松(song)材(cai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus),該(gai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)屬線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)動物門、線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)綱、滑(hua)刃目、滑(hua)刃科、傘滑(hua)刃屬。雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)長0.81mm,雄體(ti)長0.73mm,雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)尾(wei)部近圓(yuan)錐(zhui)形,末端圓(yuan);雄蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)尾(wei)部似鳥爪(zhua),向腹面彎曲。松(song)材(cai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)病又(you)稱(cheng)松(song)枯萎病,是一種毀滅(mie)性蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害。它是通過松(song)墨天牛(niu)(Monochamus alternatus)等媒介昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)傳播于(yu)松(song)樹(shu)(shu)體(ti)內(nei),從而(er)引(yin)發(fa)松(song)樹(shu)(shu)病害。被松(song)材(cai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)感染后的松(song)樹(shu)(shu),針葉黃褐色或(huo)紅褐色,萎蔫(nian)下垂,樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)分泌停止,樹(shu)(shu)干(gan)(gan)可觀察到天牛(niu)侵入孔(kong)或(huo)產卵(luan)痕(hen)跡,病樹(shu)(shu)整株干(gan)(gan)枯死亡,最終腐爛。
松(song)材(cai)線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)屬(shu)于線形動(dong)物門(men),滑(hua)刃目、滑(hua)刃總科、滑(hua)刃科、傘滑(hua)刃屬(shu)。是我國危害較大的(de)外來(lai)入(ru)(ru)侵(qin)物種之一(但未被列(lie)入(ru)(ru)我國首(shou)(shou)批外來(lai)入(ru)(ru)侵(qin)物種名(ming)單(dan))。成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體細長(chang),雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體長(chang)0.81mm,雄體長(chang)0.73mm,雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)尾(wei)部近圓錐(zhui)形,末端圓。雄蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)尾(wei)部似鳥爪,向腹(fu)面(mian)彎曲。1982年(nian)在南京(jing)中山陵首(shou)(shou)次發現(xian),以后相繼在江蘇、安徽、廣東(dong)和浙江等地(di)成災(zai),幾乎(hu)毀(hui)滅了在香(xiang)港廣泛分布的(de)馬尾(wei)松(song)林。近距(ju)離傳(chuan)播主(zhu)要靠媒介天(tian)(tian)牛,如松(song)墨天(tian)(tian)牛(Monochamus alternatus),攜帶(dai)傳(chuan)播;遠距(ju)離主(zhu)要靠人為調運帶(dai)疫(yi)(帶(dai)松(song)材(cai)線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)天(tian)(tian)牛)的(de)苗木(mu)、松(song)材(cai)、松(song)木(mu)包(bao)裝箱及松(song)木(mu)制品等進行傳(chuan)播。被松(song)材(cai)線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)感染(ran)后的(de)松(song)樹,針(zhen)葉黃褐色(se)(se)或(huo)紅褐色(se)(se)、萎蔫下垂,樹脂分泌停止,在樹干上(shang)可觀察(cha)到天(tian)(tian)牛侵(qin)入(ru)(ru)孔(kong)或(huo)產卵痕(hen)跡,病樹整株干枯(ku)死亡(wang),木(mu)材(cai)藍變。嚴重(zhong)威脅(xie)用(yong)材(cai)林。由于擴(kuo)展迅速,現(xian)已對(dui)黃山、張家界等風(feng)景(jing)名(ming)勝區的(de)天(tian)(tian)然針(zhen)葉林構(gou)成了巨大威脅(xie)。
松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus),該線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)屬線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動物(wu)門、線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)綱、滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)刃(ren)(ren)目、滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)刃(ren)(ren)科、傘(san)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)刃(ren)(ren)屬。