鄧(deng)(deng)文原(1258年(nian)—1328年(nian)),字(zi)(zi)善(shan)之(zhi),一字(zi)(zi)匪石(shi),人稱素(su)履先(xian)生,綿(mian)(mian)州(今四川綿(mian)(mian)陽)人,又因(yin)綿(mian)(mian)州古屬巴(ba)西郡,人稱鄧(deng)(deng)文原為“鄧(deng)(deng)巴(ba)西”。其父早年(nian)避(bi)兵入杭,遂遷(qian)寓浙江杭州,或稱杭州人。
歷官江浙儒學(xue)提(ti)舉、江南浙西道肅政廉(lian)訪司事(shi)、集賢(xian)直(zhi)學(xue)士(shi)兼國(guo)子監祭(ji)酒(jiu)、翰林侍講學(xue)士(shi),卒謚文(wen)(wen)肅。其(qi)政績卓(zhuo)著,為一代廉(lian)吏,其(qi)文(wen)(wen)章出眾,也堪稱元初文(wen)(wen)壇泰斗,《元史》有傳。著述有《巴(ba)西文(wen)(wen)集》《內制集》《素履齋(zhai)稿》等。
鄧文原擅(shan)行、草書(shu)。傳世書(shu)跡有《臨急就章卷》等(deng)。與趙(zhao)孟頫、鮮(xian)于樞齊名(ming),號(hao)稱(cheng)“元初三大書(shu)法家”,尤以擅(shan)章草而(er)聞名(ming)。
鄧(deng)文原青年(nian)時就(jiu)與趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)孟頫定交,被趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)孟頫稱(cheng)為自(zi)己的“畏友”,兩人(ren)(ren)感(gan)情至深。大德二(er)年(nian),成宗召趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)孟頫入大都書(shu)(shu)(shu)金字《藏經》,許舉(ju)能書(shu)(shu)(shu)者自(zi)隨,鄧(deng)文原為趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)所薦,共同入京(jing),使他(ta)的書(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)大顯于(yu)(yu)世。在(zai)鄧(deng)文原傳世不多的書(shu)(shu)(shu)作中,可以明(ming)(ming)顯地看出他(ta)受趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)孟頫的影響(xiang)要比鮮(xian)于(yu)(yu)樞深,他(ta)的書(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)風(feng)格頗似趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)氏(shi),如《黃(huang)庭堅松風(feng)閣(ge)詩卷跋(ba)》、《瞻近(jin)漢時二(er)帖跋(ba)》等(deng)。陶宗儀《書(shu)(shu)(shu)史(shi)會要》評曰(yue):“鄧(deng)文原正(zheng)、行(xing)(xing)、草(cao)(cao)書(shu)(shu)(shu),早法(fa)(fa)二(er)王,后法(fa)(fa)李北海。”宗法(fa)(fa)晉(jin)人(ren)(ren)的書(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)觀(guan)和學(xue)書(shu)(shu)(shu)之路正(zheng)和趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)孟頫一致,兩人(ren)(ren)在(zai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)活動中接觸頻繁(fan),且(qie)手札往還,自(zi)然受到感(gan)染。鄧(deng)文原除了擅長寫(xie)正(zheng)書(shu)(shu)(shu)、行(xing)(xing)書(shu)(shu)(shu)、今草(cao)(cao)外(wai),對章草(cao)(cao)也出于(yu)(yu)刻帖又兼行(xing)(xing)楷流美筆(bi)意(yi),明(ming)(ming)人(ren)(ren)袁華(hua)跋(ba)日:“觀(guan)其運筆(bi),若(ruo)神出海,飛(fei)翔(xiang)白如。”
鄧文(wen)原(yuan)《家書帖》頁(ye),元(yuan),鄧文(wen)原(yuan)書,紙本,縱24.2cm,橫29.1cm,行(xing)書。
釋文:
連收慶長書(shu),知吾妻一(yi)向平(ping)安,甚喜。我客中(zhong)幸無(wu)恙(yang),但終(zhong)日(ri)勞(lao)于酬應(ying),而老陸雖無(wu)他過,其蠢不(bu)可言,飲(yin)食起居,多不(bu)如(ru)意,無(wu)奈(nai)何(he)也。若還司(si)后未有脫身之計,不(bu)知吾妻可同穩兒暫(zan)到宣(xuan)州(zhou),伺八月分司(si)卻還杭(hang)如(ru)何(he)?若不(bu)可來,則止(zhi)。此行皆未有脫暖之衣,又無(wu)便可寄(ji),茲(zi)因饒(rao)州(zhou)令史鋪馬便,作此。文原書(shu)寄(ji)賢妻縣君。
鈐“素(su)履齋”印。鑒(jian)藏印有“友古(gu)軒(xuan)”、“樂(le)葊”。
此(ci)封家書敘述(shu)了作(zuo)者當時(shi)的境(jing)況。宣(xuan)州(zhou)在元(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)屬江東(dong)建(jian)康(kang)道(dao),現(xian)為安徽屬地(di)。考《元(yuan)(yuan)史(shi)·鄧(deng)(deng)文(wen)原本傳(chuan)》:“延祐四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)升翰林(lin)待制,五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)出(chu)僉(qian)江南浙西道(dao)肅政廉訪(fang)使。……六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)移江東(dong)道(dao)。……至治二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),召為集賢直(zhi)學(xue)士。”固知(zhi)此(ci)信為鄧(deng)(deng)文(wen)原任江東(dong)建(jian)康(kang)道(dao)肅政廉訪(fang)司時(shi)所(suo)寫,即元(yuan)(yuan)延祐六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)至至治二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1319年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)-1322年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))間,鄧(deng)(deng)文(wen)原60余歲時(shi)所(suo)作(zuo)。文(wen)中“慶長”名鄧(deng)(deng)衍,《元(yuan)(yuan)史(shi)》附名鄧(deng)(deng)氏本傳(chuan)后,“陰授江浙等處(chu)伊(yi)學(xue)副提舉,未任卒。”
