源于媯姓(xing),出自戰國(guo)時(shi)期齊國(guo)大將田(tian)單(dan)(dan)守邑(yi),屬于以(yi)封邑(yi)名稱為氏。據史(shi)籍《晏子春(chun)秋·內篇問》記(ji)載(zai):“即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)氏,據齊將田(tian)單(dan)(dan)守即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)(mo),支孫氏焉(yan)。”在(zai)史(shi)籍《風俗通義·佚(yi)文》中引《姓(xing)解(jie)》記(ji)載(zai):“即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)氏,漢(han)有即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)威為咸陽令……漢(han)有單(dan)(dan)父令即(ji)(ji)費,其先食采即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)(mo),因以(yi)命氏。”在(zai)史(shi)籍《漢(han)書·儒林傳》也記(ji)載(zai):“戰國(guo)城陽相即(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)成,齊國(guo)人(ren)。”
即(ji)墨(mo)[即(ji)墨(mo),讀音作jí mò(ㄐㄧˊㄇㄛˋ)]
源于媯姓(xing),出自戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)晚期齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)大將(jiang)田(tian)單守(shou)邑,屬于以(yi)封邑名稱為(wei)(wei)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。據(ju)史籍(ji)《晏子春秋·內篇問》記載(zai)(zai):“即(ji)墨氏(shi)(shi)(shi),據(ju)齊(qi)(qi)將(jiang)田(tian)單守(shou)即(ji)墨,支孫(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)焉。”在(zai)史籍(ji)《風俗通義·佚文》中引《姓(xing)解》記載(zai)(zai):“即(ji)墨氏(shi)(shi)(shi),漢(han)有(you)即(ji)墨威為(wei)(wei)咸陽(yang)令……漢(han)有(you)單父令即(ji)費,其先食采即(ji)墨,因以(yi)命氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。”在(zai)史籍(ji)《漢(han)書·儒林(lin)傳(chuan)》也(ye)記載(zai)(zai):“戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)陽(yang)相即(ji)墨成,齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)人。”田(tian)單,是齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)王(wang)族田(tian)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)族的(de)(de)遠房支親(qin),山(shan)東淄博(bo)臨(lin)淄人。齊(qi)(qi)湣(min)王(wang)田(tian)地執政時期(公元(yuan)前323~前283年在(zai)位(wei)),田(tian)單出任齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)臨(lin)淄的(de)(de)市掾(管(guan)理商貿市場的(de)(de)官(guan)員(yuan)),是一位(wei)資歷淺、爵位(wei)低、名氣微的(de)(de)小(xiao)吏。但是,田(tian)單善(shan)于學習(xi),頗愛兵法(fa),對戰(zhan)略戰(zhan)術有(you)過精心研(yan)究,后(hou)率(lv)軍(jun)駐守(shou)即(ji)墨(今山(shan)東青島(dao)即(ji)墨)。在(zai)燕(yan)軍(jun)伐齊(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)爭中,以(yi)奇計制(zhi)勝,大敗燕(yan)軍(jun),表現了一位(wei)軍(jun)事家(jia)的(de)(de)非凡才能,被田(tian)齊(qi)(qi)襄王(wang)封為(wei)(wei)安平(ping)君,是齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)軍(jun)家(jia)的(de)(de)后(hou)起之秀(xiu)。戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)時期,列國(guo)(guo)爭雄(xiong),頻繁的(de)(de)掠奪(duo)戰(zhan)爭,給(gei)人民造成了無窮的(de)(de)災(zai)難。
周慎靚王(wang)姬(ji)定三年(nian)(燕(yan)王(wang)姬(ji)噲三年(nian),田(tian)齊(qi)宣王(wang)田(tian)辟(pi)疆(jiang)三年(nian),公元前318年(nian)),燕(yan)王(wang)姬(ji)噲將王(wang)位禪讓給姬(ji)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi),實行(xing)政治改(gai)革(ge)。姬(ji)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)行(xing)王(wang)事三年(nian),與反(fan)對改(gai)革(ge)的勢(shi)力發(fa)生矛盾,燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)大將市(shi)(shi)被與太子(zi)(zi)姬(ji)平起兵(bing)反(fan)叛(pan),雙方(fang)激戰數月,死者(zhe)數萬,燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)大亂,市(shi)(shi)被及(ji)太子(zi)(zi)姬(ji)平被姬(ji)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)攻(gong)殺(sha)。這(zhe)時,齊(qi)宣王(wang)田(tian)辟(pi)疆(jiang)在孟柯的勸(quan)說下,乘燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)危機(ji)(ji)之(zhi)時出(chu)兵(bing)伐燕(yan)國(guo)(guo),僅五十天即攻(gong)破燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)都城,燕(yan)王(wang)姬(ji)噲和姬(ji)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)皆被齊(qi)軍所殺(sha)。中(zhong)山國(guo)(guo)也(ye)趁此機(ji)(ji)會奪占了燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)大片土地,燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)幾乎亡國(guo)(guo)。