目前傘(san)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)刃(ren)(ren)屬約有50多(duo)(duo)個(ge)(ge)種。傘(san)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)刃(ren)(ren)屬的(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)多(duo)(duo)寄生在(zai)(zai)昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體內,和松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)死亡有關的(de)種主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和擬松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(Bursaphelenchus mucronatus)。松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)侵染松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)后使(shi)松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)枯死,而擬松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)也(ye)在(zai)(zai)很多(duo)(duo)地方枯死松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)的(de)木材(cai)(cai)中(zhong)發現(xian),但擬松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)能引起松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)死亡,現(xian)在(zai)(zai)尚(shang)無定(ding)論(lun)。松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和擬松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)形態特征非常相似。其主要(yao)區(qu)別在(zai)(zai)于雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)尾部形態,松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)尾部鈍圓,而擬松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)尾端有個(ge)(ge)尖(jian)突(tu)。
松(song)(song)材(cai)線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活史包括繁殖型(xing)(xing)和(he)擴(kuo)(kuo)散型(xing)(xing)兩個階段(duan),在寄(ji)主植物(wu)體內,當環境條件不適宜(yi)時(shi),由繁殖型(xing)(xing)二齡幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(J2)轉變為擴(kuo)(kuo)散型(xing)(xing)三齡幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(JⅢ),并向天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)蛹室周圍聚集,在天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)羽化前(qian),松(song)(song)材(cai)線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擴(kuo)(kuo)散型(xing)(xing)三齡幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)蛻皮變為擴(kuo)(kuo)散型(xing)(xing)四齡幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(JⅣ),通過氣孔進(jin)入(ru)剛羽化的(de)(de)(de)(de)、體壁尚未(wei)完全骨(gu)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)呼吸系統。隨后,天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)進(jin)行補充營養取食或(huo)者產卵時(shi),線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)從天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)氣管逸出,并從天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)取食或(huo)產卵造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傷口進(jin)入(ru)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)寄(ji)主植物(wu)體內。因此JⅣ型(xing)(xing)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)是(shi)松(song)(song)材(cai)線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)生(sheng)活史中(zhong)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)態,是(shi)種(zhong)群形成(cheng)和(he)擴(kuo)(kuo)散的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵。天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)攜帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)松(song)(song)材(cai)線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)越(yue)多(duo),侵染健康(kang)松(song)(song)樹(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)松(song)(song)材(cai)線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病原就越(yue)多(duo)。