此(ci)書行筆連綿,韻意清閑,筆勢(shi)放(fang)縱,任興所適,頗有“任天然而自逸,若眾山(shan)之連峰(feng)”之態。
右側拓片為鄧文(wen)原跋(ba)米南宮(米芾)真跡后:
鄧(deng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)原,字(zi)善之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),一字(zi)匪(fei)石(shi),綿州(zhou)人(ren)。父漳,徙錢塘(tang)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)原年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十五,通《春秋》。在宋時,以(yi)(yi)(yi)流(liu)寓試浙(zhe)(zhe)西轉運司(si)(si),魁四川士。至(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)二(er)十七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),行中書省辟為(wei)杭州(zhou)路儒學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)正(zheng)。大(da)德二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),調崇德州(zhou)教授(shou)(shou)。五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),擢應(ying)奉(feng)翰林文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字(zi)。九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),升修(xiu)撰,謁告還江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)。至(zhi)大(da)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),復為(wei)修(xiu)撰,預修(xiu)《成宗實(shi)錄(lu)》。三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),授(shou)(shou)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)浙(zhe)(zhe)儒學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)提舉。皇慶元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),召為(wei)國子(zi)司(si)(si)業。至(zhi)官,首(shou)建白更學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政,當路因循,重于(yu)改作,論不(bu)合,移(yi)病去(qu)。科(ke)舉制行,文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)原校文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)浙(zhe)(zhe),慮士守舊(jiu)習,大(da)書朱(zhu)熹(xi)《貢舉私(si)議(yi)(yi)》,揭于(yu)門。延祐四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),升翰林待制。五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),出(chu)僉江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)浙(zhe)(zhe)西道(dao)肅(su)政廉訪司(si)(si)事,平江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)僧有(you)(you)憾(han)其(qi)(qi)府判官理熙(xi)者(zhe)(zhe),賄(hui)其(qi)(qi)徒,告熙(xi)贓(zang),熙(xi)誣服。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)原行部,按問(wen)得(de)(de)實(shi),杖僧而(er)(er)釋(shi)熙(xi)。吳興民夜(ye)歸(gui),巡(xun)邏者(zhe)(zhe)執之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),系(xi)亭下(xia)。其(qi)(qi)人(ren)遁去(qu),有(you)(you)追及之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe),刺其(qi)(qi)脅,仆地(di)。明(ming)旦,家人(ren)得(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)歸(gui),比死,其(qi)(qi)兄問(wen)殺汝(ru)者(zhe)(zhe)何(he)如(ru)人(ren),曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“白帽、青衣、長身(shen)者(zhe)(zhe)也。”其(qi)(qi)兄訴于(yu)官,有(you)(you)司(si)(si)問(wen)直(zhi)初(chu)更者(zhe)(zhe)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)張福(fu)兒(er),執之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),使服焉。械系(xi)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)原錄(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“福(fu)兒(er)身(shen)不(bu)滿六(liu)尺(chi),未(wei)見其(qi)(qi)長也;刃傷右脅,而(er)(er)福(fu)兒(er)素用(yong)左手,傷宜在左,何(he)右傷也!”鞫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),果得(de)(de)真殺人(ren)者(zhe)(zhe),而(er)(er)釋(shi)福(fu)兒(er)。