公(gong)孫姓(xing):漢族復姓(xing)之一。據傳,源(yuan)于5000多年前的華夏(xia)時(shi)代,是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)最古老的姓(xing)氏(shi)之一。在(zai)(zai)《百家姓(xing)》中(zhong)排(pai)名(ming)第428位(wei)(wei)。在(zai)(zai)2007年全國(guo)姓(xing)氏(shi)人口排(pai)名(ming)第300位(wei)(wei)以(yi)外。
春秋(qiu)時期,各(ge)國(guo)(guo)諸侯不論爵位(wei)大小,多喜歡稱(cheng)公(gong)(gong)。按(an)照周朝制度(du),國(guo)(guo)君一(yi)般由(you)嫡長子(zi)繼位(wei),即位(wei)前稱(cheng)為(wei)太子(zi),其他的(de)兒子(zi)便(bian)(bian)稱(cheng)為(wei)公(gong)(gong)子(zi),公(gong)(gong)子(zi)的(de)兒子(zi)則(ze)稱(cheng)公(gong)(gong)孫。他們的(de)后(hou)代便(bian)(bian)有(you)不少人便(bian)(bian)以公(gong)(gong)孫為(wei)姓。
《通志》載:"公孫(sun)氏(shi),春秋時諸(zhu)侯之(zhi)孫(sun),亦以為氏(shi)者,曰(yue)公孫(sun)氏(shi),皆貴族(zu)之(zhi)稱。或跟黃帝姓公孫(sun),因以為氏(shi)。”
公孫(Gōng sūn)姓,源出有(you)二(er):
源于身份,出自兩周時期各(ge)諸(zhu)侯國(guo)(guo)王族的(de)后(hou)(hou)裔,屬于以貴胄身份稱謂為(wei)氏。春秋時期,各(ge)國(guo)(guo)諸(zhu)侯不論(lun)爵位大小,多有被稱為(wei)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)”者。按周王朝的(de)典禮(li)制(zhi)度,國(guo)(guo)君一般由嫡長子(zi)繼位,即位前稱為(wei)太(tai)子(zi),其他的(de)兒子(zi)便稱為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi),公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)的(de)兒子(zi)則稱公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)。在這些公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)的(de)后(hou)(hou)裔子(zi)孫(sun)中(zhong),有許多人便以身份稱謂“公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)”為(wei)姓(xing)氏者,稱公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)氏,因(yin)此,公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)并(bing)非(fei)一族一姓(xing)的(de)后(hou)(hou)人。
出自姬(ji)姓(xing),黃帝(di)姬(ji)軒轅的(de)后(hou)裔有公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)氏。最(zui)初出現的(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)氏是(shi)在上古時(shi)期(qi)。據(ju)《路史》載:“神農同母弟勖,嗣少典國(guo)君,世為(wei)諸侯(hou),后(hou)以公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)為(wei)姓(xing)。軒轅帝(di)初名公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun),后(hou)改姬(ji)。”所有他的(de)后(hou)代(dai)里,有部分姓(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun),稱(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)氏。在春秋時(shi),各國(guo)各地(di)的(de)諸侯(hou),大多(duo)喜歡被(bei)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)”。以當時(shi)的(de)制度,國(guo)君將由國(guo)君的(de)嫡系(xi)長子(zi)(zi)(zi)繼承(cheng)。