原產地(di):原產北美洲。
在日本、韓國(guo)、美(mei)國(guo)、加拿大(da)、墨西哥、葡萄牙、中(zhong)國(guo)等(deng)國(guo)均有發(fa)(fa)生,但危害程(cheng)度不一(yi),其中(zhong)以日本受害最(zui)重。此(ci)病1982年(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)在南(nan)京市中(zhong)山陵首次發(fa)(fa)現,在短短的十幾年(nian)內,又相繼在江(jiang)蘇、安徽(hui)、山東(dong)、浙江(jiang)、廣東(dong)、湖北、湖南(nan)、臺灣(wan)、香港等(deng)省(sheng)(區)等(deng)許(xu)多地區發(fa)(fa)生并流行成災(zai)。
雌雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)都呈(cheng)(cheng)蠕(ru)蟲(chong)(chong)形(xing)(xing),蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)細長(chang)(chang),雌蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)0.81mm,雄(xiong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)0.73mm。唇(chun)區高,縊縮顯(xian)(xian)著(zhu)。口針細長(chang)(chang),其基部微(wei)增(zeng)厚。中食(shi)(shi)道球卵圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),占體(ti)(ti)(ti)寬(kuan)(kuan)的(de)2/3以(yi)上(shang),瓣膜(mo)清(qing)晰。食(shi)(shi)道腺細長(chang)(chang)葉狀(zhuang),覆(fu)蓋于腸(chang)背面。排(pai)泄孔的(de)開(kai)口大(da)致和食(shi)(shi)道與腸(chang)交接(jie)處平行(xing),半月體(ti)(ti)(ti)在排(pai)泄孔后(hou)約2/3體(ti)(ti)(ti)寬(kuan)(kuan)處。卵巢單個,前(qian)伸;陰門開(kai)口于蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)中后(hou)部73%處。上(shang)覆(fu)以(yi)寬(kuan)(kuan)的(de)陰門蓋。后(hou)陰子宮囊長(chang)(chang),約為(wei)陰肛距(ju)的(de)3/4。雌蟲(chong)(chong)尾亞圓(yuan)錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing),末端寬(kuan)(kuan)圓(yuan),少(shao)數(shu)有微(wei)小的(de)尾尖(jian)突。雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)交合(he)刺(ci)大(da),弓狀(zhuang),成(cheng)對,喙突顯(xian)(xian)著(zhu),交合(he)刺(ci)遠(yuan)端膨大(da)如(ru)盤。雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)尾似鳥爪,向腹面彎曲(qu),尾端為(wei)小的(de)卵狀(zhuang)交合(he)傘包裹,退(tui)火(huo)的(de)交合(he)傘在光學顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)鏡(jing)下不易看見(jian),交合(he)傘(為(wei)翼)是尾的(de)角(jiao)質膜(mo)的(de)延伸,在問短(duan)呈(cheng)(cheng)鏟狀(zhuang),由(you)于邊緣向內卷曲(qu),從背面觀(guan)呈(cheng)(cheng)卵形(xing)(xing),從側面觀(guan)呈(cheng)(cheng)尖(jian)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)。病材中的(de)幼蟲(chong)(chong)蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)前(qian)部和成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)相似,但其后(hou)部則因腸(chang)內積聚大(da)量顆(ke)狀(zhuang)內含物,以(yi)至呈(cheng)(cheng)暗色并接(jie)結構(gou)模糊。幼蟲(chong)(chong)尾亞圓(yuan)錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing)。
松(song)(song)材線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)病又稱松(song)(song)枯萎病,是一種毀滅性(xing)蟲(chong)害。它是通過(guo)松(song)(song)墨天(tian)牛(niu)等媒介昆(kun)蟲(chong)傳播于松(song)(song)樹(shu)體內,從而引發松(song)(song)樹(shu)病害。被松(song)(song)材線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)感染后的(de)松(song)(song)樹(shu),針葉黃(huang)褐色或紅褐色,萎蔫(nian)下垂,樹(shu)脂分泌停止,樹(shu)干可(ke)觀(guan)察到天(tian)牛(niu)侵入孔(kong)或產卵痕跡(ji),病樹(shu)整株干枯死亡,最終腐爛。