周赧王姬(ji)(ji)延三年(趙(zhao)武(wu)靈王趙(zhao)雍十四(si)年,公(gong)元前312年),秦、魏(wei)、韓三國聯軍救(jiu)燕(yan),擊敗齊軍于濮水之上。第(di)二(er)年,趙(zhao)武(wu)靈王派兵將流(liu)亡(wang)在(zai)韓國的(de)(de)燕(yan)公(gong)子姬(ji)(ji)職護送回燕(yan)國,立(li)為燕(yan)昭(zhao)王。燕(yan)昭(zhao)王立(li)志報仇雪恨(hen),卑身厚幣,高筑黃金(jin)臺,招聚天下賢士,得樂毅(yi)等人相助,勵精(jing)圖(tu)治,燕(yan)國從此強(qiang)大起來。這一段(duan)歷史時期,燕(yan)國北(bei)(bei)破(po)東胡(hu),將領土擴大到遼(liao)東地區(qu),設置了上古、漁陽、右北(bei)(bei)平、遼(liao)西(xi)、遼(liao)東五郡,疆(jiang)域有今滹沱(tuo)以北(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)河北(bei)(bei)中部、遼(liao)寧大部、山西(xi)一部,再次成為一方強(qiang)國。
周赧王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)三十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(田(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)湣(min)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)地十(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian),燕(yan)(yan)(yan)昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)姬職二(er)十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)284年(nian)(nian)(nian)),燕(yan)(yan)(yan)昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)以(yi)樂(le)(le)(le)毅(yi)(yi)為(wei)上(shang)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),聯(lian)合了(le)秦、楚(chu)、趙、魏、韓五(wu)國共同伐齊(qi)(qi)國。田(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)湣(min)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)因(yin)國力不(bu)足,已毫無應戰(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力量,只得棄都(dou)南逃莒城(cheng)(cheng)偏安(an)(an)(an)一(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)。因(yin)此,燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)長驅直(zhi)入,連下齊(qi)(qi)國七十(shi)余城(cheng)(cheng),之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)在臨(lin)(lin)淄(zi)擊殺(sha)田(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)湣(min)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。當時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齊(qi)(qi)國只剩下了(le)高大堅固的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)莒城(cheng)(cheng)(今山東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)日(ri)照(zhao)莒縣)和(he)即(ji)墨城(cheng)(cheng)(今山東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)平(ping)(ping)度)這(zhe)兩座城(cheng)(cheng)池,使齊(qi)(qi)國處(chu)在危亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)刻。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)攻破臨(lin)(lin)淄(zi)后(hou)(hou),又東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)渡(du)淄(zi)河進(jin)(jin)取安(an)(an)(an)平(ping)(ping)。安(an)(an)(an)平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)(又名酃(ling)城(cheng)(cheng)、皇城(cheng)(cheng)、石槽(cao)城(cheng)(cheng))位于淄(zi)水(shui)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)岸(an),這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi),早(zao)從(cong)臨(lin)(lin)淄(zi)退守安(an)(an)(an)平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)正在積(ji)(ji)極籌劃(hua)拒(ju)敵方略。為(wei)使戰(zhan)(zhan)車(che)(che)進(jin)(jin)退方便,避免撞(zhuang)(zhuang)擊,他(ta)命令宗(zong)人(ren)部(bu)(bu)下疾速斷去(qu)車(che)(che)軸長頭,并固上(shang)鐵籠,當時(shi)(shi)(shi)許(xu)多齊(qi)(qi)兵(bing)都(dou)笑話他(ta)。但當安(an)(an)(an)平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)失守時(shi)(shi)(shi),許(xu)多齊(qi)(qi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)兵(bing)將在撤退時(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)車(che)(che)軸相撞(zhuang)(zhuang),戰(zhan)(zhan)車(che)(che)被(bei)毀,紛(fen)紛(fen)落入燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)手做了(le)俘虜,唯獨(du)田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)宗(zong)人(ren)及部(bu)(bu)下安(an)(an)(an)然退居即(ji)墨。