正式登基前,應先立為(wei)太(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi),此(ci)時(shi)其他的(de)兒(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)將稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),同時(shi)諸侯(hou)的(de)兒(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)也是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),而(er)(er)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)兒(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)就(jiu)是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)。這些公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)們的(de)后(hou)代(dai)為(wei)突出祖出祖先曾(ceng)有過的(de)皇室血(xue)統(tong),就(jiu)改姓(xing)為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)。這樣,公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)作為(wei)一種(zhong)姓(xing)氏的(de)榮譽而(er)(er)流(liu)傳甚廣。此(ci)時(shi)它的(de)姓(xing)氏來源就(jiu)五花八門,不一而(er)(er)足了。故(gu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)氏的(de)始(shi)祖是(shi)黃帝(di)軒轅。
這在(zai)史籍(ji)《廣韻(yun)》中有記載:“古封公之后(hou),皆自稱(cheng)公孫(sun),故其姓(xing)多,非一族(zu)也。”又據(ju)史籍(ji)《通(tong)志》記載:“公孫(sun)氏(shi),春秋時諸侯之孫(sun),亦以為氏(shi)者,曰公孫(sun)氏(shi),皆貴族(zu)之稱(cheng)。或眼黃帝姓(xing)公孫(sun),因以為氏(shi)。”
存疑:黃(huang)帝姬姓(xing),不可(ke)能姓(xing)公孫
黃(huang)帝姓公孫的說法主要來(lai)源于(yu)《史(shi)記(ji)·五帝本紀(ji)》,而早于(yu)《史(shi)記(ji)》的《國語(yu)·晉語(yu)》卻(que)記(ji)載:“黃(huang)帝以(yi)姬(ji)水(今陜甘的渭、湟之(zhi)間(jian))成,炎(yan)帝以(yi)姜水(經岐(qi)山、扶風(feng)、武功入渭之(zhi)岐(qi)水)成,故黃(huang)帝為(wei)姬(ji),炎(yan)帝為(wei)姜。“
《史記(ji)》記(ji)載:“黃帝二十五子,其(qi)得姓(xing)者十四人。”
《國語·晉語》謂(wei)十(shi)(shi)四(si)人實有十(shi)(shi)二(er)姓(xing)(xing),即姬(ji)、酉、祁(qi)、己、滕、葴(xian)、任、荀、僖(xi)、姞、儇(xuan)、衣。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)青陽與夷鼓同(tong)為己姓(xing)(xing),玄(xuan)囂與蒼林(lin)同(tong)為姬(ji)姓(xing)(xing)。十(shi)(shi)四(si)個兒(er)子(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)并無姓(xing)(xing)公孫者。兒(er)子(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)沒有姓(xing)(xing)公孫的,那么(me)孫子(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)會有么(me)?
清崔述《補(bu)上古考信(xin)錄》指出:“公孫(sun)是公之孫(sun),上古時無此(公孫(sun))稱(cheng)。”
黃帝是少典的兒(er)子,姓(xing)公孫,名軒(xuan)轅(yuan)。傳說是神農(nong)的同父(fu)異母弟(di):“嗣少典國君(jun),世為(wei)諸侯(hou)”,在他的后(hou)代(dai)中,就有(you)人以公孫為(wei)姓(xing)。黃帝軒(xuan)轅(yuan)氏曾姓(xing)過“公孫”,后(hou)來改成姬姓(xing),所有(you)他的后(hou)代(dai)里,有(you)部分姓(xing)公孫,另有(you)部分姓(xing)姬,再有(you)少數以軒(xuan)轅(yuan)為(wei)姓(xing)。
漢魏時(shi)期(qi)遼東公孫氏世家(jia):
第一代:公孫延
第二代:公孫度
第三代:公(gong)孫(sun)康、公(gong)孫(sun)恭
第四代:公孫(sun)晃(huang)、公孫(sun)淵
第五代:公孫修
