大狐姓氏作為(wei)中國為(wei)數不多的(de)(de)稀有姓氏之(zhi)一(yi),它的(de)(de)淵源、遷(qian)徙、分布都是有史可(ke)循,有據可(ke)查的(de)(de)!
單一(yi)淵(yuan)源(yuan)(yuan):源(yuan)(yuan)于姬(ji)(ji)(ji)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),出(chu)(chu)自(zi)(zi)春秋(qiu)時(shi)期(qi)晉國大(da)(da)夫(fu)狐(hu)(hu)突,屬(shu)于以先(xian)祖名(ming)字為(wei)(wei)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。大(da)(da)狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),為(wei)(wei)春秋(qiu)時(shi)期(qi)晉國很早即出(chu)(chu)現的(de)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。宋朝(chao)時(shi)期(qi)著(zhu)名(ming)學者鄧名(ming)世在《古(gu)今姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)書辯證·去·十四泰》中(zhong)記載:“大(da)(da)狐(hu)(hu),出(chu)(chu)自(zi)(zi)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。晉大(da)(da)夫(fu)狐(hu)(hu)突,字伯行,文公(gong)重耳外(wai)祖父也,生(sheng)毛及(ji)偃,毛生(sheng)溱,皆為(wei)(wei)晉卿(qing),別為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。”姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學界一(yi)般認(ren)為(wei)(wei),大(da)(da)狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)本(ben)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)姬(ji)(ji)(ji),因其先(xian)祖被分封(feng)在狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)戎(rong)(今山西(xi)交城一(yi)帶),故改姬(ji)(ji)(ji)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。在史(shi)籍《左傳》中(zhong)記載,后來晉獻公(gong)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)佹諸(公(gong)元前676~前651年在位)“又娶(qu)二女于戎(rong),大(da)(da)戎(rong)狐(hu)(hu)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)重耳,小戎(rong)子生(sheng)夷吾(wu)”。漢朝(chao)著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)史(shi)學家司馬遷也認(ren)為(wei)(wei),“重耳母,翟之狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)女也”。不過,當時(shi)也有其他民族(zu)是(shi)(shi)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de),那(nei)么(me)狐(hu)(hu)突的(de)祖上是(shi)(shi)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)還是(shi)(shi)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狐(hu)(hu),是(shi)(shi)土(tu)著(zhu)民族(zu)還是(shi)(shi)宗周后裔?如(ru)果是(shi)(shi)出(chu)(chu)自(zi)(zi)土(tu)著(zhu)民族(zu),那(nei)么(me)到(dao)(dao)底(di)是(shi)(shi)戎(rong)還是(shi)(shi)翟?均已渺茫(mang)難考了。山西(xi),為(wei)(wei)上古(gu)唐“帝堯初都”之地,又是(shi)(shi)夏王朝(chao)統(tong)治時(shi)期(qi)的(de)根(gen)據地,但(dan)是(shi)(shi)到(dao)(dao)了商末西(xi)周初,該(gai)地區(qu)已經基本(ben)上是(shi)(shi)戎(rong)、翟(狄)、氐、羌諸民族(zu)出(chu)(chu)沒游牧的(de)地方了。
據(ju)史籍《左(zuo)傳·定公四年(nian)》中(zhong)的(de)記載,周(zhou)(zhou)成王姬(ji)誦“分唐(tang)叔(shu)(叔(shu)虞)以(yi)(yi)大(da)路(lu),密須(xu)之鼓,闕鞏,沽(gu)洗,懷(huai)姓九宗(zong),職官五正。命以(yi)(yi)《唐(tang)誥》,而封(feng)于夏虛(xu),啟以(yi)(yi)夏政,疆以(yi)(yi)戎索。”這里的(de)“啟以(yi)(yi)夏政,疆以(yi)(yi)戎索”,實際上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)就(jiu)晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)在建國(guo)(guo)(guo)初(chu)期的(de)根本治(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)方略,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在中(zhong)央政權的(de)建設(she)上(shang),堅持(chi)周(zhou)(zhou)王朝(chao)比較先(xian)進的(de)政治(zhi)制度(du),但是(shi)(shi)(shi)在地(di)(di)域管理方面又遵循和順應當(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)各個游牧民(min)族(zu)的(de)風(feng)俗。在晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)建立初(chu)期,真(zhen)正的(de)宗(zong)周(zhou)(zhou)貴族(zu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)多的(de),姬(ji)叔(shu)虞當(dang)(dang)時只(zhi)帶(dai)去了(le)“懷(huai)姓九宗(zong),職官五正”等少量(liang)姬(ji)姓族(zu)人以(yi)(yi)及一軍(jun)之卒(凡制軍(jun),萬有二千(qian)五百人為一軍(jun)),晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)大(da)部分國(guo)(guo)(guo)人還是(shi)(shi)(shi)當(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)土著居(ju)民(min)。事(shi)實上(shang),在整個春秋(qiu)時期,各諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)的(de)晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)“胡”風(feng)一直是(shi)(shi)(shi)很濃厚的(de),從西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)初(chu)期受封(feng)于唐(tang)邑(yi),后改唐(tang)為晉(jin),建立晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo),晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人與周(zhou)(zhou)邊的(de)各個民(min)族(zu)通商、通婚的(de)現象一直就(jiu)十分普遍,就(jiu)連國(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)也不(bu)例外,這與燕國(guo)(guo)(guo)、秦國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)情(qing)況大(da)體相同。