車(che)(che)軸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革和(he)巧(qiao)勝樂(le)(le)(le)毅(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)謀略,使田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)在田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏宗(zong)人(ren)中名聲(sheng)(sheng)大振,威望更高。在即(ji)墨大夫戰(zhan)(zhan)死疆(jiang)場后(hou)(hou),田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)便被(bei)宗(zong)族及部(bu)(bu)下們推為(wei)拒(ju)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)統(tong)帥。足智多謀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)(dan),并沒有因(yin)暫時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失利(li)而(er)氣(qi)(qi)餒,他(ta)肩負(fu)眾托(tuo),決心(xin)復國,從(cong)而(er)細心(xin)分析戰(zhan)(zhan)爭發展變化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形勢,窺測出(chu)戰(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良(liang)機。就(jiu)在這(zhe)個時(shi)(shi)(shi)候,傳來了(le)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)病死,燕(yan)(yan)(yan)惠(hui)(hui)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)即(ji)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消息。于是,田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)利(li)用(yong)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)惠(hui)(hui)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)樂(le)(le)(le)毅(yi)(yi)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系有裂隙,派人(ren)去(qu)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)惠(hui)(hui)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)面前(qian)讒言挑(tiao)撥,進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步激化(hua)(hua)了(le)君臣間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛(mao)盾,致使燕(yan)(yan)(yan)惠(hui)(hui)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)猜忌樂(le)(le)(le)毅(yi)(yi),很快(kuai)就(jiu)改(gai)用(yong)騎劫(jie)為(wei)統(tong)帥。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)惠(hui)(hui)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)自毀長城(cheng)(cheng),撤換了(le)智勇雙全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)(le)(le)毅(yi)(yi),樂(le)(le)(le)毅(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)來怒而(er)棄燕(yan)(yan)(yan)國,奔赴趙國。在燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)變更領軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將帥之(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi),田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)抓住燕(yan)(yan)(yan)將驕(jiao)傲(ao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弱(ruo)點,用(yong)以(yi)金(jin)錢賄賂,渙(huan)散燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)紀,進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步使燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)放松戒備。而(er)自己卻(que)積(ji)(ji)極作應戰(zhan)(zhan)計劃(hua)和(he)出(chu)擊準備。他(ta)還(huan)集(ji)田(tian)(tian)(tian)氏宗(zong)人(ren)登城(cheng)(cheng),親眼目睹燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)對齊(qi)(qi)人(ren)燒(shao)掠、削鼻屠殺(sha)和(he)掘墳辱尸(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)殘無人(ren)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴行,從(cong)而(er)激發了(le)齊(qi)(qi)兵(bing)同仇敵愾(kai)、收復失地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士氣(qi)(qi)。