桐廬(lu)人(ren)戴汝(ru)惟(wei)(wei)家被盜(dao),有(you)(you)司(si)(si)得(de)(de)盜(dao),獄(yu)成送(song)郡(jun)。夜(ye)有(you)(you)焚戴氏廬(lu)者(zhe)(zhe),而(er)(er)不(bu)知汝(ru)惟(wei)(wei)所之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)原曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“此必有(you)(you)故也。”乃得(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)妻葉氏與其(qi)(qi)弟謀殺汝(ru)惟(wei)(wei)狀,而(er)(er)于(yu)水涯樹(shu)下(xia)得(de)(de)尸,與漬血斧俱(ju)在焉,人(ren)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)神(shen)。六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),移(yi)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)東道(dao)。徽(hui)、寧國、廣德三郡(jun),歲(sui)入茶課鈔三千(qian)錠,后增至(zhi)十八萬錠,竭山谷所產,不(bu)能充(chong)其(qi)(qi)半,余皆鑿(zao)空取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民間,歲(sui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)常。時轉運司(si)(si)官聽用(yong)鄉里(li)嘩狡,動以(yi)(yi)(yi)犯(fan)法誣民,而(er)(er)轉運司(si)(si)得(de)(de)專制有(you)(you)司(si)(si),凡(fan)五品官以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)皆杖決,州(zhou)縣莫敢如(ru)何(he)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)原請(qing)罷其(qi)(qi)專司(si)(si),俾郡(jun)縣領之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)報(bao)。徽(hui)民謝蘭(lan)家僮汪姓者(zhe)(zhe)死,蘭(lan)侄回賂汪族人(ren)誣蘭(lan)殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),蘭(lan)誣服。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)原錄(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),得(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)情,釋(shi)蘭(lan)而(er)(er)坐(zuo)回。時久旱(han)不(bu)雨,決獄(yu)乃雨。至(zhi)治二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),召為(wei)集賢直(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)士,地(di)震,詔議(yi)(yi)弭災之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)原請(qing)決滯(zhi)囚(qiu),置(zhi)倉廩河北,儲羨(xian)粟以(yi)(yi)(yi)賑(zhen)饑(ji);復申前(qian)議(yi)(yi),請(qing)罷榷茶轉運司(si)(si),又不(bu)報(bao)。明(ming)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),兼(jian)國子(zi)祭酒。江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)浙(zhe)(zhe)省臣(chen)趙簡(jian)請(qing)開經(jing)筵(yan),泰定元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)原兼(jian)經(jing)筵(yan)官,以(yi)(yi)(yi)疾乞致仕(shi)歸(gui)。二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),召拜翰林侍講學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)士,以(yi)(yi)(yi)疾辭。四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),拜嶺(ling)北湖南(nan)道(dao)肅(su)政廉訪使,以(yi)(yi)(yi)疾不(bu)赴。天(tian)歷元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)卒(zu),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)七十一。
文原(yuan)(yuan)內嚴而外恕,家(jia)貧(pin)而行廉。初客京師,有(you)一書(shu)生病篤(du),取橐中金,囑文原(yuan)(yuan)以歸其親;既(ji)死,而同舍生竊金去,文原(yuan)(yuan)買金償死者家(jia),終(zhong)身不以語人。有(you)文集若干(gan)卷(juan),內制集若干(gan)卷(juan),藏于家(jia)。子衍(yan),廕授(shou)江浙等處儒學副提舉,未(wei)任,卒。至順(shun)五年,制贈(zeng)文原(yuan)(yuan)江浙行省參知政事,謚文肅。
鄧(deng)文原和(he)鮮(xian)于(yu)樞(shu)同在(zai)趙孟頫復古的(de)大旗(qi)下,成為元(yuan)代復古潮流中不(bu)(bu)可缺少的(de)干將。鮮(xian)于(yu)的(de)影(ying)(ying)響不(bu)(bu)如(ru)趙,而鄧(deng)的(de)影(ying)(ying)響不(bu)(bu)及鮮(xian)于(yu),如(ru)果將鮮(xian)于(yu)歸于(yu)英年(nian)早逝(shi)的(de)話,那么(me)鄧(deng)的(de)原因則是其晚(wan)年(nian)疏(shu)于(yu)翰事,書名漸隱(yin)。有(you)張雨跋(ba)《臨急就章(zhang)》文為證:“(鄧(deng))早歲大合作。中歲以(yi)往,爵(jue)位日高,而書學益廢。與之(zhi)交筆硯,始(shi)以(yi)余(yu)言不(bu)(bu)妄。殆(dai)暮年(nian)章(zhang)草,如(ru)隔(ge)事矣。信為學不(bu)(bu)可止(zhi)如(ru)此。”,可見(jian)鄧(deng)氏(shi)因多涉政事,翰墨日疏(shu),以(yi)至未能在(zai)其后半生再(zai)將自己(ji)的(de)風(feng)格拓展得更加鮮(xian)明。