津(jin)南(nan)(nan)(nan)區(qu)位于(yu)天津(jin)市東南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu),海河(he)(he)(he)下游南(nan)(nan)(nan)岸(an),4000年(nian)(nian)以來,在古(gu)(gu)渤(bo)海灣灘涂及(ji)水(shui)下岸(an)坡區(qu),由古(gu)(gu)黃河(he)(he)(he)、海河(he)(he)(he)攜(xie)帶泥沙與古(gu)(gu)渤(bo)海潮汐、風浪(lang)搬運(yun)海底物質(zhi)共同堆(dui)積的海積沖(chong)積平原。地(di)勢低洼,地(di)下水(shui)位高,境內土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤共有(you)潮土(tu)(tu)(tu)、水(shui)稻(dao)(dao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、沼澤土(tu)(tu)(tu)、鹽土(tu)(tu)(tu)4個土(tu)(tu)(tu)類,5個亞類,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤含(han)(han)鹽量(liang)0.2%~0.4%,pH8.0~8.5,有(you)機質(zhi)含(han)(han)量(liang)1.5%~3.0%,富含(han)(han)鉀、鎂等(deng)礦物質(zhi)元素,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤質(zhi)地(di)粘重,保(bao)水(shui)保(bao)肥(fei)能(neng)力強,為(wei)小站(zhan)稻(dao)(dao)種植(zhi)提(ti)供了(le)獨特(te)的地(di)理環境。津(jin)南(nan)(nan)(nan)的先人通(tong)過興修水(shui)利、筑堤圍田,以淡(dan)水(shui)洗堿,創造出(chu)種植(zhi)小站(zhan)稻(dao)(dao)的優(you)越條(tiao)(tiao)件。同時,南(nan)(nan)(nan)運(yun)河(he)(he)(he)水(shui)夾帶著(zhu)漳河(he)(he)(he)從黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)高原卷(juan)來的富含(han)(han)氮、磷、鉀及(ji)有(you)機肥(fei)料的泥沙,通(tong)過馬廠減河(he)(he)(he)注入(ru)津(jin)南(nan)(nan)(nan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di),構成了(le)獨特(te)的小站(zhan)稻(dao)(dao)生(sheng)長(chang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤環境。區(qu)境北靠海河(he)(he)(he),南(nan)(nan)(nan)有(you)馬廠堿河(he)(he)(he),河(he)(he)(he)渠(qu)縱橫交織,洼淀坑塘星羅棋(qi)布,共有(you)海河(he)(he)(he)、大(da)(da)沽排水(shui)河(he)(he)(he)等(deng)5條(tiao)(tiao)市管一級河(he)(he)(he)道,長(chang)87.89km;洪泥河(he)(he)(he)、月牙河(he)(he)(he)、雙橋河(he)(he)(he)等(deng)16條(tiao)(tiao)區(qu)管二級河(he)(he)(he)道,長(chang)185.3km,蓄水(shui)量(liang)4000km3,水(shui)質(zhi)優(you)良。自然降(jiang)水(shui)多集(ji)中在6~8月份,年(nian)(nian)平均降(jiang)雨(yu)量(liang)558.9mm,為(wei)小站(zhan)稻(dao)(dao)生(sheng)長(chang)提(ti)供了(le)良好的灌溉條(tiao)(tiao)件。2.3 氣(qi)候情況津(jin)南(nan)(nan)(nan)區(qu)屬(shu)暖溫帶半(ban)濕(shi)(shi)潤(run)季風型大(da)(da)陸氣(qi)候,年(nian)(nian)平均氣(qi)溫12.5℃,年(nian)(nian)平均降(jiang)雨(yu)量(liang)558.9mm,年(nian)(nian)蒸發量(liang)1768.5mm,年(nian)(nian)平均相對濕(shi)(shi)度64%,平均無霜期206d,太陽輻射總量(liang)125.9kcl/cm2,全年(nian)(nian)日照(zhao)時數2610~2899h,大(da)(da)于(yu)10℃的積溫4176.9℃。津(jin)南(nan)(nan)(nan)小站(zhan)稻(dao)(dao)的生(sheng)育期長(chang)達190 d,灌漿期晝(zhou)夜溫差(cha)大(da)(da),形成了(le)小站(zhan)稻(dao)(dao)生(sheng)產獨特(te)的氣(qi)候條(tiao)(tiao)件。
小(xiao)站(zhan)稻米(mi)粒(li)飽滿,均(jun)勻一致,半透明(ming),無異常色澤和(he)氣味,長寬比≤2.2。米(mi)飯(fan)富有光澤,具(ju)有“香、黏、彈、筋(jin)、甜”的(de)特點,冷(leng)飯(fan)不回生(sheng)。
2019年11月15日,小站稻入選(xuan)中國(guo)農(nong)業品牌目錄。2020年,原(yuan)中華人(ren)民共(gong)和國(guo)農(nong)業部批準(zhun)對(dui)“欽州鱸魚”實施(shi)國(guo)家農(nong)產品地理(li)標(biao)志登記(ji)保護。
遼圣(sheng)宗(zong)統和五年(nian)(987)建立的(de)(de)盤(pan)山(shan)千(qian)像寺講(jiang)堂碑(bei)載:“幽燕之(zhi)分,列郡有四(si),薊(ji)門(men)(men)為上,地(di)方千(qian)里,藉(jie)冠百城,紅稻香(xiang)耕,實(shi)魚鹽(yan)之(zhi)沃壤……”,這(zhe)里所說千(qian)里幽燕的(de)(de)紅稻香(xiang)耕(粳),魚鹽(yan)等等,其中涵蓋(gai)了包括津(jin)南在(zai)內(nei)的(de)(de)天津(jin)沿海(hai)區(qu)域,是較早(zao)的(de)(de)種稻文獻記載。宋(song)遼對(dui)峙時(shi),以(yi)海(hai)河(he)為界,因之(zhi),海(hai)河(he)亦(yi)稱界河(he),當(dang)時(shi),海(hai)口(kou)在(zai)泥沽一(yi)帶。交界之(zhi)處(chu),多低洼積(ji)澇地(di)區(qu),到處(chu)成為塘泊(bo)。北宋(song)利用這(zhe)種地(di)貌特(te)點(dian),擬廣開水(shui)田(tian)以(yi)限遼戎馬侵突。泥沽屬清池(chi)縣,清池(chi)縣屬滄州(zhou)(zhou),曾任(ren)滄州(zhou)(zhou)節度副使而“實(shi)專郡治”的(de)(de)何承矩(ju)(ju),率先提出了在(zai)緣邊(bian)屯(tun)田(tian)種稻的(de)(de)理(li)論,宋(song)太宗(zong)很贊同何承矩(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)奏議(yi),命為制(zhi)置河(he)北緣邊(bian)屯(tun)田(tian)使,實(shi)施屯(tun)田(tian)。淳化四(si)年(nian)(993),何承矩(ju)(ju)“發諸州(zhou)(zhou)鎮兵(bing)一(yi)萬八千(qian)人(ren)……,興堰六百里,置斗門(men)(men),引淀(dian)水(shui)灌溉”,“大(da)作稻田(tian)以(yi)足食”。
第(di)一(yi)年試種(zhong)(zhong),沒有(you)把(ba)握好北(bei)方(fang)的(de)節候,成(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)得晚(wan),趕上(shang)霜凍,沒有(you)收成(cheng),失敗了。何承矩沒有(you)畏難(nan),用(yong)江東(dong)(dong)早(zao)季稻的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)籽下種(zhong)(zhong),結果,“江東(dong)(dong)原應七月成(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)的(de)早(zao)稻,在屯田(tian)地八月成(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)”,試種(zhong)(zhong)終(zhong)于成(cheng)功。“自(zi)順安以東(dong)(dong)瀕海,廣袤數百里,悉為稻田(tian),而有(you)莞(guan)蒲蜃蛤之饒,民賴其利(li)”。其后(hou),宋朝進(jin)一(yi)步完備(bei)該防線,將河(he)北(bei)水田(tian)永為定制。
天禧(xi)四(si)年(1020)“諸州(zhou)已屯(tun)田四(si)千二百余頃(qing),歲收二萬九千四(si)百余石”。
慶歷八年(1048)黃河北徙,從“泥沽(gu)海(hai)口(kou)”入(ru)海(hai),水(shui)源更為(wei)充沛(pei)。置(zhi)高(gao)陽(yang)關(guan)路后,沿(yan)御河設(she)有“稻田(tian)務(wu)”,管理種稻。后河北屯(tun)田(tian)司(si)奏議“豐年屯(tun)田(tian),入(ru)不償費”,屯(tun)田(tian)不斷減少。
治平四年(nian)(1067)朝廷“詔(zhao)罷(ba)緣邊水(shui)陸(lu)屯田務,募民租佃”。
元至(zhi)大二(er)年(nian)(1309)鎮守海口屯(tun)(tun)儲親軍(jun)都指揮使,“撥(bo)漢軍(jun)五(wu)千,給田(tian)十萬(wan)頃,于直沽沿海口屯(tun)(tun)種”。翌年(nian),用鈔9158錠,購(gou)買(mai)農具耕牛,撥(bo)給屯(tun)(tun)軍(jun)。
泰定年(nian)間(1324~1328)翰林直(zhi)學士虞集倡議:“京師(shi)之(zhi)東,瀕海數千里,北極遼河,南濱青(qing)齊,萑葦之(zhi)場也”,“用(yong)浙人之(zhi)法(fa),筑堤捍水(shui)以為(wei)田(tian)”,但實效(xiao)寥寥。
至正(zheng)十二年(nian)(1352)丞(cheng)相脫(tuo)(tuo)脫(tuo)(tuo)上(shang)言:“京畿近地水利(li),召(zhao)募南人耕(geng)種,歲可得粟、麥百余萬石(shi),不煩(fan)海(hai)運,京師足食。”明寶坻縣令袁黃所著(zhu)《勸農書》中說:“元虞集、郭守敬所談(tan)京東水利(li),其言鑿鑿,而脫(tuo)(tuo)脫(tuo)(tuo)丞(cheng)相循而興(xing)之,果獲厚(hou)利(li)……”。?