公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)氏(shi)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)古老的(de)(de)漢族姓(xing)氏(shi),但人口總數在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)大陸和臺(tai)灣省(sheng)均未列入百(bai)家姓(xing)前三百(bai)位,在(zai)宋版《百(bai)家姓(xing)》中(zhong)排序(xu)為(wei)第四百(bai)二十(shi)九(jiu)位門閥。公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)一(yi)(yi)姓(xing)源遠流(liu)長,據(ju)《路史》上記載,軒(xuan)轅氏(shi)初姓(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun),后(hou)改姓(xing)姬(ji)。由此(ci)看來(lai),“公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)”一(yi)(yi)詞,自古以來(lai)本身(shen)的(de)(de)意(yi)義便十(shi)分(fen)尊(zun)榮也就(jiu)不足為(wei)奇(qi)了(le)。從《廣韻》上記載:“封公(gong)(gong)(gong)之后(hou),自皆(jie)(jie)稱公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)。”可(ke)(ke)知,春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋時期列國(guo)(guo)諸侯的(de)(de)子(zi)孫(sun)(sun),被尊(zun)稱為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)。從《通志·氏(shi)族略》記載“公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)氏(shi),皆(jie)(jie)貴者之稱。”可(ke)(ke)見,后(hou)來(lai)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)”的(de)(de)意(yi)義延伸了(le),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)人也尊(zun)稱貴胄的(de)(de)子(zi)弟為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)。如如今的(de)(de)對人的(de)(de)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)”稱謂。據(ju)說春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋時代出身(shen)于諸侯之家的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun),干脆以“公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)”為(wei)姓(xing),也稱為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)氏(shi)了(le)。由此(ci)可(ke)(ke)見,公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)為(wei)姓(xing)的(de)(de)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人中(zhong),并不完(wan)全(quan)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)脈相承自黃(huang)帝,其中(zhong)有一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)是(shi)春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋貴族的(de)(de)后(hou)裔(yi)。
公孫(sun)姓(xing)在大陸和臺灣百家姓(xing)中(zhong)名列一百位之后。在古代,孫(sun)字可泛指后代人,而公孫(sun)兩(liang)字,也可用來泛指王(wang)公貴(gui)族的(de)后代。有些王(wang)公貴(gui)族的(de)后代以公孫(sun)的(de)稱呼為榮(rong),便相延世(shi)代成為姓(xing)。古書《通志》說,相傳遠(yuan)古時黃帝姓(xing)公孫(sun),于是便有這(zhe)一姓(xing)的(de)廣(guang)泛流傳。
公孫氏望族居高陽(yang)郡(今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)臨淄(zi))、扶風郡(今(jin)陜(shan)西咸(xian)陽(yang))。今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)、云(yun)南兩省還有公孫氏族人分(fen)布。
