清原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中(zhong)臣(chen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安(an)倍氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、賀(he)茂氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中(zhong)原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、物部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、蘇我氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、紀氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、小(xiao)野氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、在原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、鷹(ying)司氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、二條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、一條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、日下部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、惟宗(zong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、秦氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安(an)倍氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、阿部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、足(zu)利氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、伊(yi)達氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、福澤氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、華岡(gang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、三條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、西園寺(si)(si)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、花山院氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、四(si)條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、勧(quan)修(xiu)寺(si)(si)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、日野氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中(zhong)御門氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、近藤(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、遠(yuan)藤(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安(an)藤(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、加藤(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、佐(zuo)藤(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、齊藤(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、齋藤(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、武(wu)藤(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、足(zu)利氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、佐(zuo)佐(zuo)木氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、毛利氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、武(wu)田氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、德川(chuan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)...

注：明治維新(xin)(xin)之后(hou)，日本天皇曾冊封了大批的(de)新(xin)(xin)貴族，稱為華族。一共509個姓氏，包括伊藤(teng)、山縣(xian)、松方(fang)等等。不過1947年(nian)之后(hou)，日本制定新(xin)(xin)憲(xian)法，廢除了日本的(de)華族制度。

日本五大政治家族（新貴族）

鳩山家族、小泉家族、安倍家族、麻生家族和福(fu)田家族

古代日本(ben)人沒有(you)姓(xing)，只有(you)名。后(hou)來隨著生(sheng)產的(de)發展，特別是進入(ru)階(jie)級(ji)社會(hui)以(yi)后(hou)，在統治階(jie)級(ji)中(zhong)間(jian)首先出(chu)現了氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和姓(xing)。氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是日本(ben)古代國家中(zhong)的(de)一種政(zheng)治組織。每個氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)都有(you)自己的(de)名稱，叫做“氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)名”。氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)名是根(gen)據(ju)該氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)在朝廷(ting)中(zhong)擔任的(de)職務或(huo)該氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)居住、管轄的(de)地方命(ming)名的(de)。例如，在朝廷(ting)中(zhong)主管祭(ji)把的(de)部(bu)門(men)叫忌部(bu)，管理忌部(bu)的(de)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)便稱為忌部(bu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，而出(chu)云氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、近(jin)江氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)則是統治出(chu)云、近(jin)江地方的(de)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族(zu)。日本(ben)古代的(de)“姓(xing)”是賜與(yu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)稱號，以(yi)表示該氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)社會(hui)政(zheng)治地位。姓(xing)有(you)幾十種，它(ta)類似爵位，是世襲的(de)。各姓(xing)之(zhi)間(jian)等級(ji)分明。例如：臣、連、君、直等。

除(chu)氏(shi)(shi)、姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)以外(wai)，公元九、十世紀時還(huan)出現了一(yi)種新(xin)的(de)稱(cheng)號叫(jiao)苗(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)。苗(miao)(miao)是(shi)(shi)苗(miao)(miao)裔、分(fen)支的(de)意思(si)。苗(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)即一(yi)個(ge)(ge)家族從氏(shi)(shi)族本(ben)家分(fen)離出去后(hou)的(de)新(xin)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。要言之，古代日本(ben)人的(de)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有氏(shi)(shi)、姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、苗(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)三個(ge)(ge)部分(fen)，分(fen)別表示一(yi)定的(de)意義。一(yi)個(ge)(ge)古代貴族的(de)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)名寫出來(lai)往(wang)往(wang)很長，如“藤原(yuan)朝(chao)臣(chen)九條兼實”。其中：藤原(yuan)是(shi)(shi)氏(shi)(shi)名，朝(chao)臣(chen)是(shi)(shi)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，九條是(shi)(shi)苗(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)，兼實是(shi)(shi)名。后(hou)來(lai)，新(xin)的(de)苗(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)大量增加，氏(shi)(shi)、姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、苗(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)逐漸合為(wei)一(yi)體，統稱(cheng)為(wei)苗(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)：在現代的(de)日文中，苗(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)就是(shi)(shi)我們通常所(suo)說(shuo)的(de)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)意思(si)。

在既有(you)(you)氏、姓(xing)(xing)又有(you)(you)苗(miao)字的(de)(de)貴族統治階級當中(zhong)，天皇是一個例(li)外(wai)。歷史上的(de)(de)日本天皇都沒有(you)(you)姓(xing)(xing)，只有(you)(you)名。在古代，天皇被認(ren)為(wei)是天神的(de)(de)后代，具有(you)(you)至高無上的(de)(de)權力，因而也(ye)就沒必要有(you)(you)姓(xing)(xing)。不(bu)僅是天皇，就連(lian)皇后和天皇的(de)(de)子女也(ye)都沒有(you)(you)姓(xing)(xing)（天皇的(de)(de)女兒長(chang)大出嫁(jia)以(yi)后，可以(yi)姓(xing)(xing)丈(zhang)夫(fu)的(de)(de)姓(xing)(xing)）。