明(ming)永(yong)樂二年(1404)明(ming)成祖朱棣(di)派功(gong)臣(chen)親兵(bing),大批(pi)移民(min)到津南(nan)開荒種稻。弘治(zhi)元年(1488),丘浚又重(zhong)提元虞集舊議,認為(wei)華(hua)北濱海平原皆可廣行水利,化斥鹵為(wei)良田(tian)。特別指出(chu)直沽“截(jie)斷(duan)河流(liu),橫開長河一條,收(shou)其流(liu)而分其水,然(ran)后于沮洳處筑為(wei)長堤,隨各為(wei)水門(men),以(yi)司(si)啟閉。外(wai)以(yi)截(jie)咸水,俾其不(bu)(bu)得入,內以(yi)收(shou)淡水,俾不(bu)(bu)至浸”。
萬歷三年(1575)工科給(gei)事中徐(xu)貞明提倡畿輔(fu)興水利,“……永平、灤(luan)州坻滄(cang)州、慶云,地皆萑葦,土(tu)實膏腴,元虞集欲于京(jing)東濱(bin)海地筑塘捍水,以成稻田,若仿(fang)集意(yi),招徠南(nan)人(ren),俾之耕籍(ji),北起遼東,南(nan)濱(bin)青齊,皆良田也(ye)”。
萬(wan)歷(li)十(shi)三年(nian)(1585)徐(xu)貞明任(ren)尚(shang)寶司卿兼(jian)御(yu)史領墾田事。徐(xu)光啟在(zai)《農政(zheng)全(quan)書》卷十(shi)二(er)水利部分(fen),有(you)注提(ti)到(dao)徐(xu)貞明,說他曾指出“在(zai)天(tian)津北部瀕(bin)海屯種(zhong),若如(ru)吳越人,田而(er)耕之,則利十(shi)倍于(yu)葦”。直到(dao)明末,汪應(ying)蛟屯墾十(shi)字圍田,幾代人的夢想(xiang),才算成為現實。萬(wan)歷(li)二(er)十(shi)六年(nian)(1598)汪應(ying)蛟受命任(ren)天(tian)津海防巡撫,萬(wan)歷(li)二(er)十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(1600),于(yu)白塘(tang)口、葛沽兩(liang)處,墾種(zhong)5000余(yu)畝(mu),其(qi)中水田2000畝(mu),每畝(mu)最高收四五(wu)石,余(yu)為旱田,多者每畝(mu)收一(yi)二(er)石。
此后(hou),陸續(xu)開(kai)發了東泥沽、西泥沽、盤沽、吳(wu)家嘴、辛(xin)莊、雙港、何家圈、官莊等(deng)處。屯(tun)田(tian)種稻,采(cai)用的是江南圍(wei)田(tian)耕作辦法。以(yi)“求、仁、誠、足、愚(yu)、食(shi)、力(li)、古(gu)、所、貴”10個字命名,編次其圍(wei)田(tian),人稱“十字圍(wei)”。
圍田的格局(ju)是“一(yi)(yi)面(mian)濱(bin)河(he),三面(mian)開渠,與(yu)河(he)水(shui)(shui)通。深(shen)廣各(ge)一(yi)(yi)丈五尺(chi),四面(mian)筑堤以防水(shui)(shui)澇,(堤)高厚各(ge)七尺(chi),又中間溝渠之制,條分縷析”。“十字圍”均(jun)在海河(he)右岸。地周(zhou)圍主(zhu)干渠挖到(dao)5米深(shen),利于排澇和降(jiang)低(di)地下水(shui)(shui)位,減輕(qing)土壤鹽分,并利用海河(he)一(yi)(yi)日(ri)兩潮,引水(shui)(shui)灌溉和排出尾水(shui)(shui),使土壤鹽堿(jian)成分降(jiang)低(di)。此種方(fang)法(fa),適于低(di)洼(wa)及地上水(shui)(shui)豐沛地區(qu)植(zhi)稻。
汪應蛟見南方的兵(bing)士,不(bu)(bu)獨習(xi)水(shui)戰,而(er)且能種(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)田,所以(yi)在“倭寇平,撤(che)南兵(bing)”的時候,力倡留兵(bing)屯田,并“輔以(yi)右(you)衛軍人二千三百余名……,歲得美谷蓋二萬石有(you)(you)奇”。但(dan)(dan)兵(bing)力是經常(chang)要(yao)(yao)調動的,后(hou)“因援(yuan)遼千名,即八千畝多(duo)蕪,且有(you)(you)申言種(zhong)(zhong)稻(dao)不(bu)(bu)如取葦者”。至“萬歷(li)卅五年(nian)(nian),因收獲不(bu)(bu)多(duo),又任(ren)從(cong)長葦,兩(liang)營兵(bing)皆(jie)采樵,有(you)(you)采廿八萬束者,有(you)(you)水(shui)淹無一束者”。汪應蛟在津(jin)南種(zhong)(zhong)稻(dao)事(shi)業(ye),興旺(wang)了五六年(nian)(nian),到萬歷(li)末,平倭退兵(bing)后(hou),“已(yi)(yi)墾(ken)之(zhi)稻(dao)田,十有(you)(you)七廢(fei),僅余葛(ge)沽而(er)已(yi)(yi)”。但(dan)(dan)圍田種(zhong)(zhong)稻(dao)之(zhi)法,對天津(jin)其后(hou)種(zhong)(zhong)稻(dao)發展(zhan)起了重要(yao)(yao)作用。
明代杰出的科學家徐光啟,萬歷(li)四(si)十一年(nian)(1613),因修歷(li)書,為朝臣所不(bu)滿,遂托病來到(dao)天(tian)津。從萬歷(li)四(si)十一年(nian)至(zhi)天(tian)啟元(yuan)年(nian)(1613~1621),先后4次屯田,調(diao)查訪問,將開墾、水利、荒政3方面實(shi)踐及心(xin)得總結于《農政全書》中。
徐光啟初至(zhi)津(jin)南時,大面積稻田(tian)(tian)荒廢,“僅靜(jing)海(hai)縣(xian)之(zhi)葛沽高地(di)已田(tian)(tian)”。他(ta)(ta)在(zai)家書里寫(xie)到:“在(zai)天津(jin)荒田(tian)(tian)無數,至(zhi)貴(gui)者不(bu)過六七(qi)分(銀(yin))一畝(mu),賤者不(bu)過二三厘錢,糧(賦稅(shui))又(you)輕,中有一半可(ke)作(zuo)水(shui)田(tian)(tian)者,雖低而近大江(jiang),可(ke)作(zuo)岸備(bei)澇,車水(shui)備(bei)旱者也。有一半在(zai)內地(di),開河即可(ke)種(zhong)稻,不(bu)然亦可(ke)種(zhong)麥(mai)種(zhong)秫也,但亦要筑岸備(bei)水(shui)耳(er)。其余(yu)尚有無主無糧的荒田(tian)(tian),一望八九(jiu)十里,無數任人開種(zhong),任人牧牛羊也”。他(ta)(ta)在(zai)在(zai)葛沽購置20頃荒田(tian)(tian),引來南方優良稻種(zhong),仍(reng)采用圍田(tian)(tian)之(zhi)法防(fang)澇,并戽海(hai)河水(shui)備(bei)旱,同時,利(li)用海(hai)河潮(chao)汐進(jin)行灌溉。
萬(wan)歷四(si)(si)(si)十四(si)(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1616)“試種(zhong)南稻(dao),農師孫彪,用人糞干(gan)每畝(mu)(mu)施八(ba)石,結果稻(dao)棵瘋長大如碗,根大如斗(dou),含胎不(bu)(bu)秀,竟(jing)不(bu)(bu)收。后一年(nian)(nian)(nian),每畝(mu)(mu)改用麻(ma)糝四(si)(si)(si)斗(dou),是年(nian)(nian)(nian)每畝(mu)(mu)收米一石五(wu)斗(dou),科大如酒瓶口”。他因地(di)(di)制宜,把(ba)長江一帶稻(dao)棉(mian)輪(lun)(lun)作(zuo)的經驗,拿來(lai)推廣,“凡(fan)高仰田(tian)可(ke)棉(mian)可(ke)稻(dao)者,種(zhong)棉(mian)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)種(zhong)稻(dao)一年(nian)(nian)(nian),即草根潰爛,土(tu)地(di)(di)肥厚,蟲螟不(bu)(bu)生(sheng)”。一水二旱的倒茬種(zhong)植(zhi),是節水改土(tu)培養地(di)(di)力、防止周圍地(di)(di)塊返(fan)堿和消滅病蟲雜草的成功經驗。此輪(lun)(lun)作(zuo)制在解放后尚有應用,不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)稻(dao)棉(mian)豐收,節水治堿,還可(ke)改種(zhong)菜田(tian)。
徐光(guang)啟不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅注意(yi)水利(li)措(cuo)施(shi)和種稻(dao),還深入研究改造(zao)鹽(yan)漬土,總結(jie)出因地施(shi)肥的重(zhong)要性(xing)。《糞雍規則》載:“天(tian)津屯田(tian)(tian)兵(bing)言:堿(jian)地不(bu)(bu)(bu)害(hai)稻(dao),得水即去(qu),其田(tian)(tian)壯與新田(tian)(tian)同。但(dan)葛沽屯田(tian)(tian)兵(bing)又言:初(chu)年(nian)堿(jian)地不(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)稻(dao)蒔,下(xia)多不(bu)(bu)(bu)發,二年(nian)以后漸佳,后來更不(bu)(bu)(bu)須上糞,尤盛不(bu)(bu)(bu)堿(jian)者”。他分析,近海重(zhong)堿(jian)地初(chu)開不(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)稻(dao),因洗堿(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)夠(gou)所致。
萬(wan)歷四十五年(1617)終于完(wan)成了南稻(dao)北移。
天(tian)啟初,后金在(zai)(zai)(zai)遼東戰緊,百萬難(nan)民水陸轉徙(xi)進關(guan)(guan)。天(tian)津(jin)為京都門戶(hu),又是(shi)通向(xiang)遼東要道,天(tian)津(jin)屯(tun)田(tian),對京師和(he)遼東戰場均有(you)重大(da)意義。因而再度出現了(le)屯(tun)田(tian)熱(re)潮。天(tian)啟二年(1622),巡(xun)按御(yu)史張(zhang)慎言提出天(tian)津(jin)屯(tun)田(tian)奏議,總結(jie)歸納了(le)官種(zhong)(zhong)、佃(dian)種(zhong)(zhong)、民種(zhong)(zhong)、軍(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)、屯(tun)種(zhong)(zhong)5種(zhong)(zhong)方式,倡議繼續(xu)推(tui)行。太常(chang)少卿董應舉(ju),也于同(tong)年上奏朝廷:“臣近(jin)到何家圈(quan)(quan)、白塘口、雙港、辛莊(zhuang)、羊(yang)碼頭、大(da)人莊(zhuang)、咸(xian)水沽(gu)、泥沽(gu)、葛沽(gu),見(jian)汪(wang)司農往日開河舊跡尤存(cun),可作水田(tian)甚多……”。結(jie)果,董應舉(ju)獲準經理天(tian)津(jin)至山海關(guan)(guan)屯(tun)務。他將流民在(zai)(zai)(zai)各地安(an)排屯(tun)墾(ken),在(zai)(zai)(zai)津(jin)以(yi)公款買民田(tian)12萬余畝,合閑田(tian)18萬畝,仿效汪(wang)應蛟之法,在(zai)(zai)(zai)何家圈(quan)(quan)、雙港、白塘口、辛莊(zhuang)、葛沽(gu)等(deng)地圍田(tian)種(zhong)(zhong)稻,所獲“積谷無算”,屯(tun)利益興。這期間,直(zhi)隸(li)巡(xun)按兼提督學(xue)政(zheng)左光(guang)斗(dou),河間府水利通判(pan)盧觀象,興辦屯(tun)學(xue),“屯(tun)童入學(xue)給以(yi)武生衣巾(jin),授之水田(tian)百畝,使自耕(geng)之,每畝收租稻一石,專設秀(xiu)才名(ming)額(e),中秀(xiu)才后,繼續(xu)留在(zai)(zai)(zai)屯(tun)學(xue),等(deng)待考(kao)舉(ju)人、進士(shi)”,結(jie)果“人爭如流水”。明末朝政(zheng)腐敗(bai),黨(dang)爭激烈,終(zhong)致(zhi)屯(tun)田(tian)難(nan)以(yi)持久。