扶風(feng)(feng)郡:周朝(chao)(chao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期置郡,其時(shi)(shi)(shi)轄地(di)(di)在今(jin)陜西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)興(xing)平縣(xian)、咸陽(yang)市(shi)一(yi)帶(dai)地(di)(di)區。漢朝(chao)(chao)武帝太(tai)初元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(丁(ding)丑,公元(yuan)(yuan)前104年(nian))置右扶風(feng)(feng),與(yu)京兆、左馮翊合為三(san)輔(fu),治(zhi)所在今(jin)陜西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)興(xing)平市(shi),其時(shi)(shi)(shi)轄地(di)(di)在今(jin)陜西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)安縣(xian)以(yi)西(xi)、鳳翔縣(xian)一(yi)帶(dai)。三(san)國時(shi)(shi)(shi)期曹(cao)魏(wei)(wei)國改名為扶風(feng)(feng)郡,治(zhi)所在隗里(今(jin)陜西(xi)興(xing)平),其時(shi)(shi)(shi)轄地(di)(di)在今(jin)陜西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)麟游(you)縣(xian)、干縣(xian)以(yi)西(xi),秦嶺以(yi)北(bei)、山東省(sheng)(sheng)平原縣(xian)以(yi)南一(yi)帶(dai)地(di)(di)區。五代時(shi)(shi)(shi)期后漢將其轄地(di)(di)定在今(jin)陜西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)咸陽(yang)市(shi)一(yi)帶(dai)地(di)(di)區。西(xi)晉朝(chao)(chao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期移(yi)治(zhi)到(dao)池陽(yang)(今(jin)陜西(xi)涇陽(yang)),南北(bei)朝(chao)(chao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期的北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)移(yi)治(zhi)所到(dao)好疇(今(jin)陜西(xi)乾縣(xian))。隋、唐兩朝(chao)(chao)以(yi)今(jin)陜西(xi)岐州一(yi)帶(dai)為扶風(feng)(feng)郡。
高(gao)陽(yang)郡(jun):歷(li)史上的(de)高(gao)陽(yang)郡(jun)有三(san):①戰國時(shi)(shi)期為高(gao)陽(yang)邑,亦(yi)稱(cheng)高(gao)陽(yang)鄉,在(zai)今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)杞縣(xian)西(xi)北部(bu),秦朝末期酈食(shi)其自稱(cheng)“高(gao)陽(yang)酒(jiu)徒”,其“高(gao)陽(yang)”即指該地區(qu)。②東漢桓帝時(shi)(shi)期(公(gong)元147~167年(nian)(nian))又(you)置高(gao)陽(yang)郡(jun),治所(suo)(suo)在(zai)高(gao)陽(yang)(今(jin)(jin)河(he)北高(gao)陽(yang)),其時(shi)(shi)轄地在(zai)今(jin)(jin)河(he)北省高(gao)陽(yang)縣(xian)一帶。晉朝泰(tai)始(shi)初(chu)(chu)期(乙酉,公(gong)元265年(nian)(nian))置高(gao)陽(yang)國,治所(suo)(suo)在(zai)博(bo)陸(今(jin)(jin)河(he)北蠡縣(xian)),時(shi)(shi)轄四縣(xian),轄境包(bao)括今(jin)(jin)保定、清苑(yuan)、高(gao)陽(yang)、博(bo)野、蠡縣(xian)等縣(xian)地。③北魏時(shi)(shi)期另置青州高(gao)陽(yang)郡(jun),轄地在(zai)今(jin)(jin)山東省淄博(bo)市臨淄區(qu)西(xi)北部(bu)一帶,隋朝開(kai)皇(huang)初(chu)(chu)年(nian)(nian)(辛丑,公(gong)元581年(nian)(nian))被(bei)廢黜。公(gong)孫氏望族的(de)高(gao)陽(yang)郡(jun),是指③之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)處(chu)。
扶(fu)風堂:以望立堂。
高(gao)陽堂(tang):以望立堂(tang)。
白馬(ma)堂:東(dong)漢(han)末期公孫瓚被封為討虜將(jiang)軍,屢(lv)次打敗胡虜,除遼(liao)東(dong)屬(shu)國長(chang)史。常乘(cheng)白馬(ma),烏桓怕他(ta),互相(xiang)告(gao)語:“我們要避開(kai)白馬(ma)長(chang)史。”