大(da)狐氏(shi),歷代皆為晉國(guo)重臣,傳到歷晉文(wen)公姬重耳(er)(公元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)636~前(qian)(qian)628年(nian)在(zai)(zai)位)、晉襄公姬歡(姬環,公元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)627~前(qian)(qian)621年(nian)在(zai)(zai)位)、晉靈(ling)公姬夷皋(gao)(公元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)620~前(qian)(qian)607年(nian)在(zai)(zai)位)三(san)朝、史稱(cheng)晉國(guo)“股肱”的大(da)狐射姑以后(hou),因其封地在(zai)(zai)賈(今(jin)山西臨(lin)汾),其后(hou)裔子孫大(da)多省(sheng)文(wen)簡改為單姓狐氏(shi)、賈氏(shi),大(da)狐氏(shi)復姓就此在(zai)(zai)歷史上基本消失(shi)了。如今(jin),僅在(zai)(zai)浙江省(sheng)西南部麗水地區還有極(ji)其稀少的復姓大(da)狐氏(shi)族人,仍以平陽(今(jin)山西臨(lin)汾)為郡望(wang)。
大狐(hu)突(姬狐(hu)突)。
平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun):亦稱臨(lin)(lin)汾(fen)(fen)郡(jun)(jun)。歷史上(shang)的平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun)有二:①即(ji)今山(shan)西(xi)(xi)省臨(lin)(lin)汾(fen)(fen)市(shi)。西(xi)(xi)漢(han)初(chu)(chu)年(nian)(nian)(己亥,公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)202年(nian)(nian))置(zhi)(zhi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian),治(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)在(zai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(今山(shan)西(xi)(xi)臨(lin)(lin)汾(fen)(fen))。三國(guo)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)曹(cao)魏(wei)國(guo)正(zheng)始(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(丁卯,公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)247年(nian)(nian)),將河東(dong)(dong)郡(jun)(jun)分(fen)出一(yi)部分(fen)與平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)合并,設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)為平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun),治(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)亦在(zai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(今山(shan)西(xi)(xi)臨(lin)(lin)汾(fen)(fen)),其(qi)時(shi)(shi)轄(xia)地(di)(di)在(zai)今山(shan)西(xi)(xi)藿縣(xian)(xian)(xian)以南的汾(fen)(fen)河流(liu)域及其(qi)以西(xi)(xi)地(di)(di)區,境內(nei)為司州平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun),轄(xia)十(shi)(shi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)。西(xi)(xi)晉時(shi)(shi)期(qi)仍為平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun),轄(xia)十(shi)(shi)二縣(xian)(xian)(xian)。西(xi)(xi)晉永嘉三年(nian)(nian)(己巳,公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)309年(nian)(nian))初(chu)(chu),匈奴人劉淵(yuan)自蒲子城(cheng)(隰縣(xian)(xian)(xian))遷都平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),稱帝建(jian)漢(han),境內(nei)屬之。東(dong)(dong)晉時(shi)(shi)先(xian)后屬并州、雍(yong)州和冀州;北(bei)魏(wei)時(shi)(shi)境內(nei)為東(dong)(dong)雍(yong)州,轄(xia)七郡(jun)(jun)二十(shi)(shi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian);北(bei)魏(wei)神鹿元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(戊辰,公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)428年(nian)(nian))始(shi)(shi)筑(zhu)白(bai)馬(ma)城(cheng)(今山(shan)西(xi)(xi)臨(lin)(lin)汾(fen)(fen)),因魏(wei)刑白(bai)馬(ma)祭(ji)祀天地(di)(di)神靈筑(zhu)城(cheng)而名(ming)。孝(xiao)昌二年(nian)(nian)改置(zhi)(zhi)唐(tang)州,治(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)在(zai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)故城(cheng)(劉村);北(bei)魏(wei)建(jian)義元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(戊申,公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)528年(nian)(nian))改稱晉州,移治(zhi)(zhi)自馬(ma)城(cheng),與郡(jun)(jun)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)同治(zhi)(zhi),沿用至今。②即(ji)今山(shan)東(dong)(dong)省鄒城(cheng)市(shi)。鄒城(cheng)在(zai)春秋戰國(guo)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)古稱平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),是(shi)“鄒魯圣地(di)(di)”,為中國(guo)儒學發源地(di)(di)。夏王朝時(shi)(shi)期(qi)屬九州徐州之域,秦朝時(shi)(shi)期(qi)開始(shi)(shi)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)“騶(zou)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)”,歷漢(han)、晉、南北(bei)朝,及唐(tang)朝初(chu)(chu)期(qi)改“騶(zou)”為“鄒”,稱“鄒縣(xian)(xian)(xian)”,沿襲至1992年(nian)(nian)10月,撤縣(xian)(xian)(xian)設(she)市(shi),稱鄒城(cheng)市(shi)。大狐氏的郡(jun)(jun)望為①即(ji)今山(shan)西(xi)(xi)臨(lin)(lin)汾(fen)(fen)。
平陽(yang)堂:以望立堂。
大狐(hu)氏(shi)復姓是一個非常古(gu)老的(de)姓氏(shi),但在今中國(guo)大陸的(de)姓氏(shi)排行(xing)榜上未列入百(bai)家姓前一千位(wei),在臺灣省則沒有。今浙江省西南部的(de)麗水地區,有零星大狐(hu)氏(shi)族人分布(bu),以平陽為郡望(wang)。人口總數(shu)不及一百(bai),大概屬(shu)于人口最稀(xi)少的(de)姓氏(shi)群體之(zhi)一了。