之(zhi)后(hou)(hou),田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)組織老弱(ruo)女子乘城(cheng)(cheng),以(yi)示(shi)降燕(yan)(yan)(yan),同時(shi)(shi)(shi)組織甲(jia)卒(zu)精(jing)兵(bing)埋伏于城(cheng)(cheng)內四周,又將城(cheng)(cheng)內千余頭牛,雙角裝上(shang)鋒利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匕首,身(shen)著畫(hua)有龍紋圖案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)彩繒衣,尾束(shu)灌足脂油的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘆葦,后(hou)(hou)隨精(jing)甲(jia)壯士五(wu)千余人(ren),布下了(le)火牛陣。當夜(ye)深人(ren)靜燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)酣睡(shui)之(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi),城(cheng)(cheng)頭鑼鼓齊(qi)(qi)嗚,火燒(shao)牛尾,數千頭火牛四面奔出(chu),直(zhi)沖燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大營(ying),齊(qi)(qi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將士則在吶喊聲(sheng)(sheng)中隨牛沖殺(sha),頓時(shi)(shi)(shi)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大亂(luan),統(tong)帥騎劫(jie)一(yi)命鳴乎(hu)。齊(qi)(qi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)乘勝直(zhi)追,一(yi)連串(chuan)地取得了(le)敗(bai)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)復齊(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全部(bu)(bu)勝利(li)。之(zhi)后(hou)(hou),田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)返回營(ying)城(cheng)(cheng)(今山東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)營(ying)廣饒),于周赧王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)三十(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(田(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)法(fa)章元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)283年(nian)(nian)(nian))迎田(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)還(huan)都(dou)臨(lin)(lin)淄(zi)。“火牛那可(ke)問,風雨(yu)夜(ye)燒(shao)青,巌(yan)(yan)巌(yan)(yan)七十(shi)城(cheng)(cheng),一(yi)夜(ye)息金(jin)刁!”田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)因(yin)復國之(zhi)功,被(bei)田(tian)(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)封任為(wei)相國、安(an)(an)(an)平(ping)(ping)君。在田(tian)(tian)(tian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)逝世后(hou)(hou)安(an)(an)(an)葬于安(an)(an)(an)平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)內(今山東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)淄(zi)博臨(lin)(lin)淄(zi)區皇城(cheng)(cheng)鄉皇城(cheng)(cheng)村東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)南部(bu)(bu))。
春秋(qiu)戰國時期,齊國以(yi)邑為(wei)姓(xing)(xing)氏者有即(ji)墨(mo)氏、崔氏、盧(lu)氏、鮑氏、來氏、棠氏、檀氏、晏(yan)氏、梁邱氏等二十三氏。即(ji)墨(mo)氏族人大多是(shi)田(tian)單的(de)庶支(zhi)子孫,以(yi)先祖(zu)守即(ji)墨(mo)而(er)得姓(xing)(xing),后有省文簡化(hua)為(wei)單姓(xing)(xing)即(ji)氏、墨(mo)氏者,皆世代相傳。即(ji)墨(mo)氏以(yi)及分衍的(de)即(ji)氏、墨(mo)氏族人,大多尊奉田(tian)單為(wei)得姓(xing)(xing)始祖(zu)。
源(yuan)于(yu)姬姓,出自(zi)東漢(han)初期(qi)著名(ming)(ming)大將(jiang)(jiang)賈復(fu)(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)賈宗,屬于(yu)以封邑(yi)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)為(wei)氏。賈復(fu)(fu)(fu),公元?~55年(nian)待考(kao),字君文,南(nan)陽冠軍人(ren)。少好學(xue),通(tong)習《尚書(shu)》。開始事從舞陰(yin)李生(sheng),李生(sheng)奇(qi)之(zhi)(zhi),對(dui)自(zi)己的門人(ren)說:“賈君之(zhi)(zhi)容貌志氣如此,而勤(qin)于(yu)學(xue),將(jiang)(jiang)相之(zhi)(zhi)器也(ye)。”王莽末(mo)期(qi),賈復(fu)(fu)(fu)為(wei)縣掾,即管理市場的小官(guan)。不(bu)(bu)久,下江(jiang)、新市兵起,賈復(fu)(fu)(fu)也(ye)聚眾(zhong)數百人(ren)于(yu)羽(yu)山,自(zi)號將(jiang)(jiang)軍。漢(han)更始帝立,賈復(fu)(fu)(fu)率其(qi)部眾(zhong)歸漢(han)中(zhong)(zhong)王劉(liu)(liu)嘉,官(guan)為(wei)校尉。