忠義堂:春秋時公(gong)孫(sun)杵(chu)臼(jiu)和(he)程嬰(ying)都(dou)是(shi)趙(zhao)朔(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)門(men)客。趙(zhao)朔(shuo)為屠岸賈(jia)所(suo)殺(sha),朔(shuo)妻遺腹生一子(zi)(zi)。杵(chu)臼(jiu)和(he)程嬰(ying)設計(ji)保存(cun)趙(zhao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)孤(gu)兒(er)(er):杵(chu)臼(jiu)把自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)兒(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)藏(zang)在(zai)山(shan)中,派程嬰(ying)向屠岸賈(jia)回(hui)報(bao)說是(shi)趙(zhao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)孤(gu)兒(er)(er)。屠岸賈(jia)就把公(gong)孫(sun)杵(chu)臼(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)兒(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)當成趙(zhao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)孤(gu)兒(er)(er)和(he)公(gong)孫(sun)杵(chu)臼(jiu)一起(qi)殺(sha)了。程嬰(ying)保護著趙(zhao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)孤(gu)兒(er)(er)長大成人,終于報(bao)了趙(zhao)朔(shuo)被殺(sha)之仇。人稱公(gong)孫(sun)杵(chu)臼(jiu)舍(she)掉自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)兒(er)(er)子(zi)(zi)和(he)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)命存(cun)主(zhu)人之孤(gu),既忠且義。
人稱書庫,力卻弓旌
上聯(lian)典(dian)指隋朝時期(qi)的(de)阜城(cheng)人(ren)公(gong)孫景(jing)茂(mao),字元蔚,博(bo)(bo)覽(lan)經史(shi),在西魏時任太常博(bo)(bo)士,對(dui)經史(shi)的(de)錯誤(wu)多有改動(dong),當時人(ren)稱為“書庫”。隋開皇初年官汝南太守(shou),后歷任息州刺(ci)史(shi)、道州刺(ci)史(shi)、淄州刺(ci)史(shi),所到之(zhi)處,常用自己(ji)的(de)薪俸幫助病人(ren)、窮人(ren)。下聯(lian)典(dian)指晉(jin)朝時期(qi)的(de)上谷人(ren)公(gong)孫鳳,字上鸞(luan),隱居(ju)在昌黎的(de)九城(cheng)山(shan)谷,冬(dong)穿單衣(yi),夏吃餿食,彈琴吟(yin)詠,悠然自得。朝廷屢次征召,不為所動(dong)。“弓(gong)旌”,為古(gu)代征聘士大(da)夫之(zhi)禮。
趙家義士,孟氏門人
上聯(lian)典指春(chun)秋時期的晉國(guo)公(gong)孫杵臼(jiu)。下聯(lian)典指春(chun)秋戰國(guo)時期的齊(qi)國(guo)公(gong)孫丑。
脫粟稱平津儉,舞劍示懷素書
上聯典(dian)指(zhi)漢朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)期的薛人公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)弘,字季,小時(shi)(shi)候家里貧窮(qiong),四(si)十多(duo)歲始學《春秋(qiu)·雜說》,漢武(wu)帝兩(liang)次(ci)征召為博士,后任丞相,封平津侯,生活儉樸,經常吃(chi)糙米,人們都(dou)佩服他(ta)的勤儉。下聯典(dian)指(zhi)唐朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)期的教(jiao)坊舞(wu)伎公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)大娘(niang),善舞(wu)劍(jian)器,名(ming)冠(guan)一時(shi)(shi)。杜甫(fu)曾有《觀公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)大娘(niang)弟(di)子舞(wu)劍(jian)器行》詩。書法家懷素曾見她舞(wu)西(xi)河(he)劍(jian)器,遂凈其舞(wu)姿化用于書法,從(cong)此其草書大有長(chang)進,以狂(kuang)草著名(ming)。
脫(tuo)粟稱平津之(zhi)儉,舞劍示懷(huai)素之(zhi)書(shu)
上聯典(dian)指漢朝時期的薛人(ren)公孫(sun)弘。下聯典(dian)指唐(tang)朝時期的教坊舞伎公孫(sun)大娘。