雍正三年(1725)海河流域(yu)遭受(shou)大水(shui)(shui)災。清(qing)政府(fu)(fu)派怡(yi)親王允祥和(he)大學士朱(zhu)軾主(zhu)持畿(ji)輔水(shui)(shui)利。雍正五年(1727),設水(shui)(shui)利營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)田(tian)(tian)(tian)府(fu)(fu),分(fen)立京東、京西、京南和(he)天(tian)(tian)津(jin)4個(ge)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)田(tian)(tian)(tian)局(ju)。陳儀領天(tian)(tian)津(jin)局(ju),“統轄天(tian)(tian)津(jin)、靜(jing)海、滄州,興(xing)國(guo)(guo)、富國(guo)(guo)二鹽(yan)場。”陳儀首先恢(hui)復了已廢棄的“藍田(tian)(tian)(tian)”,“浚舊(jiu)渠,引潮水(shui)(shui)灌溉滋培,秧苗蕃(fan)盛……,于是官(guan)(guan)民相勸,共營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)田(tian)(tian)(tian)三十(shi)余(yu)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)……”。另外,又恢(hui)復明朝(chao)屯(tun)田(tian)(tian)(tian)舊(jiu)跡,此后官(guan)(guan)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)水(shui)(shui)田(tian)(tian)(tian)和(he)私(si)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(官(guan)(guan)民自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying))水(shui)(shui)田(tian)(tian)(tian)競相擴(kuo)展,在津(jin)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)田(tian)(tian)(tian)十(shi)圍。其中,賀家口圍官(guan)(guan)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)38頃(qing)(qing)(qing)92畝(mu)(mu)(mu),自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)9頃(qing)(qing)(qing);何家圍官(guan)(guan)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)83頃(qing)(qing)(qing)16畝(mu)(mu)(mu),自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)23頃(qing)(qing)(qing)40畝(mu)(mu)(mu);吳家嘴(zui)圍官(guan)(guan)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)27頃(qing)(qing)(qing)92畝(mu)(mu)(mu),自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)14頃(qing)(qing)(qing)41畝(mu)(mu)(mu);雙港圍官(guan)(guan)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)38頃(qing)(qing)(qing)25畝(mu)(mu)(mu),自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)38頃(qing)(qing)(qing)72畝(mu)(mu)(mu);白塘口圍官(guan)(guan)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)64頃(qing)(qing)(qing)67畝(mu)(mu)(mu),自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)4頃(qing)(qing)(qing)72畝(mu)(mu)(mu);辛莊圍官(guan)(guan)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)61頃(qing)(qing)(qing)62畝(mu)(mu)(mu),自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)59畝(mu)(mu)(mu);葛沽(gu)、盤沽(gu)2圍官(guan)(guan)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)59畝(mu)(mu)(mu),自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)4頃(qing)(qing)(qing)91畝(mu)(mu)(mu);東、西泥沽(gu)2圍官(guan)(guan)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)35頃(qing)(qing)(qing)27畝(mu)(mu)(mu),自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)6頃(qing)(qing)(qing)28畝(mu)(mu)(mu)。
陳(chen)儀主持開墾(ken)水(shui)田的(de)方法(fa)(fa),基本是沿襲明代汪(wang)應蛟(jiao)的(de)作法(fa)(fa),“筑十字(zi)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)三面通(tong)河(he)(he)(he),開渠與河(he)(he)(he)水(shui)通(tong),潮來(lai)渠滿,則(ze)閉之(zhi)(zhi)以灌溉(gai)”。這次營田,海河(he)(he)(he)干流右岸附(fu)近的(de)大片(pian)土地(di)得到(dao)了(le)開發,總(zong)面積是明代十字(zi)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)4倍,“白(bai)塘、葛沽之(zhi)(zhi)間,斥鹵(lu)盡膏腴”。使(shi)一部(bu)分圍(wei)(wei)(wei)田連成一片(pian),如“藍田”與賀(he)家口圍(wei)(wei)(wei),東泥沽圍(wei)(wei)(wei)與西泥沽圍(wei)(wei)(wei)等(deng)。各圍(wei)(wei)(wei)引水(shui)渠道,逐漸向離(li)河(he)(he)(he)較遠的(de)洼地(di)延伸,形成了(le)互相連通(tong)的(de)引河(he)(he)(he)。“十圍(wei)(wei)(wei)”持續時間不長(chang),到(dao)乾(qian)隆四年(1739),“存(cun)者(zhe)賀(he)家口、葛沽兩圍(wei)(wei)(wei)而已”。
小(xiao)站建(jian)鎮、小(xiao)站稻(dao)拓植成功,是盛軍對天津(jin)的(de)兩大貢獻(xian)。小(xiao)站稻(dao)卓爾不群,歷史功績系于(yu)馬廠減(jian)河(he)(he)。該(gai)河(he)(he)兩岸(an)使用南(nan)運河(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)與海河(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)灌溉的(de)水(shui)(shui)田(tian),都(dou)視作(zuo)小(xiao)站稻(dao)作(zuo)區(qu)。這一作(zuo)區(qu)內(nei)生產(chan)的(de)水(shui)(shui)稻(dao),集(ji)中(zhong)了北(bei)方粳(jing)稻(dao)的(de)優(you)點,作(zuo)為(wei)商品粳(jing)稻(dao),均(jun)稱做小(xiao)站稻(dao)。在此以前,天津(jin)素(su)以葛沽(gu)稻(dao)著稱。咸豐初(chu)年,僧格林沁督兵(bing)大沽(gu)海口,在咸水(shui)(shui)沽(gu)營田(tian)3540畝,葛沽(gu)營田(tian)750畝,其(qi)營田(tian)方法(fa)仍是挑溝建(jian)閘,引潮水(shui)(shui)灌溉,并就地招農民,發給資(zi)本認(ren)種。其(qi)后,移(yi)交崇(chong)厚管理(li)。崇(chong)厚的(de)屯田(tian)思路(lu),仍然是依附于(yu)海河(he)(he),而李鴻章、周(zhou)盛傳(chuan)則進(jin)步為(wei)另(ling)辟水(shui)(shui)源,在開拓上(shang)超過了前者。
同(tong)(tong)治十三年(nian)(1874)周盛傳奉李鴻(hong)章命,在(zai)修筑(zhu)新城(今屬塘沽區)的同(tong)(tong)時,試辦(ban)“海(hai)上(shang)營田”,在(zai)新城門外(wai),試墾萬畝,雖(sui)播種不多(duo),獲稻不下(xia)數千石,成效已有(you)可(ke)觀。
周盛(sheng)傳總結了元朝以來屯墾(ken)廢興(xing)的(de)(de)經(jing)驗教訓(xun),在實(shi)地(di)勘察的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上,提出了東自(zi)新城,西至馬廠,溝通海(hai)(hai)河(he)(he)與(yu)南運(yun)(yun)河(he)(he),大興(xing)水利,滌鹵刷(shua)咸,墾(ken)荒(huang)50萬(wan)畝,圩田種稻(dao)的(de)(de)宏偉設想。在《詳陳津東水利并擬開海(hai)(hai)運(yun)(yun)各處(chu)引河(he)(he)由(you)營試辦(ban)屯墾(ken)稟》中說:“自(zi)歲(sui)內(nei)……,由(you)運(yun)(yun)河(he)(he)沿起,順新辟(pi)大道……,親(qin)行逐段履勘,見天津、靜海(hai)(hai)之交,俗(su)所稱南洼水鄉,今(jin)年(nian)悉已涸出,而彌望荒(huang)廢百里(li),內(nei)外盡(jin)為(wei)石田。益慨然于土曠民稀,非(fei)所以衛(wei)津輔。而屯政(zheng)與(yu)海(hai)(hai)防相為(wei)表里(li),誠不(bu)可一日緩矣”。
光緒元年(1875)周盛(sheng)傳率馬(ma)步13營由馬(ma)廠移駐(zhu)小站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),扎營18座,開(kai)始了“盛(sheng)軍(jun)營田”。先開(kai)小站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)至新城(cheng)出海河(he)段(duan)15公里。又(you)開(kai)小站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)至咸(xian)水(shui)沽引(yin)河(he)(今月牙(ya)河(he))10公里。并(bing)分別于北(bei)閘口、小站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)西、官港(gang)建大石閘,引(yin)甜刷(shua)咸(xian),實行咸(xian)淡分流。同時,就營前隙地購(gou)(gou)材(cai)建屋(wu),以(yi)止商旅。正式命名小站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)為新農鎮。五月,李鴻(hong)章到小站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)勘工,嘉其節省,奏(zou)飭盛(sheng)軍(jun)疏挑減河(he),兼辦屯(tun)墾。盛(sheng)軍(jun)購(gou)(gou)外洋(yang)火(huo)輪水(shui)車4架,又(you)造風力水(shui)車、手搖水(shui)車、腳踏水(shui)車、畜力水(shui)車2300余(yu)架,從山東濰縣購(gou)(gou)買耕牛800余(yu)頭,以(yi)資耕耨(nou)。