不(bu)(bu)久,賈復(fu)(fu)(fu)見漢(han)更始帝政權混亂(luan),諸將(jiang)(jiang)放縱,乃對(dui)漢(han)中(zhong)(zhong)王說:“臣聞(wen)圖堯、舜(shun)之(zhi)(zhi)事而不(bu)(bu)能(neng)至者(zhe),湯、武是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye);圖湯、武之(zhi)(zhi)事而不(bu)(bu)能(neng)至者(zhe),桓(huan)、文是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye);圖桓(huan)、文之(zhi)(zhi)事而不(bu)(bu)能(neng)至者(zhe),六國是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye);定六國之(zhi)(zhi)規,欲(yu)安(an)守(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)而不(bu)(bu)能(neng)至者(zhe),亡六國是(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)。今漢(han)室中(zhong)(zhong)興,大王以親戚為(wei)籓輔,天下未定而安(an)守(shou)所保,所保得無不(bu)(bu)可保乎(hu)?”漢(han)中(zhong)(zhong)王感(gan)嘆道:“卿言(yan)大,非吾任也(ye)。大司馬劉(liu)(liu)公在(zai)河北,必(bi)能(neng)相施,第持(chi)我書(shu)往(wang)。”賈復(fu)(fu)(fu)遂(sui)辭(ci)別漢(han)中(zhong)(zhong)王,受書(shu)北度河。
及至漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀起兵(bing),鄧禹向(xiang)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀推薦(jian)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀見(jian)到賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)后奇(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),鄧禹亦稱賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)有(you)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)帥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節,于(yu)是(shi)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀任命賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)破(po)虜(lu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍督(du)盜賊。賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)迅速平定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)(le)當地(di)的(de)(de)盜賊,劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀以(yi)左驂賜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。當吏(li)部以(yi)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)后來而(er)好陵(ling)折(zhe)等輩,調補其為(wei)(wei)(wei)鄗尉,劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀馬上(shang)制止說(shuo)(shuo):“賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)督(du)有(you)折(zhe)沖千里之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)威,方任以(yi)職,勿得擅除。”后劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀至信都(今(jin)(jin)河北(bei)冀縣(xian)(xian)),以(yi)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)偏(pian)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍。不久(jiu)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)率軍攻(gong)克邯鄲,遷升都護將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍。在一(yi)次(ci)跟隨劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀擊(ji)(ji)青犢(du)于(yu)射犬時(shi)(shi),雙方大(da)(da)戰至中(zhong)午,敵軍首(shou)領(ling)(ling)陳(chen)堅堅守(shou)不退。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀傳召(zhao)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu):“吏(li)士(shi)皆饑,可且(qie)朝(chao)(chao)飯。”賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)卻(que)回答:“先(xian)破(po)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),然(ran)后食耳!”于(yu)是(shi)被羽(yu)先(xian)登,所(suo)向(xiang)皆靡,陳(chen)堅不敵而(er)潰敗(bai)。諸(zhu)(zhu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)皆佩服(fu)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勇。之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)又(you)在北(bei)方與五(wu)校戰于(yu)真(zhen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(今(jin)(jin)河北(bei)正定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)),大(da)(da)破(po)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。但賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)也受了(le)(le)(le)重(zhong)傷。當時(shi)(shi)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀得知(zhi)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)重(zhong)傷后大(da)(da)驚:“我(wo)(wo)所(suo)以(yi)不令賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)別將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)者,為(wei)(wei)(wei)其輕敵也。