孟(meng)門受精微之(zhi)學,行人擅修飾(shi)之(zhi)能
上聯典指(zhi)戰國(guo)時期(qi)的(de)齊國(guo)人(ren)公(gong)孫丑,孟子(zi)(zi)弟子(zi)(zi),非(fei)常(chang)傾慕春秋(qiu)時齊國(guo)大(da)夫(fu)管仲、晏嬰,曾向孟子(zi)(zi)請教他(ta)們建功(gong)立業(ye)的(de)精細(xi)隱微(wei)的(de)問題(ti)。下聯典指(zhi)春秋(qiu)時期(qi)的(de)鄭(zheng)國(guo)大(da)夫(fu)公(gong)孫揮(hui),字子(zi)(zi)羽(yu)(yu),鄭(zheng)簡公(gong)時任行人(ren)(掌管朝覲聘(pin)問的(de)官)。《論(lun)語·憲問》中曾說:“鄭(zheng)國(guo)外(wai)交辭令(ling)的(de)創制,裨湛起草,世(shi)叔(shu)討論(lun),行人(ren)子(zi)(zi)羽(yu)(yu)修飾,東里子(zi)(zi)產潤(run)色。”
孟氏及門,受精微之學;行人子(zi)羽,擅修飾(shi)之能
上聯典(dian)指(zhi)戰國時期(qi)的公(gong)孫丑,孟子弟子,曾向孟子問(wen)(wen)何謂“不動心”和(he)“浩然之氣”。又請問(wen)(wen)管仲和(he)晏(yan)嬰的功業。下聯典(dian)指(zhi)春(chun)秋時期(qi)的公(gong)孫揮,字子羽。熟諳諸侯政令(ling),且嫻于辭(ci)令(ling)。仕(shi)行人。《論語》:“行人子羽修飾之。”《左傳》論述:“鄭國將有諸侯(外交)之事,子產乃問(wen)(wen)四國之事于子羽。”
黃帝(di):姓公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(一(yi)說為姬姓),名軒(xuan)(xuan)轅,號軒(xuan)(xuan)轅氏(shi)、有熊氏(shi)和(he)歸藏氏(shi),被(bei)尊奉為“中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)始祖(zu)”。據《史記(ji)·五帝(di)本記(ji)》記(ji)載:“黃帝(di)者(zhe),少典之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi),姓公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫,名軒(xuan)(xuan)轅。……黃帝(di)居軒(xuan)(xuan)轅之(zhi)(zhi)丘”。華(hua)夏族的締(di)造(zao)者(zhe),五帝(di)之(zhi)(zhi)首,有些說法被(bei)列為三皇之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),是公(gong)(gong)(gong)認(ren)的中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)民族的祖(zu)先(xian)。
公孫(sun)僑:復姓公孫(sun),名僑,字(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)產(chan),又字(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)美(mei),鄭稱(cheng)公孫(sun)。春(chun)秋時期鄭國的(de)政治家和思(si)想家。子(zi)(zi)產(chan)具有人(ren)本主義的(de)思(si)想,強調人(ren)事(shi),但也不(bu)否認鬼(gui)神。提出(chu)“天(tian)道(dao)遠,人(ren)道(dao)邇,非(fei)所及(ji)也”。在子(zi)(zi)產(chan)看(kan)來,人(ren)道(dao)先(xian)于天(tian)道(dao),天(tian)道(dao)可以存而(er)不(bu)論,人(ren)道(dao)則不(bu)能不(bu)察。被清朝的(de)王源推許(xu)為(wei)“春(chun)秋第一人(ren)”。
公孫(sun)鞅(yang),衛國(guo)國(guo)君(jun)的后裔,姬姓、公孫(sun)氏,故稱(cheng)衛鞅(yang),又(you)稱(cheng)公孫(sun)鞅(yang),后封于商,后人(ren)稱(cheng)之(zhi)商鞅(yang)。在秦國(guo)執政十(shi)九年,秦國(guo)大治(zhi),史稱(cheng)商鞅(yang)變(bian)法。戰國(guo)時期政治(zhi)家,著(zhu)名法家代(dai)表人(ren)物。
公孫(sun)龍(前320年(nian)-前250年(nian)):傳說字子秉,中國(guo)戰國(guo)時(shi)(shi)期趙(zhao)國(guo)人,曾經做(zuo)過平原(yuan)君(jun)的門客,名家的代表(biao)(biao)(biao)人物,其主要著(zhu)作(zuo)為《公孫(sun)龍子》,西漢時(shi)(shi)共有14篇(pian),唐(tang)代時(shi)(shi)分為三卷,北宋時(shi)(shi)遺失了(le)8篇(pian),到如今(jin)只殘留6篇(pian),共一卷。其中最重要的兩篇(pian)是《白馬(ma)論》和《堅(jian)白論》,提出了(le)“白馬(ma)非馬(ma)”和“離(li)堅(jian)白”等論點,是“離(li)堅(jian)白”學(xue)派的主要代表(biao)(biao)(biao)。是著(zhu)名的詭辯學(xue)代表(biao)(biao)(biao)著(zhu)作(zuo),提出了(le)邏(luo)輯學(xue)中的“個別”和“一般”之間(jian)的相互(hu)關系,但把(ba)它們之間(jian)的區別夸(kua)大,割(ge)斷二者的聯系,是一種(zhong)形而上學(xue)的思想體系。