松(song)(song)材(cai)線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)多發(fa)生在(zai)(zai)高溫干旱的(de)(de)的(de)(de)氣(qi)候條件(jian)下。從罹患病(bing)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)羽化(hua)(hua)出來(lai)的(de)(de)天牛(niu)(niu)幾乎100%攜帶(dai)(dai)松(song)(song)材(cai)線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),每(mei)只天牛(niu)(niu)都可(ke)攜帶(dai)(dai)成(cheng)千上(shang)(shang)萬條線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),最高可(ke)達25萬~30萬條。當天牛(niu)(niu)在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)上(shang)(shang)咬食(shi)(shi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)木補(bu)充營養時(shi)(shi)(shi),線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)就(jiu)從天牛(niu)(niu)取食(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)傷口進(jin)入(ru)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂,然后蛻皮成(cheng)為(wei)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。被(bei)松(song)(song)材(cai)線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)侵染的(de)(de)松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)往往又(you)是松(song)(song)墨天牛(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)產卵對象。翌年,在(zai)(zai)罹患病(bing)的(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林(lin)內寄生的(de)(de)松(song)(song)墨天牛(niu)(niu)羽化(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)(shi)又(you)會(hui)攜帶(dai)(dai)大量線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),并“接種”傳(chuan)播到健(jian)康(kang)的(de)(de)松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)上(shang)(shang),導致病(bing)害的(de)(de)擴散蔓延。該病(bing)害的(de)(de)近距離(li)傳(chuan)播主要靠(kao)松(song)(song)黑(hei)天牛(niu)(niu)攜帶(dai)(dai)傳(chuan)播,遠距離(li)傳(chuan)播主要是人為(wei)調(diao)運(yun)帶(dai)(dai)疫(帶(dai)(dai)松(song)(song)材(cai)線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)天牛(niu)(niu))的(de)(de)苗木、松(song)(song)材(cai)、松(song)(song)木包(bao)裝箱及松(song)(song)木制品等進(jin)行遠程傳(chuan)播。松(song)(song)材(cai)線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)雌雄蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)交尾(wei)后產卵,每(mei)只雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)產卵約100粒。蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)卵在(zai)(zai)25℃下經30小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)。幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)共4齡。在(zai)(zai)溫度(du)30℃時(shi)(shi)(shi),線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)3天就(jiu)可(ke)以完成(cheng)一個世(shi)代。松(song)(song)材(cai)線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)生長繁殖(zhi)的(de)(de)最適宜溫度(du)為(wei)20℃,低(di)于10℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)不能發(fa)育,28℃以上(shang)(shang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)繁殖(zhi)會(hui)受到抑制,在(zai)(zai)33℃以上(shang)(shang)則不能繁殖(zhi)。線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)能在(zai)(zai)6個月內使松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)死亡(wang),是使松(song)(song)林(lin)大片被(bei)毀的(de)(de)重要害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。