光(guang)緒(xu)二年(nian)(1876)盛(sheng)軍開(kai)(kai)挖減(jian)(jian)河(he)(he)(he)(he)下游,自新城至(zhi)大(da)沽(gu)(gu)(gu)入海河(he)(he)(he)(he)段,在(zai)(zai)南(nan)(nan)開(kai)(kai)(今(jin)屬塘(tang)沽(gu)(gu)(gu)區)別開(kai)(kai)支并于(yu)西沽(gu)(gu)(gu)、南(nan)(nan)開(kai)(kai)、西小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)各(ge)建(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)閘(zha)1座(zuo)。翌(yi)年(nian),改咸(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)沽(gu)(gu)(gu)通(tong)天津獨孔木(mu)橋(qiao)為鐵(tie)(tie)柱3孔石(shi)(shi)板橋(qiao),增建(jian)(jian)咸(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)沽(gu)(gu)(gu)西南(nan)(nan)2.5公(gong)里(li)處5孔木(mu)橋(qiao)。開(kai)(kai)新城東(dong)南(nan)(nan)經北(bei)店子(zi)、南(nan)(nan)天門、寧家圈、黃家臺至(zhi)西小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)減(jian)(jian)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(今(jin)八米(mi)河(he)(he)(he)(he))20公(gong)里(li),建(jian)(jian)閘(zha)1座(zuo),以(yi)排(pai)咸(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)。又于(yu)新城小(xiao)(xiao)西河(he)(he)(he)(he)上(shang)游,傍減(jian)(jian)河(he)(he)(he)(he)右堤外,開(kai)(kai)支河(he)(he)(he)(he)20公(gong)里(li)達西小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)以(yi)進甜水(shui),并在(zai)(zai)西小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)左側建(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)閘(zha)1座(zuo)。光(guang)緒(xu)四年(nian)(1878),開(kai)(kai)泥(ni)(ni)沽(gu)(gu)(gu)通(tong)海河(he)(he)(he)(he)至(zhi)東(dong)大(da)站(zhan)溝(gou)通(tong)馬廠減(jian)(jian)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(今(jin)雙橋(qiao)河(he)(he)(he)(he))10公(gong)里(li),建(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)木(mu)閘(zha)3座(zuo);咸(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)沽(gu)(gu)(gu)繞潘家溝(gou)至(zhi)仁字(zi)營10公(gong)里(li),溝(gou)通(tong)海河(he)(he)(he)(he)與(yu)橫減(jian)(jian)河(he)(he)(he)(he),建(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)閘(zha)、灰(hui)(hui)閘(zha)各(ge)1座(zuo);咸(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)沽(gu)(gu)(gu)減(jian)(jian)河(he)(he)(he)(he)至(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)街心(xin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)10公(gong)里(li),建(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)券(quan)閘(zha)2座(zuo);咸(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)沽(gu)(gu)(gu)減(jian)(jian)河(he)(he)(he)(he)至(zhi)西小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)減(jian)(jian)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(今(jin)四丈(zhang)河(he)(he)(he)(he))10公(gong)里(li),建(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)閘(zha)、灰(hui)(hui)閘(zha)各(ge)1座(zuo);東(dong)大(da)站(zhan)至(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)河(he)(he)(he)(he)5公(gong)里(li)。光(guang)緒(xu)五(wu)年(nian)(1879),開(kai)(kai)泥(ni)(ni)沽(gu)(gu)(gu)、咸(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)沽(gu)(gu)(gu)一帶咸(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(含(han)今(jin)躍進河(he)(he)(he)(he))20公(gong)里(li)。改建(jian)(jian)咸(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)沽(gu)(gu)(gu)、小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)等(deng)地石(shi)(shi)閘(zha),筑新城大(da)閘(zha),基礎密(mi)排(pai)梅花樁,上(shang)覆三(san)合土,蓋青石(shi)(shi)板,以(yi)糯(nuo)米(mi)汁調碎(sui)石(shi)(shi)子(zi)和蛤蜊灰(hui)(hui)粘合。閘(zha)板以(yi)鐵(tie)(tie)條(tiao)、螺(luo)釘連(lian)接為整體,或(huo)以(yi)生鐵(tie)(tie)鑄成,并裝(zhuang)有滑輪,可任意啟閉。并依此法改建(jian)(jian)、新建(jian)(jian)了多(duo)處石(shi)(shi)閘(zha)。
光(guang)緒(xu)六年(1880)周盛(sheng)傳統率盛(sheng)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)步隊11個(ge)營(ying)(ying),銘軍(jun)(jun)(jun)步隊10個(ge)營(ying)(ying),古(gu)北(bei)口、保(bao)定(ding)、大(da)名、正定(ding)、河(he)(he)(he)(he)間等處練軍(jun)(jun)(jun)步隊13個(ge)營(ying)(ying),共34個(ge)營(ying)(ying)分(fen)(fen)段自靳(jin)官屯(tun)向(xiang)東開河(he)(he)(he)(he)32.5公里(li),接(jie)盛(sheng)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)前開之河(he)(he)(he)(he),并建成靳(jin)官屯(tun)石(shi)質5孔大(da)橋(qiao)閘(zha)(zha)。至此(ci),由靳(jin)官屯(tun)至西(xi)大(da)沽出海,全(quan)長75公里(li)的馬廠減河(he)(he)(he)(he)全(quan)線貫通。沿河(he)(he)(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)建石(shi)、鐵柱板橋(qiao)4座、大(da)型閘(zha)(zha)6座,下游開橫河(he)(he)(he)(he)6條(即今四(si)丈河(he)(he)(he)(he)、月牙河(he)(he)(he)(he)、雙橋(qiao)河(he)(he)(he)(he)、躍進河(he)(he)(he)(he)、新城小西(xi)河(he)(he)(he)(he)、南(nan)開河(he)(he)(he)(he)),分(fen)(fen)注海河(he)(he)(he)(he)。墾區之內溝洫汊河(he)(he)(he)(he)縱橫交錯,引甜水灌溉(gai),排咸水刷堿,渠系分(fen)(fen)明,橋(qiao)閘(zha)(zha)涵洞配套齊(qi)備(bei),以小站為(wei)中(zhong)心的墾區基本形成。盛(sheng)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)開墾稻(dao)田已達6萬余畝(mu),民(min)營(ying)(ying)稻(dao)田達13.6萬畝(mu),為(wei)小站世稱“北(bei)國(guo)魚米之鄉”奠定(ding)了(le)基礎(chu)。
小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)(zhan)墾(ken)區(qu)以馬廠減(jian)河(he)為主干(gan)渠,自靜海(hai)靳官屯,導(dao)南運河(he)水(shui)東北流(liu),經潮宗橋、西(xi)(xi)小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)(zhan)、小(xiao)(xiao)宣閘(zha)(zha)為5孔(kong)大(da)型橋閘(zha)(zha),閘(zha)(zha)孔(kong)、閘(zha)(zha)墩(dun)均(jun)為1.9丈寬。百(bai)余(yu)年保存完好,至今使用(yong),代表了(le)當時國內水(shui)利科學技術水(shui)平。馬廠減(jian)河(he)從西(xi)(xi)小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)(zhan)至靳官屯閘(zha)(zha),長約百(bai)里(li),西(xi)(xi)小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)(zhan)富民閘(zha)(zha)與靳官屯閘(zha)(zha)“互相表里(li)”,承擔(dan)汛期排洪(hong)和蓄(xu)水(shui)灌溉,“乘(cheng)時蓄(xu)泄,操縱在人”。
