公孫姓(xing)(xing):漢(han)族復姓(xing)(xing)之(zhi)一(yi)。據傳,源于5000多年前的華(hua)夏時代,是中國最古老(lao)的姓(xing)(xing)氏之(zhi)一(yi)。在(zai)《百家姓(xing)(xing)》中排名第(di)428位。在(zai)2007年全(quan)國姓(xing)(xing)氏人口排名第(di)300位以外(wai)。
春(chun)秋時期,各國(guo)諸侯不論爵(jue)位大小,多喜(xi)歡稱公(gong)。按照周(zhou)朝制(zhi)度(du),國(guo)君一般由嫡長子(zi)繼位,即位前稱為(wei)太(tai)子(zi),其他的兒子(zi)便稱為(wei)公(gong)子(zi),公(gong)子(zi)的兒子(zi)則稱公(gong)孫(sun)。他們的后代便有不少人便以公(gong)孫(sun)為(wei)姓。
《通志》載:"公孫(sun)氏,春(chun)秋時諸侯(hou)之孫(sun),亦以(yi)為(wei)氏者,曰(yue)公孫(sun)氏,皆(jie)貴族之稱。或跟(gen)黃帝(di)姓公孫(sun),因以(yi)為(wei)氏。”
公孫(Gōng sūn)姓,源出有二:
源于身(shen)份(fen),出(chu)自兩周時期各諸侯國(guo)王族的后(hou)裔,屬于以貴胄身(shen)份(fen)稱(cheng)謂為(wei)(wei)氏(shi)。春秋時期,各國(guo)諸侯不論爵位大小(xiao),多有被稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“公”者。按周王朝的典禮(li)制度,國(guo)君一般由嫡長子(zi)繼(ji)位,即位前稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)太(tai)子(zi),其他(ta)的兒子(zi)便(bian)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)公子(zi),公子(zi)的兒子(zi)則(ze)稱(cheng)公孫(sun)。在這些公孫(sun)的后(hou)裔子(zi)孫(sun)中,有許多人便(bian)以身(shen)份(fen)稱(cheng)謂“公孫(sun)”為(wei)(wei)姓(xing)氏(shi)者,稱(cheng)公孫(sun)氏(shi),因(yin)此,公孫(sun)并非一族一姓(xing)的后(hou)人。
出(chu)(chu)自(zi)姬(ji)姓,黃帝(di)姬(ji)軒轅的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)裔有(you)(you)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)氏。最初出(chu)(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)氏是(shi)(shi)在(zai)上(shang)古時(shi)(shi)期。據《路史》載:“神(shen)農同母弟(di)勖,嗣少典國君,世(shi)為(wei)(wei)諸侯,后(hou)(hou)以(yi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)為(wei)(wei)姓。軒轅帝(di)初名(ming)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun),后(hou)(hou)改姬(ji)。”所有(you)(you)他的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)代里,有(you)(you)部分姓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun),稱公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)氏。在(zai)春秋時(shi)(shi),各(ge)國各(ge)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)諸侯,大多喜歡被稱為(wei)(wei)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”。以(yi)當時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)制度,國君將由國君的(de)(de)(de)嫡系長子繼承。正(zheng)式登基前(qian),應先立為(wei)(wei)太子,此時(shi)(shi)其他的(de)(de)(de)兒(er)子將稱為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子,同時(shi)(shi)諸侯的(de)(de)(de)兒(er)子也(ye)是(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子,而(er)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子的(de)(de)(de)兒(er)子就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)。這些(xie)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)們的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)代為(wei)(wei)突出(chu)(chu)祖出(chu)(chu)祖先曾有(you)(you)過的(de)(de)(de)皇室血統,就(jiu)改姓為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)。這樣,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)作為(wei)(wei)一種姓氏的(de)(de)(de)榮譽而(er)流傳(chuan)甚(shen)廣。此時(shi)(shi)它的(de)(de)(de)姓氏來源就(jiu)五花八門,不一而(er)足了(le)。故公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)氏的(de)(de)(de)始(shi)祖是(shi)(shi)黃帝(di)軒轅。