果然(ran),失吾名將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)。聞其婦(fu)有(you)孕,生女(nv)邪,我(wo)(wo)子(zi)娶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),生男(nan)邪,我(wo)(wo)女(nv)嫁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不令其憂(you)妻子(zi)也。”誰(shui)(shui)知(zhi)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)很快(kuai)就(jiu)傷愈,一(yi)好就(jiu)立(li)即追到薊縣(xian)(xian)去(qu)見(jian)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀見(jian)到賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)沒(mei)事(shi)(shi)了(le)(le)(le),“甚歡(huan),大(da)(da)饗(xiang)士(shi)卒,令復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)居前,擊(ji)(ji)鄴賊,破(po)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秀即位(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,拜賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)執(zhi)(zhi)金(jin)吾,封冠軍侯(hou)。之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)先(xian)領(ling)(ling)軍度河攻(gong)朱鮪于(yu)洛(luo)陽(yang),再與白虎公(gong)(gong)陳(chen)僑鏖(ao)戰,連(lian)破(po)降(jiang)(jiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。東漢(han)(han)(han)建武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)二年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)26年(nian)(nian)),益封賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)穰(今(jin)(jin)河南(nan)(nan)鄧州(zhou))、朝(chao)(chao)陽(yang)二縣(xian)(xian)。當時(shi)(shi)漢(han)(han)(han)更(geng)始帝(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)屬(shu)下郾(yan)王(wang)(wang)尹(yin)尊及諸(zhu)(zhu)大(da)(da)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)在南(nan)(nan)方未(wei)降(jiang)(jiang)者尚多,漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)召(zhao)集諸(zhu)(zhu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)議兵(bing)事(shi)(shi)。當時(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)家竇不說(shuo)(shuo)話言,沉吟久(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)以(yi)檄(xi)叩地(di)曰(yue):“郾(yan)最強(qiang),宛為(wei)(wei)(wei)次(ci),誰(shui)(shui)當擊(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?”賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)率然(ran)回答:“臣(chen)請擊(ji)(ji)郾(yan)。”漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)見(jian)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),就(jiu)笑了(le)(le)(le):“執(zhi)(zhi)金(jin)吾擊(ji)(ji)郾(yan),吾復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)何(he)憂(you)!卿謀略過(guo)人,今(jin)(jin)則其以(yi)便宜(yi)從(cong)事(shi)(shi),勿復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)先(xian)請。”遂派(pai)遣賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)與騎都尉陰識、驍騎將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)植南(nan)(nan)度五(wu)社津(今(jin)(jin)河南(nan)(nan)鞏縣(xian)(xian)北(bei)部)出(chu)擊(ji)(ji)郾(yan)王(wang)(wang)尹(yin)尊,賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)領(ling)(ling)軍連(lian)連(lian)破(po)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。一(yi)個(ge)來月(yue),郾(yan)王(wang)(wang)尹(yin)尊歸降(jiang)(jiang),盡定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)其地(di)。之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)再引軍東擊(ji)(ji)漢(han)(han)(han)更(geng)始帝(di)(di)(di)(di)屬(shu)下的(de)(de)淮陽(yang)太(tai)守(shou)暴汜,暴汜也歸降(jiang)(jiang),屬(shu)縣(xian)(xian)悉定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。到了(le)(le)(le)秋天(tian),賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)再次(ci)領(ling)(ling)軍南(nan)(nan)擊(ji)(ji)召(zhao)陵(ling)(今(jin)(jin)河南(nan)(nan)漯河召(zhao)陵(ling))、新息(xi)(xi)(今(jin)(jin)河南(nan)(nan)息(xi)(xi)縣(xian)(xian)),皆平定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。