小(xiao)站(zhan)(zhan)墾區的(de)土地(di)(di),在盛軍(jun)屯墾前(qian),均為(wei)私人(ren)所有(you),只(zhi)是靠近(jin)咸水(shui)沽南部有(you)小(xiao)面積熟田,其余(yu)都(dou)是“斥鹵之地(di)(di)”。業(ye)主或(huo)(huo)收刈草(cao)之利,或(huo)(huo)寄糧于灶,略認草(cao)課,本無糧差。盛軍(jun)屯墾的(de)土地(di)(di),都(dou)是光(guang)緒元年(1875)從業(ye)主手中購(gou)置的(de)。小(xiao)站(zhan)(zhan)墾區購(gou)地(di)(di)總數為(wei)“一千(qian)一百三(san)十八頃六十三(san)畝九分二(er)(er)厘二(er)(er)毫二(er)(er)絲四忽四微(wei)”,計(ji)發地(di)(di)價(jia)“大錢三(san)萬五千(qian)零二(er)(er)十七串零二(er)(er)百文。”原業(ye)主為(wei)咸水(shui)沽的(de)43家(jia),葛(ge)沽的(de)16家(jia),楊岑子的(de)29家(jia),鄧岑子的(de)6家(jia),徐家(jia)坨子的(de)1家(jia),汪家(jia)圈的(de)1家(jia),共96家(jia)。
軍能(neng)墾而(er)不能(neng)盡種(zhong),民(min)能(neng)種(zhong)而(er)不能(neng)自(zi)墾。盛字軍營務處設局,“募人領種(zhong),或富民(min)認(ren)墾,或流(liu)民(min)來(lai)歸,或兼(jian)募南人為(wei)之(zhi)倡導。”光(guang)緒初年,黃河流(liu)域大旱,直隸、山(shan)東、河南逃荒至小站(zhan)地區的人很多,安(an)徽人也多有(you)到小站(zhan)墾區定居(ju)者,自(zi)光(guang)緒六年十(shi)月至七年十(shi)二(er)月(1880~1881)民(min)戶領種(zhong)熟田約(yue)14500余畝,“每(mei)畝分別等(deng)(deng)則,酌收大錢(qian)一二(er)百文不等(deng)(deng)。車屋等(deng)(deng)項照時估計繳價(jia),所收領費分發(fa)各營弁(bian)勇,藉償勞貰(shi)力”。
小站(zhan)屯墾(ken)最大(da)耕作(zuo)單位仍叫“圍”。1圍長寬各0.5公里(li),合(he)田(tian)540畝(mu),除溝、路占田(tian)127畝(mu)外,實(shi)墾(ken)413畝(mu)。每圍實(shi)積(ji)田(tian)又分16等份(fen),約25畝(mu)1份(fen),叫做(zuo)一田(tian),墾(ken)治一田(tian)的計劃投資(zi)為牛水車1輛(liang),合(he)大(da)錢(qian)20吊(diao)(diao);車棚1間,合(he)大(da)錢(qian)16吊(diao)(diao);莊(zhuang)房4間,合(he)大(da)錢(qian)120吊(diao)(diao);車水造田(tian)牲口1頭,合(he)大(da)錢(qian)30吊(diao)(diao);犁(li)耙鍬鋤杠(gang)筐繩索全副(fu),合(he)大(da)錢(qian)8吊(diao)(diao);耕牛放喂(wei)需人工3名(ming),合(he)大(da)錢(qian)72吊(diao)(diao);草(cao)料合(he)大(da)錢(qian)21吊(diao)(diao)600文,即墾(ken)治一田(tian)需大(da)錢(qian)287吊(diao)(diao)600文。
周盛(sheng)傳認識到(dao)“南(nan)運河會漳河濁流,本(ben)有(you)‘石水斗泥(ni)’之喻,其肥尤可化堿而成(cheng)腴矣。”這一認識是(shi)有(you)科學道(dao)理的(de),漳河流經(jing)黃(huang)土(tu)高原,帶(dai)大(da)量(liang)泥(ni)沙匯入(ru)南(nan)運河。據有(you)關部門測定(ding),每噸黃(huang)土(tu)含(han)氮0.8~1.5公(gong)斤,磷1.5公(gong)斤,鉀20公(gong)斤,大(da)量(liang)沉積的(de)有(you)機肥料,是(shi)改良小站(zhan)墾區鹽漬土(tu)地的(de)好條件(jian),是(shi)小站(zhan)屯墾成(cheng)功(gong)的(de)重要(yao)原因。
盛字軍總結了前人水利工程癥結之(zhi)所在,改進了施工技術(shu)。認識(shi)到(dao)歷代屯田失敗(bai)“蓋緣引水河溝(gou)規制太窄。海濱土(tu)質(zhi)松(song)懈,一遇暴(bao)雨(yu)橫澇,浮沙松(song)土(tu),并流入溝(gou),惰農不(bu)加挑扌(shou)宛,不(bu)數年而淤為平地。”汪應蛟圍(wei)田,溝(gou)渠深(shen)廣(guang)各1.5丈,而馬廠減河“口寬(kuan)十至(zhi)十二丈,底(di)寬(kuan)四丈五尺(chi)(chi)(chi)至(zhi)七(qi)八丈,深(shen)八尺(chi)(chi)(chi)至(zhi)一丈二三尺(chi)(chi)(chi),挖(wa)出之(zhi)土(tu)于兩(liang)岸(an)十丈外各堆成堤,庶堤內共(gong)有三十余丈容水之(zhi)地”,形成復式河槽,既擴(kuo)大了容水之(zhi)地,又防止了主堤岸(an)受澇水坍刷(shua)。
前人(ren)建閘不牢固,“海上硝土,遇(yu)水則瀉(xie)”,“上下坍刷,日(ri)久必致傾圮墊淤,此(ci)閘洞(dong)所以(yi)易廢也”。為此(ci),盛軍燒用(yong)境(jing)內的蚌(bang)蛤殼代替(ti)石(shi)灰,摻入(ru)碎石(shi),澆(jiao)以(yi)米(mi)汁(zhi),錘(chui)煉鑲入(ru)閘底(di)丈余方圓,以(yi)御沖蕩。閘板(ban)置兩層(ceng),上板(ban)可以(yi)啟動,下板(ban)固定,上板(ban)提(ti)起,水能流過,而泥沙被下板(ban)擋住,便利(li)撈泥肥田(tian),又(you)防(fang)止了(le)渠道(dao)淤塞。此(ci)法(fa)沿(yan)用(yong)至(zhi)今(jin)。
光緒(xu)二十年(1894)盛軍調離,20年的苦(ku)心(xin)經營給小(xiao)站人民留下難(nan)以忘懷(huai)的印象。
盛軍是正軍,為行(xing)戰之師,在特定的(de)背景下,他們開(kai)辟小站(zhan),建成(cheng)(cheng)小站(zhan)墾(ken)區。光緒二十年(nian)(1894),盛軍奉調開(kai)赴中(zhong)(zhong)日(ri)甲午戰爭前(qian)線,離開(kai)了(le)耕(geng)耘20年(nian)的(de)小站(zhan)。其時,昔日(ri)人(ren)煙稀少,滿(man)目鹽(yan)堿(jian)荒灘,遍地萑(huan)葦叢生(sheng)的(de)小站(zhan),已成(cheng)(cheng)為城(cheng)防儼然,民(min)居櫛比,街道寬暢,店(dian)鋪林(lin)立,田野廣闊,阡陌(mo)縱橫,河渠流水潺潺,岸邊楊(yang)柳依依,水里魚(yu)蟹成(cheng)(cheng)群(qun),空中(zhong)(zhong)沙(sha)鷗翔集(ji),夏季一片碧綠(lv),秋成(cheng)(cheng)遍地金黃,經濟、文化相對發達的(de)北國魚(yu)米之鄉。
光緒(xu)二(er)十(shi)(shi)二(er)年(nian)(1896),清政府(fu)面(mian)對失去(qu)管理,日漸荒廢的小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站墾區,設立(li)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站營(ying)(ying)田管理局,招(zhao)集農民(min)和(he)遣散士(shi)(shi)兵耕(geng)種(zhong)。當時規定每戶(hu)可領(ling)種(zhong)10畝(mu),每畝(mu)年(nian)租(zu)銀6錢至1兩不等,但一般(ban)窮人不敢領(ling)地(di),怕官(guan)方言而無(wu)信(xin),中途提(ti)租(zu),特別(bie)是怕無(wu)力(li)出錢修河挑溝,因此大部分土地(di)被退(tui)(tui)職官(guan)員和(he)退(tui)(tui)役士(shi)(shi)兵所領(ling)。光緒(xu)二(er)十(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(1900),八國聯軍入(ru)侵(qin)(qin)中國,小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站曾一度被德國侵(qin)(qin)略軍占領(ling),生(sheng)產受到嚴重破壞。三十(shi)(shi)一年(nian),小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站地(di)區荒地(di)日趨增多(duo),清政府(fu)又(you)設立(li)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站墾務局,辦理招(zhao)墾事宜,后與營(ying)(ying)田局合(he)并。
民國期間(jian),軍閥混戰,巧取豪奪小站(zhan)田地(di)。
民國初年,軍(jun)閥張(zhang)敬堯之(zhi)女(nv)在(zai)小站一帶收買土地(di)(di)(di),成立(li)(li)(li)勛記公司(si)(si),于中塘(tang)、孫家甸(dian)、大(da)蘆莊、翟(zhai)家甸(dian)一帶,占有水(shui)旱(han)田2萬余(yu)畝,加上大(da)量(liang)(liang)荒洼草地(di)(di)(di),共(gong)43100畝。1920年,北(bei)(bei)洋軍(jun)閥徐樹(shu)錚成立(li)(li)(li)開源墾殖公司(si)(si),1925年,在(zai)軍(jun)糧城(cheng)、茶淀(dian)建立(li)(li)(li)農(nong)場,在(zai)境內占有大(da)量(liang)(liang)土地(di)(di)(di),種植水(shui)稻(dao)。同時(shi)在(zai)軍(jun)糧城(cheng)設(she)立(li)(li)(li)工作(zuo)站,在(zai)墾區(qu)內設(she)立(li)(li)(li)水(shui)稻(dao)試驗站,這(zhe)是(shi)著名(ming)的(de)軍(jun)糧城(cheng)稻(dao)作(zuo)研究所的(de)前身,也是(shi)我(wo)國華北(bei)(bei)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)最早的(de)稻(dao)作(zuo)研究基地(di)(di)(di)。
1928年(nian),小(xiao)站營(ying)田(tian)由(you)天(tian)津警備(bei)司令部營(ying)房(fang)營(ying)田(tian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)局管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)。1930年(nian)將小(xiao)站營(ying)田(tian)贈送南開大學做(zuo)校(xiao)產,設(she)校(xiao)田(tian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)處,征收地租做(zuo)教(jiao)育(yu)補助費(fei)。1937年(nian)由(you)冀察(cha)綏公署營(ying)田(tian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)處接管(guan)(guan)。其間,小(xiao)站墾(ken)區(qu)的稻作(zuo)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)流于(yu)形式(shi),農田(tian)水利基本建設(she)停滯不前(qian),產量低,效益差,加之封建剝削,稻農不得(de)溫(wen)飽。
1937年,日(ri)本侵(qin)(qin)略軍侵(qin)(qin)占華北(bei)后,張敬堯眷(juan)屬將稻(dao)田出(chu)賣(mai)給日(ri)本人。日(ri)本侵(qin)(qin)略軍先(xian)后在(zai)小站(zhan)成立軍谷公(gong)司、米谷統制(zhi)協會(hui),跑馬圈地,強(qiang)占民(min)田,對(dui)津(jin)南(nan)地區(qu)農(nong)民(min)進行瘋狂掠奪。同時成立華北(bei)墾業公(gong)司,統轄小站(zhan)、軍糧城、茶淀3個(ge)稻(dao)區(qu)。小站(zhan)82戶農(nong)民(min),于清(qing)光緒十五年(1889)
