)腹之患(huan),一(yi)心(xin)(xin)想北(bei)上爭霸(ba)。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)四(si)(si)八年(nian),他(ta)(ta)乘(cheng)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)景公(gong)(gong)新死(si)之機,伐齊(qi)(qi)(qi),在(zai)(zai)艾陵打敗齊(qi)(qi)(qi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)四(si)(si)八二年(nian),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差通知中(zhong)原諸侯到(dao)(dao)(dao)黃池(今河南(nan)封(feng)丘縣西(xi)南(nan))開會。會上,吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、晉兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)爭當盟主,結(jie)(jie)果(guo)歃血時,先吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)后(hou)晉,魯、邾等(deng)小(xiao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也(ye)分(fen)別“賦于(yu)(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)八百乘(cheng)”和(he)(he)“六百乘(cheng)”(《國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)語·楚語》)。黃池之會使(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)達到(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)北(bei)上稱霸(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),但也(ye)標志著吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)霸(ba)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)終結(jie)(jie)。 就在(zai)(zai)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差參加黃池之會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候。越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)率兵攻(gong)進(jin)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)都,俘虜了(le)太子(zi)(zi)(zi)友。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差聞訊后(hou),急忙從北(bei)方撤軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。但吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)長(chang)途跋涉,疲勞(lao)不(bu)(bu)堪(kan),無法抵(di)抗越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)攻(gong)。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差只得派伯(bo)嚭攜帶(dai)豐(feng)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮物去越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)求和(he)(he)。越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)估量眼下(xia)還不(bu)(bu)能(neng)滅掉(diao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),就答(da)應(ying)(ying)同吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)講(jiang)和(he)(he)。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)四(si)(si)七八年(nian),越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)再次攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊在(zai)(zai)笠澤(ze)夾水對陣(zhen)(zhen)。夜里,越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)左右兩(liang)小(xiao)隊兵卒或左或右,擊(ji)鼓吶喊(han),佯攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)兩(liang)翼。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)分(fen)兵防御,而越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)三軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)主力(li)(li)(li)暗(an)暗(an)涉水,猛攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大敗。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)四(si)(si)七三年(nian),越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)第三次大規模(mo)進(jin)攻(gong)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),將(jiang)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差包圍(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)姑蘇(su)山(shan)上。吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)正派公(gong)(gong)孫雄(xiong)肉袒膝行,向(xiang)(xiang)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)求和(he)(he)。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)想答(da)應(ying)(ying),范(fan)蠡(li)說(shuo):“過去天(tian)(tian)意(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)滅掉(diao)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),可(ke)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)偏(pian)(pian)偏(pian)(pian)不(bu)(bu)干;現在(zai)(zai)天(tian)(tian)意(yi)(yi)叫(jiao)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)滅掉(diao)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),難(nan)道大王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)要(yao)違背天(tian)(tian)意(yi)(yi)嗎(ma)?”吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)使(shi)聞聽淚(lei)如(ru)雨下(xia)。勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)遂說(shuo):“請夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差遷到(dao)(dao)(dao)甬(yong)江(jiang)以(yi)東,讓他(ta)(ta)管(guan)理一(yi)百戶(hu)人家。”夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)差羞愧交集,對勾(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)說(shuo):“我真沒(mei)臉見(jian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)胥(xu)呀?”
這時,越國(guo)已(yi)成為地跨江、淮(huai)的(de)(de)東(dong)方大國(guo)。越王勾(gou)踐率領軍隊(dui)北渡淮(huai)河,在(zai)徐州(zhou)(今(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)東(dong)滕州(zhou)市)與齊、宋(song)、晉、魯等國(guo)諸侯會盟。各國(guo)都聽越的(de)(de)號令。周元王正式派人賜給勾(gou)踐祭肉,命他(ta)為霸(ba)主(zhu)。此后,勾(gou)踐為長(chang)期稱(cheng)霸(ba)中原,遷(qian)都瑯(lang)琊(ya)(今(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)東(dong)諸城市)。直到戰國(guo)中期,越國(guo)才被楚國(guo)打敗。