東漢(han)(han)(han)建武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)三年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)27年(nian)(nian))春季,賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)因功官遷左將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍,再領(ling)(ling)軍出(chu)擊(ji)(ji)赤(chi)眉于(yu)新城(cheng)(今(jin)(jin)湖北(bei)大(da)(da)悟(wu))、澠池(今(jin)(jin)河南(nan)(nan)澠池)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,連(lian)破(po)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。不久(jiu)與漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)會師于(yu)宜(yi)陽(yang)(今(jin)(jin)河南(nan)(nan)洛(luo)陽(yang)宜(yi)陽(yang)),降(jiang)(jiang)服(fu)了(le)(le)(le)所(suo)有(you)的(de)(de)赤(chi)眉軍,完全(quan)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)(le)東漢(han)(han)(han)王(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)。賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)一(yi)生征戰,從(cong)未(wei)又(you)敗(bai)績,他(ta)數(shu)次(ci)解(jie)除了(le)(le)(le)諸(zhu)(zhu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)潰圍解(jie)急(ji),曾身受十二次(ci)重(zhong)傷。漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)以(yi)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)善用(yong)兵(bing)、敢深入,凡沒(mei)把握的(de)(de)遠征之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰,皆帶著賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)而(er)壯其勇節,常自從(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)而(er)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)一(yi)直沒(mei)有(you)什么單方面(mian)的(de)(de)特(te)殊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勛。后來諸(zhu)(zhu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)每論功自伐,賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)未(wei)嘗有(you)言。漢(han)(han)(han)光(guang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)卻(que)說(shuo)(shuo):“賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功,我(wo)(wo)自知(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”
東(dong)漢建武十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)37年(nian)(nian)(nian)),定封膠(jiao)(jiao)東(dong)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),食郁秩(zhi)、壯武、下密(mi)、即墨、梃(ting)、觀陽,凡六縣。賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)深(shen)知漢光(guang)(guang)武帝(di)(di)一直(zhi)欲(yu)偃(yan)干(gan)戈(ge),修文(wen)德,不(bu)(bu)欲(yu)功(gong)臣擁(yong)眾京師,乃與高密(mi)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)鄧禹(yu)并剽(piao)甲兵(bing),敦儒學(xue)。漢光(guang)(guang)武帝(di)(di)深(shen)然之,遂(sui)罷左右將軍。賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)以(yi)列侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)就第(di),加位(wei)特進。賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)剛(gang)毅方直(zhi),多大(da)節(jie)。既還私第(di),闔門養威重。漢光(guang)(guang)武帝(di)(di)最信任(ren)的同(tong)窗朱祐(you)大(da)力推薦賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)宜(yi)為(wei)宰相,漢光(guang)(guang)武帝(di)(di)方以(yi)吏(li)(li)事責三公(gong),故(gu)(gu)功(gong)臣并不(bu)(bu)用(yong)。是時,列侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)惟高密(mi)、固始、膠(jiao)(jiao)東(dong)三侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)與公(gong)卿參議國家大(da)事,恩遇甚(shen)厚。東(dong)漢建武三十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)55年(nian)(nian)(nian)),賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)逝世,賜謚“剛(gang)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)”。