松材(cai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)病在(zai)美國(guo)、加拿大(da)、墨西哥(ge)、日本、韓國(guo)等(deng)國(guo)均有(you)發生,20世紀80年代侵襲中(zhong)國(guo)香港,幾乎毀滅了香港分布廣泛的馬(ma)尾松林。1982年在(zai)南(nan)京中(zhong)山陵首次被(bei)發現,隨后相(xiang)繼在(zai)安徽、山東、浙江、廣東等(deng)地形成幾個疾(ji)病中(zhong)心,并向(xiang)四周擴散,使這些(xie)省的局部(bu)地區發生并流行成災,導致大(da)批松樹(shu)枯(ku)死(si)。松材(cai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)病給安徽、浙江兩省帶來(lai)的經濟損失高達5億~7億元。由于松線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)的毀滅性危(wei)害,該蟲(chong)已被(bei)為對(dui)內、對(dui)外的重要檢疫對(dui)象。
松材線蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)媒(mei)介昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)有天(tian)牛科(ke)28個(ge)種、吉丁科(ke)1個(ge)屬(shu)、脛象科(ke)1個(ge)屬(shu)的(de)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)。在(zai)我國松材線蟲(chong)(chong)分布區中,其傳播媒(mei)介均(jun)為松墨天(tian)牛(Monochamus alternatus)。松墨天(tian)牛,屬(shu)鞘翅目天(tian)牛科(ke)溝(gou)脛天(tian)牛亞科(ke)墨天(tian)牛屬(shu),幼蟲(chong)(chong)有5個(ge)齡期,以4、5齡老(lao)蟲(chong)(chong)在(zai)蛹室(shi)內越冬,是(shi)松樹(shu)的(de)蛀干害蟲(chong)(chong),蟲(chong)(chong)口密度較高時可(ke)導致(zhi)松樹(shu)死(si)亡(wang)。
①借助(zhu)媒(mei)介(jie)天(tian)牛或線蟲本(ben)身的移動的自然傳播途徑;②借助(zhu)人(ren)為運輸(shu)并在(zai)媒(mei)介(jie)天(tian)牛的攜帶下(xia)實(shi)現遠距離蔓延的人(ren)為傳播途徑。
松(song)(song)材線蟲病首(shou)先表(biao)現為樹(shu)脂分泌減少,蒸騰作用下降,接著部分針(zhen)葉(xie)失去(qu)光澤成(cheng)灰綠色,并逐漸(jian)變黃,樹(shu)脂停止分泌,最后整(zheng)個(ge)樹(shu)冠針(zhen)葉(xie)變成(cheng)紅褐色,植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)死(si)亡。無論(lun)是小樹(shu)還(huan)是大樹(shu),大多(duo)數(shu)植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)在(zai)表(biao)現癥狀后1一(yi)3個(ge)月迅速枯(ku)死(si),只有少數(shu)植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)至(zhi)(zhi)次(ci)年(nian)春季或初夏枯(ku)死(si),越年(nian)死(si)亡的(de)松(song)(song)樹(shu)可(ke)在(zai)當年(nian)被(bei)診斷。有的(de)植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)感病后,在(zai)l一(yi)2年(nian)內僅樹(shu)冠上(shang)少量枝條枯(ku)死(si),隨時間推(tui)移逐漸(jian)增(zeng)多(duo),直(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)全株(zhu)。在(zai)濕地松(song)(song)、馬(ma)尾松(song)(song)、黑松(song)(song)等植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)上(shang)發生比較普遍。
①直觀(guan)(guan)檢驗:此(ci)種方(fang)法主要在產(chan)地調查(cha)時使用。在調查(cha)時仔細觀(guan)(guan)察(cha)樹(shu)木(mu)發育是否正常,注意察(cha)看有無樹(shu)脂(zhi)分泌減少、停止(zhi),針葉變褐、萎(wei)蔫,枝干及整(zheng)株(zhu)枯(ku)死的現(xian)象,同(tong)時,觀(guan)(guan)察(cha)樹(shu)干上有無天牛蛀食的痕跡、產(chan)卵孔(kong)、羽化孔(kong)等(deng),如有再行解剖檢查(cha)。
②解(jie)剖(pou)檢驗(yan):用工具將可疑感病的(de)樹(shu)木鋸斷劈開,看材質重量是否明顯減輕;木質部有(you)無(wu)藍變(bian)現(xian)象;樹(shu)干內(nei)有(you)無(wu)松褐天(tian)牛棲居的(de)痕跡(ji)。
③漏(lou)斗(dou)分離檢驗:從罹病(bing)木發病(bing)部(bu)位(wei)或天牛棲(qi)居(ju)處鉆取(qu)木材組織并粉碎,用雙層(ceng)紗布包好,置(zhi)于下(xia)(xia)方帶(dai)有膠管(guan)和截(jie)流夾的玻璃漏(lou)斗(dou)上,加水(shui)浸泡12h,取(qu)下(xia)(xia)部(bu)浸泡液離心,取(qu)其(qi)沉淀液15ml,置(zhi)于解剖鏡(jing)下(xia)(xia),對照(zhao)松(song)材線蟲的形態特征進行檢查鑒定。