承(cheng)租(zu)大地(di)(di)主璩姓在(zai)西小站一帶的土地(di)(di)4000余畝,業經數十年(nian)(nian)辛勞,辟(pi)荒成熟,赤鹵(lu)不毛(mao),盡成膏腴。1939年(nian)(nian),璩姓強行提(ti)(ti)高租(zu)價(jia),每畝增收5角。1940年(nian)(nian),租(zu)價(jia)再次提(ti)(ti)高,每畝增收一元二三角,并答(da)應保持(chi)農民(min)永佃權。1941年(nian)(nian)冬(dong),裕德(de)堂家長(chang)璩華甫擅(shan)將(jiang)稻田盜賣給(gei)日(ri)本東(dong)一公(gong)司(si)(農場)。1942年(nian)(nian),東(dong)一公(gong)司(si)勾結小站警(jing)備隊(dui)長(chang)城地(di)(di)永夫,迫令農民(min)將(jiang)永佃權之地(di)(di)交給(gei)東(dong)一公(gong)司(si)。農民(min)代表范少山(shan)等據理(li)力爭,城地(di)(di)永夫對(dui)其施用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)酷(ku)刑,逼迫交地(di)(di),并將(jiang)范少山(shan)槍(qiang)殺。
日(ri)本集(ji)團和私(si)人(ren)經營(ying)的藤井、香川、興華(hua)等21個(ge)農場、公司占(zhan)地106939畝;小(xiao)站電化水利組合占(zhan)地92794畝。
另(ling)外還有(you)增(zeng)興農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)(chang)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)(chang)、昌太農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)(chang)、新橋農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)(chang)、示范農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)(chang)、三井農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)(chang)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)(chang)、相(xiang)川農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)(chang)等。日本侵占的(de)總耕(geng)地達20余(yu)萬畝,無(wu)數(shu)稻(dao)(dao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)被逼得無(wu)家可(ke)(ke)歸,佃農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)無(wu)地可(ke)(ke)耕(geng),流(liu)離(li)失所(suo)(suo)。日本侵略軍(jun)(jun)以賤價(jia)收集稻(dao)(dao)谷(gu),充(chong)為軍(jun)(jun)需、民食,嚴(yan)禁稻(dao)(dao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)自食和(he)買賣(mai)稻(dao)(dao)米(mi)。淪陷期偽天(tian)津市公署規定,津郊所(suo)(suo)產(chan)稻(dao)(dao)谷(gu)由米(mi)谷(gu)統制會統一征購,由天(tian)津平(ping)衡倉庫或軍(jun)(jun)谷(gu)倉庫儲存(cun),嚴(yan)格控制。日偽軍(jun)(jun)警、勤農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)隊經常進行(xing)(xing)大(da)(da)(da)(da)搜(sou)查,對(dui)食用、買賣(mai)稻(dao)(dao)谷(gu)(米(mi))者任意殺害。1942年(nian),日偽實行(xing)(xing)黑豆、豆餅(bing)、蠶豆粉(fen)限量(liang)配給,稻(dao)(dao)米(mi)、面(mian)粉(fen)禁絕。天(tian)津市內有(you)錢商戶遂有(you)偷向(xiang)津南農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民高價(jia)購買稻(dao)(dao)米(mi)的(de)。葛(ge)沽人(ren)呂寶發(fa),每月向(xiang)天(tian)津八大(da)(da)(da)(da)家之一的(de)振(zhen)德楊家,冒死送稻(dao)(dao)谷(gu)兩包,可(ke)(ke)得大(da)(da)(da)(da)洋20元(yuan),某夜,在茶棚(peng)哨卡被日本人(ren)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)蓋三”和(he)“小地木”查獲,把呂寶發(fa)用槍托打(da)倒,用繩索住脖頸,駕摩托車拖死在路上(shang)。
咸水沽人(ren)李家駒與小站人(ren)楊作志,用(yong)自(zi)行車馱運大米,夜間在石(shi)柱子河(he)裝(zhuang)船,然后轉道(dao)海河(he)去市內(nei),米未裝(zhuang)船即遭查獲,被綁到小站日本侵(qin)略軍守備隊門(men)前,縱狗(gou)咬(yao)殺,李家駒當即斃(bi)命,楊作志花200塊大洋請翻(fan)譯贖(shu)命,商會作保(bao),幸免(mian)死(si)難。
王家場劉姓母女,相依為命(ming),母病,女兒(er)拾稻(dao)穗搗米,給母親(qin)熬稀飯,看病路(lu)過(guo)花店橋(qiao),日(ri)本(ben)侵(qin)略軍小(xiao)隊長井(jing)野抓住劉母向嘴里灌(guan)稀屎(shi),劉母嘔(ou)出米粒(li),被當即用刺刀捅死。隨(sui)后強(qiang)奸劉女,劉女跳老海河自盡……。
日本(ben)侵(qin)占(zhan)后,所(suo)設農場完全以軍(jun)事封建掠奪為(wei)(wei)目的,其經(jing)營方式極為(wei)(wei)落后,非常(chang)野蠻(man),土地(di)被(bei)分割成碎塊,強迫當地(di)農民(min)或所(suo)謂游民(min)當佃(dian)戶(hu),從事奴隸式勞動,佃(dian)戶(hu)除(chu)負擔沉重租(zu)額外,稻谷悉被(bei)日本(ben)侵(qin)略軍(jun)強行掠取。
1945年日(ri)(ri)本(ben)投(tou)降后(hou),河北省(sheng)在小站成(cheng)立營田管(guan)理局(ju),管(guan)轄(xia)原(yuan)營田局(ju)和大(da)安(an)農(nong)(nong)場。農(nong)(nong)林部在天(tian)津接管(guan)華(hua)北墾業局(ju),建(jian)立河北墾業農(nong)(nong)場管(guan)理處,下設(she)小站、津郊(原(yuan)八里臺)、軍糧城、張貴莊(zhuang)、茶淀5個農(nong)(nong)區,經營管(guan)理合作農(nong)(nong)場。國民(min)政府(fu)制造種(zhong)種(zhong)借口(kou),欺騙壓(ya)榨(zha)原(yuan)土(tu)地(di)所有者,拒不(bu)發(fa)還(huan)被日(ri)(ri)本(ben)強占的(de)土(tu)地(di),實行分佃收租(zu)或包佃收租(zu),且苛捐雜稅、征購、征借,不(bu)可勝數。1946年,小站地(di)區曾暴(bao)發(fa)兩次抗立掠(lve)奪性租(zu)約,堅持永(yong)佃權的(de)斗爭。另(ling)外,由于管(guan)理混(hun)亂,技術落(luo)后(hou),水稻品種(zhong)混(hun)雜退化,特別是由于封建(jian)土(tu)地(di)所有制的(de)弊(bi)端和國民(min)政府(fu)忙于內戰,農(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)產(chan)無暇顧及,至解放前夕,水稻畝產(chan)量僅200公(gong)斤(jin)左右。
津(jin)南(nan)地區1948年(nian)(nian)12月20日解放,中共天(tian)津(jin)縣委(wei)從1949年(nian)(nian)初(chu)開(kai)始領導廣大(da)農(nong)民開(kai)展土(tu)(tu)地改(gai)革,消滅封建(jian)剝(bo)削,農(nong)民分(fen)得(de)土(tu)(tu)地及其他生(sheng)產(chan)資(zi)料(liao),政(zheng)(zheng)府加強(qiang)了對水稻生(sheng)產(chan)的領導。津(jin)沽區農(nong)墾局(ju)對農(nong)民使用國有(you)土(tu)(tu)地的征收(shou)(shou)比(bi)例,執行(xing)《定(ding)額分(fen)紅制暫行(xing)辦法草案》,取消土(tu)(tu)地收(shou)(shou)租。為解決(jue)農(nong)民生(sheng)產(chan)資(zi)料(liao)不足,進行(xing)多次實物放貸(dai)(dai)。1949年(nian)(nian),先(xian)后貸(dai)(dai)放稻種(zhong)(zhong)10.35萬公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),豆(dou)餅?450.9萬公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),硫酸銨(an)19.7萬公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),硝酸銨(an)4.5萬公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),柴(chai)油356大(da)桶(tong),煤1500噸。同時天(tian)津(jin)縣政(zheng)(zheng)府貸(dai)(dai)出豆(dou)餅307.85萬公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),硫酸銨(an)13.65萬公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),玉米2.8萬公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),小米7.65萬公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),現金(jin)1135元(yuan),柴(chai)油21大(da)桶(tong),花生(sheng)2400公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),稻種(zhong)(zhong)20萬公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)。
人民(min)政府從1949年(nian)(nian)至1957年(nian)(nian),先后投資217萬元修建和補修閘涵(han)洞1588處,新建4座大型揚水(shui)站,提高了(le)排灌能力,解除了(le)咸水(shui)危(wei)害,并連年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)放生產及生活貸款(kuan),促使(shi)全區(qu)水(shui)稻迅速發(fa)(fa)展。在這期(qi)間農(nong)村互助合(he)作運動(dong)蓬勃興起,對(dui)水(shui)稻生產起了(le)巨大推動(dong)作用。因此,翻身農(nong)民(min)的種稻熱情空前高漲(zhang)。
1953年,成立(li)天津市農(nong)(nong)林水(shui)利局(ju),進行津南(nan)洼改造,建(jian)成雙林農(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)。天津市公安局(ju)于1956年在小站寧家圈,墾(ken)植(zhi)稻田2萬畝(mu),建(jian)立(li)板橋農(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)。全區從解(jie)放初(chu)到1956年,共開墾(ken)荒地40835畝(mu)。到1957年,擴大(da)水(shui)稻面積6.5萬畝(mu)。