到了(le)東(dong)漢漢章帝(di)(di)劉炟即位(wei)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)76~87年(nian)(nian)(nian)在位(wei)),封賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)復(fu)(fu)的兒子賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)邯(han)為(wei)膠(jiao)(jiao)東(dong)侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),封賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)邯(han)的弟(di)弟(di)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)宗為(wei)即墨侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),各(ge)領(ling)一縣。即墨侯(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)宗,字武孺,少有(you)操行,多智略。初拜郎(lang)中(zhong),稍遷,東(dong)漢建初五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)80年(nian)(nian)(nian))為(wei)朔方太(tai)守(shou)。舊內郡徙人(ren)(ren)在邊(bian)者,率多貧弱,為(wei)居人(ren)(ren)所仆役,不(bu)(bu)得為(wei)吏(li)(li)。賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)宗擢用(yong)其任(ren)職者,與邊(bian)吏(li)(li)參選,轉相監司(si),以(yi)揭發其奸(jian),或以(yi)功(gong)次補長(chang)吏(li)(li),故(gu)(gu)各(ge)愿(yuan)盡死。匈奴當時十分懼(ju)怕賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)宗,不(bu)(bu)敢(gan)入塞。后征為(wei)長(chang)水(shui)校尉。賈(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)宗還精通儒術,每宴見(jian),常使與少府丁(ding)鴻(hong)等(deng)論議于前。
東漢章和二(er)年(公元(yuan)88年),賈(jia)(jia)宗(zong)逝世(shi),東漢朝廷上下都為(wei)他的(de)去(qu)世(shi)而(er)十分(fen)愍惜。賈(jia)(jia)宗(zong)的(de)兒(er)子(zi)叫賈(jia)(jia)參。在賈(jia)(jia)參的(de)庶支子(zi)孫中,有(you)以先祖爵(jue)號“即(ji)墨(mo)侯”為(wei)姓(xing)氏(shi)者,稱(cheng)即(ji)墨(mo)氏(shi),后有(you)一(yi)部分(fen)人省文(wen)簡改為(wei)單姓(xing)墨(mo)氏(shi),一(yi)部分(fen)復(fu)為(wei)賈(jia)(jia)氏(shi),皆世(shi)代相傳至今。
田單、賈復。
即(ji)(ji)墨氏(shi)復姓(xing)是非常(chang)古老的姓(xing)氏(shi)之一(yi),但今已經多省文簡改為單姓(xing)即(ji)(ji)氏(shi)、墨氏(shi),即(ji)(ji)墨氏(shi)復姓(xing)反而難見了。
膠東(dong)郡:西漢時(shi)期(qi)設置膠東(dong)郡,之(zhi)后有(you)時(shi)是國(guo),治(zhi)所(suo)在即(ji)墨(mo)(今(jin)山東(dong)平度)。
即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)縣(xian):春(chun)秋、戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)屬(shu)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。秦朝時(shi)期(qi)(qi)設即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)縣(xian),屬(shu)齊(qi)郡。西漢時(shi)期(qi)(qi),即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)縣(xian)城同時(shi)為膠東(dong)王國(guo)(guo)(guo)都城。東(dong)漢及兩晉(jin)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)屬(shu)青(qing)州(zhou)。隋、唐、明、清時(shi)期(qi)(qi)均屬(shu)萊州(zhou)。民(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)三十(shi)二年(nian)(癸(gui)未,公元(yuan)1943年(nian))分設即(ji)(ji)(ji)東(dong)、即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)兩縣(xian),民(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)三十(shi)三年(nian)(甲申(shen),公元(yuan)1944年(nian))4月(yue)(yue)(yue)即(ji)(ji)(ji)東(dong)縣(xian)并入即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)縣(xian),民(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)三十(shi)四年(nian)(乙酉(you),公元(yuan)1945年(nian))7月(yue)(yue)(yue),恢復(fu)即(ji)(ji)(ji)東(dong)縣(xian)。中華(hua)人民(min)共和國(guo)(guo)(guo)建國(guo)(guo)(guo)初期(qi)(qi),屬(shu)膠州(zhou)專(zhuan)區(qu)。1956年(nian)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)即(ji)(ji)(ji)東(dong)縣(xian)并入即(ji)(ji)(ji)墨(mo)(mo)縣(xian),改(gai)屬(shu)萊陽專(zhuan)區(qu)。1958年(nian)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)改(gai)屬(shu)青(qing)島(dao)市(shi)。1961年(nian)3月(yue)(yue)(yue),改(gai)屬(shu)煙臺專(zhuan)區(qu)。1978年(nian)12月(yue)(yue)(yue)改(gai)屬(shu)青(qing)島(dao)市(shi)。1989年(nian)9月(yue)(yue)(yue)撤縣(xian)設市(shi)。
膠東堂:以望立堂。
即墨堂:以望立堂。
即(ji)墨威:(生卒(zu)年待考),山東即(ji)墨人。著名(ming)漢朝咸(xian)陽令。