④打孔流(liu)汁法檢驗:松樹(shu)的(de)(de)流(liu)汁是(shi)比較(jiao)正常(chang)(chang)的(de)(de),就說明這個是(shi)健康的(de)(de),如果流(liu)汁不是(shi)很正常(chang)(chang)的(de)(de),拿到取樣(yang)到實驗室里面檢測,確(que)定是(shi)否有染松材線蟲。
木材及其產品在使用(yong)(yong)前(qian)或(huo)出境、進(jin)(jin)境前(qian)用(yong)(yong)60℃熱處理或(huo)殺(sha)線蟲劑處理。檢(jian)疫中(zhong)發(fa)現有攜帶(dai)松(song)材線蟲的(de)松(song)木及包裝箱等(deng)制(zhi)品,應用(yong)(yong)帳幕熏(xun)蒸法(fa)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)處理,放在一個(ge)密封(feng)的(de)塑料(liao)紙中(zhong),用(yong)(yong)每立方(fang)米木材方(fang)5~8磷(lin)化鋁藥丸或(huo)溴(xiu)甲烷進(jin)(jin)行(xing)熏(xun)蒸,里面留有一定的(de)循環空間,熏(xun)蒸7d以上;或(huo)浸(jin)泡于水中(zhong)5個(ge)月以上;或(huo)把病(bing)樹粉碎后再進(jin)(jin)行(xing)加工,立即送(song)工廠用(yong)(yong)作纖維(wei)板、刨花板或(huo)紙漿等(deng)工業(ye)原料(liao)以及作為燃(ran)料(liao)及時燒毀;對利用(yong)(yong)價值不大的(de)小徑木、枝丫等(deng)集中(zhong)燒毀,嚴防(fang)遺漏。
(1)對(dui)松材線蟲病應加強檢(jian)疫檢(jian)驗(yan),嚴禁被害木(mu)外運
對種(zhong)(zhong)苗等繁殖材(cai)料和(he)(he)木材(cai)的調動和(he)(he)貿(mao)易進行管理(li)、控制和(he)(he)檢(jian)驗,防(fang)止危(wei)險性(xing)病(bing)(bing)蟲的傳(chuan)播(bo)和(he)(he)蔓延。防(fang)止危(wei)險性(xing)病(bing)(bing)蟲由(you)國(guo)外(wai)傳(chuan)入或由(you)國(guo)內(nei)輸(shu)出,將局部地區發生的危(wei)險性(xing)病(bing)(bing)蟲封(feng)鎖在一定范圍內(nei),防(fang)止它傳(chuan)播(bo)到(dao)新區,并采取各種(zhong)(zhong)積極措施逐(zhu)步消滅。
(2)選育抗病(bing)樹種
選(xuan)(xuan)育抗(kang)蟲品種是預防(fang)線蟲的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)一(yi)環。同(tong)一(yi)樹種由于(yu)經過長期(qi)的(de)(de)自然選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)和(he)人工選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)的(de)(de)結果,形成不同(tong)品種。其性狀不同(tong),抗(kang)蟲能力(li)也可能產生差異。
(3)積(ji)極防治松墨天牛
人工把長(chang)勢很弱的松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)砍傷,因為松(song)(song)褐天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)最喜歡到這(zhe)個(ge)里面(mian)產卵,然(ran)后(hou)(hou)進行除害處理,減少對健(jian)康松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)的危害。除此之外,也有用(yong)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)化學引誘(you)劑Ⅰ號誘(you)殺(sha)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)或養放腫腿蜂(Scleroderma guani)寄生天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)幼蟲誅殺(sha)。清(qing)除病害的枯木或瀕于(yu)枯死的樹(shu)(shu)木,集(ji)中成(cheng)(cheng)堆,用(yong)塑料(liao)布密(mi)封,以溴(xiu)甲烷熏蒸(zheng)5~10h,藥(yao)量為69~83g/m3,可殺(sha)滅天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲及幼蟲。樹(shu)(shu)丫(ya)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)小堆燒(shao)毀。預防性(xing)的噴(pen)(pen)藥(yao),包括(kuo)樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan)噴(pen)(pen)藥(yao)和(he)地面(mian)噴(pen)(pen)藥(yao),前者在天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)羽化出來取(qu)食補充營養時(shi)噴(pen)(pen)藥(yao),后(hou)(hou)者在羽化開(kai)始時(shi)噴(pen)(pen)藥(yao),噴(pen)(pen)藥(yao)一次(ci)可持效2.5~3個(ge)月,可用(yong)25%殺(sha)螟松(song)(song)乳劑,每公頃(qing)3~3. 6kg。
(4)生物防治
利用白僵菌(jun)防治(zhi)昆蟲(chong)介體,也可(ke)用捕線(xian)蟲(chong)真(zhen)菌(jun)來(lai)防治(zhi)松材線(xian)蟲(chong)。此種方法(fa)對人(ren)、畜、植物安全,對害(hai)蟲(chong)有長期抑(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)用,人(ren)工培(pei)養及使用技術(shu)要求比較嚴格,有時(shi)效(xiao)果不(bu)像藥劑那樣迅速和明顯。