1949年(nian)(nian)水稻面(mian)積17.24萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)畝(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)225公斤(jin),總產(chan)(chan)(chan)量3879萬(wan)(wan)公斤(jin),發展(zhan)到1955年(nian)(nian)水稻面(mian)積21.6萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)畝(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)369.5公斤(jin),總產(chan)(chan)(chan)量7981.2萬(wan)(wan)公斤(jin)。1957年(nian)(nian),稻田面(mian)積達(da)到26.44萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)畝(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)328.4公斤(jin),總產(chan)(chan)(chan)量8683萬(wan)(wan)公斤(jin)。1957年(nian)(nian)與1949年(nian)(nian)相比,面(mian)積增(zeng)加53.4%,平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)畝(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)增(zeng)加46%,總產(chan)(chan)(chan)量增(zeng)加1.24倍。
是年,全區水稻(dao)播(bo)種面(mian)積(ji)占天津市稻(dao)田面(mian)積(ji)的22.8%,稻(dao)谷總(zong)產(chan)量占全市的31.6%,出現了建(jian)國后(hou)水稻(dao)生產(chan)的第一個高(gao)峰(feng)。
1958年,遇到(dao)了大(da)旱,馬(ma)廠(chang)減河和海(hai)河上(shang)游(you)修建了許多蓄水(shui)(shui)工程,致使水(shui)(shui)源大(da)量(liang)(liang)減少,水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)嚴重不足,全區水(shui)(shui)稻種植面積(ji)急劇下(xia)降,到(dao)下(xia)半年又受到(dao)“五風(feng)”的干擾,在(zai)生產上(shang)搞形式主義的“大(da)兵(bing)團作戰(zhan)”,在(zai)制定(ding)農業生產計劃時,大(da)搞高指(zhi)標,缺乏(fa)實事求(qiu)是(shi)的科學態度(du)。
由于(yu)水(shui)源不足以及政(zheng)治(zhi)上(shang)的各(ge)種(zhong)影響(xiang),1959~1961年(nian)(nian)水(shui)稻生(sheng)產一直(zhi)處(chu)于(yu)低(di)潮。1961年(nian)(nian)水(shui)稻面(mian)積(ji)14.09萬(wan)畝,平均畝產230.1公斤,總(zong)產量3242.5萬(wan)公斤,種(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)和總(zong)產量比1949年(nian)(nian)還低(di)。
1963年(nian)(nian),挖通(tong)洪(hong)泥河,疏浚月牙河,實施海(hai)河水南調。先后改造、新建6個(ge)揚水站(zhan),擴大灌(guan)溉面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積。同時經過(guo)糾正“五風”,落(luo)實黨在(zai)農村的(de)各(ge)項政(zheng)策,全面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)貫徹“農業八字(zi)憲法”,大抓科學種田,小站(zhan)稻(dao)(dao)經歷1958~1962年(nian)(nian)連續低(di)潮后,生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)又逐漸上(shang)升。1963年(nian)(nian),水稻(dao)(dao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積已恢復到21.34萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu),比1958年(nian)(nian)增加(jia)5.64萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu),平(ping)均畝(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)312公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),比1958年(nian)(nian)增加(jia)79.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),總產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)達6662.3萬(wan)(wan)(wan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),比1958年(nian)(nian)增加(jia)3012.05萬(wan)(wan)(wan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積、畝(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)、總產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)分(fen)別增長35.9%、34.2%、82.5%。1964年(nian)(nian),水稻(dao)(dao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積22.79萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu),平(ping)均畝(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)339.4公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),總產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)7735.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)。都呈現(xian)增長趨勢。到1965年(nian)(nian)水稻(dao)(dao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)形(xing)勢更(geng)加(jia)高(gao)漲,種植面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積達到24.67萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu),平(ping)均畝(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)421公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin),總產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)達到10380.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)。區內出現(xian)了長青、咸水沽、葛沽3個(ge)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)500公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)社,并有50個(ge)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)500公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)大隊(dui)、297個(ge)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)500公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)小隊(dui),全區畝(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)500公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)稻(dao)(dao)田達8萬(wan)(wan)(wan)余畝(mu)(mu)(mu),占稻(dao)(dao)田面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積的(de)32.4%。畝(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)、總產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)創(chuang)小站(zhan)稻(dao)(dao)歷史最高(gao)紀錄(lu),是(shi)小站(zhan)稻(dao)(dao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)第二次高(gao)峰。
1966~1971年,每年水稻種植面積維持在23萬畝左右,平均畝產(chan)250~400公斤。其間累(lei)計,區(qu)內稻田(tian)面積和稻谷總產(chan)量分(fen)別占全市的18%和23%。
這期間支援外省(sheng)、市(shi)水(shui)稻良(liang)種200萬公斤。并受河南、山東、寧夏等省(sheng)區特邀(yao),派出許多種稻能手做技術(shu)顧問(wen),前往指導水(shui)稻生(sheng)產,有的在當地安家落戶(hu)。
解放后的22年來(lai),小站地(di)區(qu)為(wei)國(guo)(guo)家提供了大批優質稻米(mi),為(wei)對(dui)外貿易爭得(de)了市場,每公斤(jin)小站米(mi)能從(cong)國(guo)(guo)外換進2.5公斤(jin)小麥(mai)。從(cong)新中國(guo)(guo)建立(li)到(dao)1971年,全(quan)區(qu)向國(guo)(guo)家貢(gong)獻小站稻谷(gu)累計達15億(yi)公斤(jin)。