公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述(shu)(shu):西漢(han)末(mo)年,天下紛擾,群雄競起,公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述(shu)(shu)遂自稱(cheng)輔(fu)漢(han)將軍兼領益(yi)州牧。建武(wu)元年(25年),公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述(shu)(shu)稱(cheng)帝(di)(di)于(yu)蜀,國號成家(一作大(da)成或成),年號龍興。建武(wu)十一年(35年),漢(han)廷乃派兵征(zheng)討,被(bei)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述(shu)(shu)所拒。次年,復命大(da)司馬吳漢(han)舉兵來伐,攻破成都,縱(zong)兵大(da)掠,盡誅公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi),“成家”為東漢(han)所亡。計(ji)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)述(shu)(shu)割據益(yi)州稱(cheng)帝(di)(di),共(gong)在位十二年。
公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)度(du)(du)(150-204年(nian)):字升(sheng)濟(ji),遼(liao)東襄平(ping)(遼(liao)陽(yang))人(ren)。有二子,公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)康,康弟公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)恭,康子公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)晃、公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)淵。少(shao)隨父遷居(ju)玄菟(tu)郡。初為玄菟(tu)小吏,繼(ji)升(sheng)尚書郎(lang)、冀州刺史,后(hou)被免官(guan)。東漢(han)中(zhong)平(ping)六年(nian)(189年(nian)),經同鄉徐榮推(tui)薦,被董卓(zhuo)任命為遼(liao)東太(tai)守。公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)度(du)(du)到任后(hou),厲行(xing)嚴(yan)刑峻法,打擊豪強(qiang)勢力,使令(ling)行(xing)政通(tong),羽翼漸豐(feng)。漢(han)獻(xian)帝初平(ping)元年(nian)(190年(nian)),中(zhong)原地區董卓(zhuo)亂(luan)(luan)起,各(ge)地軍閥(fa)無(wu)暇東顧。公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)度(du)(du)趁(chen)機(ji)自(zi)立(li)為遼(liao)東侯、平(ping)州牧(mu)。繼(ji)則東伐高句麗,西擊烏(wu)桓(huan),向(xiang)南(nan)取遼(liao)東半(ban)島,開(kai)疆(jiang)擴土;又(you)招賢納士,設館(guan)開(kai)學,廣招流(liu)民(min),威行(xing)海外,儼然以(yi)遼(liao)東王(wang)自(zi)居(ju)。由于公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)度(du)(du)的銳意進取和苦心經營,使遼(liao)東地區在漢(han)末(mo)三(san)國的戰亂(luan)(luan)年(nian)代,獲得了(le)暫(zan)時的安寧,推(tui)動(dong)了(le)當地生(sheng)產(chan)技術和封建文化的發展(zhan)。
公(gong)孫淵(yuan):字文懿。魏大司馬,封樂浪公(gong)。公(gong)孫度之孫。后(hou)自(zi)稱燕(yan)王。為司馬懿所破。
公孫瓚(zan)(?-199):字伯珪(gui),漢族,遼西令支(今河北(bei)遷(qian)安)人。東漢末(mo)年(nian)獻帝年(nian)間占據(ju)幽州一帶的軍閥(fa),漢末(mo)群雄之一。后為袁紹所破。其子公孫續,被公孫瓚(zan)派(pai)往黑山求張燕來救已(yi)遲。后為屠各(休(xiu)屠各的省稱,也稱休(xiu)屠)所殺。