清原(yuan)(yuan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中臣氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安(an)(an)倍氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、賀茂(mao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中原(yuan)(yuan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、物部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、蘇我氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、紀氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、小(xiao)野(ye)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、在原(yuan)(yuan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、鷹(ying)司(si)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、二(er)條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、一條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、日下部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、惟(wei)宗氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、秦氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安(an)(an)倍氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、阿部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、足(zu)利氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、伊(yi)達氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、福澤氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、華岡(gang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、三條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、西園(yuan)寺(si)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、花(hua)山院氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、四條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、勧修寺(si)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、日野(ye)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中御門(men)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、近藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、遠(yuan)藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安(an)(an)藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、加藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、佐(zuo)藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、齊藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、齋藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、武藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、足(zu)利氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、佐(zuo)佐(zuo)木氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、毛利氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、武田氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、德(de)川氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等...

注：明(ming)治維新(xin)之(zhi)后，日(ri)本(ben)天皇(huang)曾冊(ce)封了(le)大(da)批的新(xin)貴族(zu)(zu)，稱為華族(zu)(zu)。一共509個姓氏，包括伊藤、山縣、松方(fang)等等。不過1947年之(zhi)后，日(ri)本(ben)制定新(xin)憲法，廢除了(le)日(ri)本(ben)的華族(zu)(zu)制度。

日本五大政治家族（新貴族）

鳩山家(jia)(jia)族(zu)、小泉家(jia)(jia)族(zu)、安倍家(jia)(jia)族(zu)、麻生家(jia)(jia)族(zu)和(he)福田家(jia)(jia)族(zu)

古代(dai)(dai)日本(ben)人沒有(you)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)，只有(you)名(ming)。后(hou)來隨著生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展，特(te)別是(shi)(shi)進入(ru)階(jie)級(ji)社會以后(hou)，在統治(zhi)(zhi)階(jie)級(ji)中間(jian)首先(xian)出(chu)現了氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)。氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)日本(ben)古代(dai)(dai)國家中的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)政治(zhi)(zhi)組織(zhi)。每個氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)都有(you)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)稱，叫做(zuo)“氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)”。氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)是(shi)(shi)根據(ju)該(gai)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)在朝廷中擔任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)職務或該(gai)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)居住、管轄的(de)(de)(de)(de)地方命名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。例(li)如，在朝廷中主管祭把的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)門叫忌(ji)部(bu)，管理忌(ji)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)便稱為(wei)忌(ji)部(bu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，而出(chu)云氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、近江氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)統治(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)云、近江地方的(de)(de)(de)(de)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)。日本(ben)古代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“姓(xing)(xing)(xing)”是(shi)(shi)賜與氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稱號，以表示該(gai)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社會政治(zhi)(zhi)地位。姓(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)幾十種(zhong)(zhong)，它類(lei)似爵位，是(shi)(shi)世襲的(de)(de)(de)(de)。各姓(xing)(xing)(xing)之間(jian)等級(ji)分明。例(li)如：臣、連、君、直等。

除氏(shi)(shi)、姓(xing)(xing)以(yi)外，公(gong)元九(jiu)、十世紀時還出(chu)現了一(yi)種(zhong)新(xin)的(de)稱號叫苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)是苗(miao)(miao)(miao)裔、分(fen)支的(de)意思。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)即(ji)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)家族從氏(shi)(shi)族本家分(fen)離出(chu)去(qu)后的(de)新(xin)姓(xing)(xing)。要言(yan)之(zhi)，古(gu)代(dai)日本人的(de)姓(xing)(xing)有氏(shi)(shi)、姓(xing)(xing)、苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)三個(ge)(ge)部分(fen)，分(fen)別表示一(yi)定的(de)意義。一(yi)個(ge)(ge)古(gu)代(dai)貴族的(de)姓(xing)(xing)名(ming)寫出(chu)來往(wang)往(wang)很長(chang)，如“藤(teng)(teng)原朝臣九(jiu)條(tiao)兼實”。其中：藤(teng)(teng)原是氏(shi)(shi)名(ming)，朝臣是姓(xing)(xing)，九(jiu)條(tiao)是苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)，兼實是名(ming)。后來，新(xin)的(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)大量增加，氏(shi)(shi)、姓(xing)(xing)、苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)逐(zhu)漸合為一(yi)體，統稱為苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)：在(zai)現代(dai)的(de)日文中，苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)就是我們通常所說的(de)姓(xing)(xing)的(de)意思。

在既(ji)有(you)(you)氏、姓(xing)又有(you)(you)苗字的(de)貴(gui)族統(tong)治階級當中(zhong)，天(tian)(tian)皇(huang)是(shi)一(yi)個例外。歷史上的(de)日本天(tian)(tian)皇(huang)都(dou)沒(mei)有(you)(you)姓(xing)，只有(you)(you)名。在古代，天(tian)(tian)皇(huang)被(bei)認為(wei)是(shi)天(tian)(tian)神(shen)的(de)后代，具有(you)(you)至高(gao)無上的(de)權力，因而(er)也(ye)就(jiu)沒(mei)必要有(you)(you)姓(xing)。不僅是(shi)天(tian)(tian)皇(huang)，就(jiu)連(lian)皇(huang)后和天(tian)(tian)皇(huang)的(de)子女也(ye)都(dou)沒(mei)有(you)(you)姓(xing)（天(tian)(tian)皇(huang)的(de)女兒長大(da)出(chu)嫁以后，可以姓(xing)丈夫(fu)的(de)姓(xing)）。