全(quan)(quan)(quan)區農業用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)原有兩個水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源,60年代馬廠(chang)減(jian)河(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源被切斷(duan)后(hou)(hou),70年代其唯一(yi)的(de)(de)海(hai)河(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源,用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)也越(yue)來越(yue)困難,因(yin)海(hai)河(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量減(jian)少,僅能確(que)保(bao)居民(min)生(sheng)活用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和城市工業用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。1972年6月,海(hai)河(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位下降至0.2米,影響了電廠(chang)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。為此,各級(ji)領(ling)導多次做(zuo)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)改種(zhong)旱(han)田(tian)作物的(de)(de)決(jue)定,但由于改旱(han)思想不(bu)(bu)夠堅決(jue),且又(you)受當時陳伯達(da)“有水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)種(zhong)稻(dao)、無(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)也種(zhong)稻(dao)”謬論的(de)(de)影響,有些社隊不(bu)(bu)顧(gu)客觀條件(jian)的(de)(de)變化,一(yi)味(wei)追求種(zhong)稻(dao)。是年,又(you)遇上特(te)大旱(han)災,大部分稻(dao)田(tian)插(cha)秧后(hou)(hou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)竭苗枯,全(quan)(quan)(quan)區當年種(zhong)稻(dao)面積7.43萬畝(mu),平(ping)均(jun)畝(mu)產51.5公斤(jin)。在此之后(hou)(hou),又(you)由于受林彪、“四(si)人幫(bang)”極(ji)左路線(xian)的(de)(de)干(gan)擾和破壞,走向(xiang)另一(yi)個極(ji)端,不(bu)(bu)管有水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)無(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),一(yi)律禁止(zhi)種(zhong)稻(dao),大搞一(yi)刀切,已經插(cha)上稻(dao)秧的(de)(de),一(yi)旦發(fa)現也強行拔掉,不(bu)(bu)然就(jiu)是政治路線(xian)問題,就(jiu)是破壞生(sheng)產,以反對黨(dang)的(de)(de)領(ling)導進(jin)行批判。因(yin)此,1973年全(quan)(quan)(quan)區只種(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)1957畝(mu),全(quan)(quan)(quan)市僅剩稻(dao)田(tian)2.4萬畝(mu)。
1974~1977年主要為(wei)保護小站稻(dao)優良(liang)品種,而種了(le)一(yi)部(bu)分水稻(dao)保種田(tian)(tian),每年種稻(dao)面積控(kong)制在(zai)5000畝以內。稻(dao)田(tian)(tian)改旱后全區(qu)糧(liang)食(shi)產(chan)量明顯下降,一(yi)度全區(qu)糧(liang)食(shi)畝產(chan)只有135公(gong)(gong)斤,以致高產(chan)糧(liang)區(qu)變成吃(chi)(chi)國(guo)家(jia)返(fan)銷糧(liang)區(qu),種旱的(de)6年間吃(chi)(chi)國(guo)家(jia)返(fan)銷糧(liang)達2340萬公(gong)(gong)斤。
1976年(nian)(nian)10月,粉碎“四人幫(bang)”后,天(tian)津市委提出“開源節流,自力更生,自備水(shui)(shui)(shui)源,恢復和發展小(xiao)站稻生產(chan)”的指(zhi)導思想,1977年(nian)(nian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻面(mian)積(ji)比(bi)前幾年(nian)(nian)略有增加,到(dao)1978年(nian)(nian)面(mian)積(ji)已發展到(dao)?4.35?萬畝。中共十一屆三(san)中全會召開以后,給水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻生產(chan)帶來(lai)了(le)新的活力。1979年(nian)(nian),水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻面(mian)積(ji)擴大到(dao)10.5萬畝,平(ping)均畝產(chan)323公斤,總(zong)產(chan)稻谷(gu)3396萬公斤。1980年(nian)(nian),水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻面(mian)積(ji)為13萬畝,平(ping)均畝產(chan)272公斤,總(zong)產(chan)稻谷(gu)3537萬公斤。到(dao)1981年(nian)(nian)又遇(yu)嚴(yan)重干旱,1~6月份降雨量僅(jin)74毫米,為常(chang)年(nian)(nian)同(tong)期(qi)的二分之一。
為抗旱(han)奪豐收,區(qu)(qu)政府提出“兩手(shou)準備(bei),立足(zu)(zu)種(zhong)(zhong)旱(han)”的(de)決(jue)策,大量引(yin)(yin)進抗病高產(chan)(chan)的(de)旱(han)田(tian)作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)品種(zhong)(zhong),設法引(yin)(yin)導群眾(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)足(zu)(zu)種(zhong)(zhong)好(hao)旱(han)田(tian)作(zuo)物(wu)(wu),并根據(ju)歷年(nian)(nian)水源(yuan)變化規律育了一部分水稻(dao)(dao)秧(yang)苗,作(zuo)好(hao)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)季(ji)到來時毀(hui)旱(han)插秧(yang)的(de)“兩手(shou)準備(bei)”,當年(nian)(nian)全區(qu)(qu)利(li)用(yong)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)季(ji)搶(qiang)插水稻(dao)(dao)7.28萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)麥(mai)茬稻(dao)(dao)及(ji)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)季(ji)稻(dao)(dao)),秋后平(ping)均畝(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)124.7公(gong)(gong)斤,總產(chan)(chan)稻(dao)(dao)谷907.5萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)斤。是(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)其他糧(liang)(liang)食作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)產(chan)(chan)量也(ye)低,玉米畝(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)144.5公(gong)(gong)斤,小麥(mai)畝(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)38.5公(gong)(gong)斤,產(chan)(chan)值仍屬水稻(dao)(dao)高。群眾(zhong)對(dui)此總結出一些經驗,“種(zhong)(zhong)好(hao)麥(mai)子(zi),育好(hao)秧(yang),種(zhong)(zhong)上(shang)棒(bang)子(zi)(玉米)等(deng)插秧(yang),看雨(yu)(yu)(yu)確(que)定水和旱(han),兩手(shou)準備(bei)心不慌”。在全區(qu)(qu)糧(liang)(liang)田(tian)面積逐(zhu)年(nian)(nian)減(jian)少的(de)情況下,糧(liang)(liang)食總產(chan)(chan)逐(zhu)年(nian)(nian)有所提高,主(zhu)要原因之一是(shi)(shi)充(chong)分發揮水稻(dao)(dao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)優(you)勢。
80年代后期,擴大水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)田面積。實施了(le)月牙(ya)河(he)、衛津河(he)、洪泥河(he)3河(he)打通工程(cheng)及小(xiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利配套(tao)工程(cheng),并對二級河(he)道和主要(yao)干、支渠進行清淤,使之(zhi)蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量達到540萬(wan)立方(fang)米。另外(wai)開挖坑塘、洼(wa)淀建(jian)成一批養魚池、養葦塘,小(xiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku),共新(xin)建(jian)小(xiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)13座,坑塘洼(wa)淀11處(chu),共可蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)576萬(wan)立方(fang)米。小(xiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)汛期蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排澇,旱時送(song)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)救急。還(huan)將城市污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)凈化和科學(xue)處(chu)理,用(yong)于稻田灌溉(gai)。并且發揮(hui)全部機井作用(yong),實現渠水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、井水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和二淋水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)結(jie)合(he)使用(yong),每(mei)年種植水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻穩定在5~7萬(wan)畝。
1985年,中央農牧漁業部在湖南長沙召開了(le)優質稻(dao)米座(zuo)談會,再次(ci)把小(xiao)站(zhan)稻(dao)列為名特產(chan)品(pin),使小(xiao)站(zhan)稻(dao)區干部、群眾(zhong)受到很大鼓舞。全區糧(liang)食生產(chan)從1985年始連續6年獲得(de)豐收(shou),其中稻(dao)谷的增產(chan)起了(le)保(bao)駕作用。
1995年,糧食總(zong)產(chan)7289.2萬公(gong)斤,稻谷(gu)總(zong)產(chan)3151.8萬公(gong)斤,占糧食總(zong)產(chan)的(de)43.2%。