這在史籍(ji)《廣韻》中(zhong)有記載(zai):“古封公(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)后,皆自稱(cheng)公(gong)孫(sun),故其姓多(duo),非一(yi)族(zu)也。”又據史籍(ji)《通志(zhi)》記載(zai):“公(gong)孫(sun)氏(shi),春(chun)秋時諸侯之(zhi)(zhi)孫(sun),亦(yi)以為氏(shi)者,曰公(gong)孫(sun)氏(shi),皆貴族(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)稱(cheng)。或眼黃帝姓公(gong)孫(sun),因以為氏(shi)。”
存疑(yi):黃(huang)帝姬(ji)姓,不可(ke)能姓公孫(sun)
黃帝姓公(gong)孫(sun)的(de)(de)說法主要來源于(yu)《史記(ji)(ji)·五帝本紀》,而早于(yu)《史記(ji)(ji)》的(de)(de)《國語·晉語》卻(que)記(ji)(ji)載:“黃帝以(yi)姬水(今陜(shan)甘的(de)(de)渭、湟之(zhi)間)成,炎帝以(yi)姜(jiang)水(經岐(qi)山、扶風(feng)、武功入渭之(zhi)岐(qi)水)成,故黃帝為(wei)姬,炎帝為(wei)姜(jiang)。“
《史(shi)記》記載:“黃帝(di)二十五(wu)子,其得姓者十四人。”
《國語·晉語》謂十(shi)四(si)人實有(you)(you)十(shi)二姓(xing)(xing),即姬、酉、祁、己(ji)、滕、葴、任、荀(xun)、僖、姞、儇、衣(yi)。其中青陽與(yu)夷(yi)鼓同為(wei)(wei)己(ji)姓(xing)(xing),玄囂與(yu)蒼林同為(wei)(wei)姬姓(xing)(xing)。十(shi)四(si)個兒(er)子中并無姓(xing)(xing)公孫者。兒(er)子中沒有(you)(you)姓(xing)(xing)公孫的,那么孫子中會有(you)(you)么?
清崔述《補上(shang)(shang)古(gu)考信錄》指出:“公(gong)孫是公(gong)之(zhi)孫,上(shang)(shang)古(gu)時無此(公(gong)孫)稱。”
黃帝是少典的(de)兒子,姓(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun),名軒轅(yuan)。傳(chuan)說是神農的(de)同(tong)父異母弟:“嗣少典國君,世為諸侯”,在他(ta)的(de)后代中,就(jiu)有人以(yi)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)為姓(xing)(xing)。黃帝軒轅(yuan)氏曾姓(xing)(xing)過“公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)”,后來(lai)改成姬(ji)姓(xing)(xing),所有他(ta)的(de)后代里,有部分姓(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun),另有部分姓(xing)(xing)姬(ji),再有少數(shu)以(yi)軒轅(yuan)為姓(xing)(xing)。
漢魏(wei)時期遼東公孫氏(shi)世家:
第一代:公孫延
第二代:公孫度
第三代:公(gong)孫康(kang)、公(gong)孫恭
第四代(dai):公(gong)孫(sun)晃、公(gong)孫(sun)淵
第五代:公孫修
公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫氏(shi)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個古老(lao)的(de)(de)漢族(zu)(zu)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氏(shi),但人(ren)口總數在(zai)中國(guo)的(de)(de)大陸和(he)臺灣省(sheng)均未列入百家姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)前三百位(wei),在(zai)宋版《百家姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)》中排序為(wei)第(di)四百二十九位(wei)門閥。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫一(yi)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)源遠流(liu)長,據《路史》上記載(zai),軒轅氏(shi)初姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫,后(hou)改姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)姬(ji)。由此看來,“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫”一(yi)詞,自(zi)古以來本身的(de)(de)意(yi)義(yi)便十分(fen)尊榮也就不(bu)足為(wei)奇(qi)了。從《廣(guang)韻(yun)》上記載(zai):“封公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)后(hou),自(zi)皆(jie)稱(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫。”可(ke)知,春秋時期列國(guo)諸(zhu)侯的(de)(de)子(zi)(zi)孫,被尊稱(cheng)為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫。從《通志·氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)略(lve)》記載(zai)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫氏(shi),皆(jie)貴者之(zhi)稱(cheng)。”可(ke)見,后(hou)來“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫”的(de)(de)意(yi)義(yi)延伸了,一(yi)般人(ren)也尊稱(cheng)貴胄的(de)(de)子(zi)(zi)弟為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫。如(ru)如(ru)今的(de)(de)對人(ren)的(de)(de)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)”稱(cheng)謂。據說春秋時代出身于(yu)諸(zhu)侯之(zhi)家的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫,干脆以“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫”為(wei)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),也稱(cheng)為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫氏(shi)了。由此可(ke)見,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫為(wei)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)中國(guo)人(ren)中,并不(bu)完全是(shi)(shi)一(yi)脈相承自(zi)黃帝,其(qi)中有(you)一(yi)部分(fen)是(shi)(shi)春秋貴族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)后(hou)裔(yi)。
公(gong)孫姓(xing)在(zai)大陸和臺灣百(bai)家姓(xing)中名列一百(bai)位之后(hou)。在(zai)古代(dai),孫字可泛指后(hou)代(dai)人,而公(gong)孫兩字,也可用來泛指王公(gong)貴族(zu)的(de)后(hou)代(dai)。有(you)些王公(gong)貴族(zu)的(de)后(hou)代(dai)以公(gong)孫的(de)稱呼為(wei)榮,便相(xiang)(xiang)延世代(dai)成為(wei)姓(xing)。古書(shu)《通(tong)志》說,相(xiang)(xiang)傳遠古時黃帝(di)姓(xing)公(gong)孫,于(yu)是便有(you)這(zhe)一姓(xing)的(de)廣泛流傳。
公孫(sun)氏望族居高陽郡(jun)(今山東臨淄)、扶風郡(jun)(今陜(shan)西咸(xian)陽)。今山東、云南兩省還有公孫(sun)氏族人分布。
扶(fu)(fu)風郡:周朝時(shi)(shi)(shi)期置郡,其(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)轄(xia)地在(zai)(zai)今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)省(sheng)興平(ping)(ping)縣(xian)、咸陽(yang)市一帶(dai)地區。漢朝武帝太初(chu)元(yuan)年(丁丑,公元(yuan)前104年)置右扶(fu)(fu)風,與京(jing)兆(zhao)、左馮翊合為三輔,治(zhi)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)省(sheng)興平(ping)(ping)市,其(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)轄(xia)地在(zai)(zai)今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)省(sheng)長(chang)安縣(xian)以(yi)西(xi)(xi)、鳳翔縣(xian)一帶(dai)。三國時(shi)(shi)(shi)期曹(cao)魏(wei)(wei)國改名為扶(fu)(fu)風郡,治(zhi)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)隗里(今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)興平(ping)(ping)),其(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)轄(xia)地在(zai)(zai)今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)省(sheng)麟游縣(xian)、干縣(xian)以(yi)西(xi)(xi),秦嶺以(yi)北、山東(dong)省(sheng)平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)縣(xian)以(yi)南一帶(dai)地區。五代時(shi)(shi)(shi)期后漢將其(qi)轄(xia)地定在(zai)(zai)今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)省(sheng)咸陽(yang)市一帶(dai)地區。西(xi)(xi)晉(jin)朝時(shi)(shi)(shi)期移(yi)治(zhi)到(dao)池陽(yang)(今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)涇(jing)陽(yang)),南北朝時(shi)(shi)(shi)期的北魏(wei)(wei)移(yi)治(zhi)所(suo)到(dao)好疇(今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)乾縣(xian))。隋、唐兩朝以(yi)今(jin)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)岐(qi)州一帶(dai)為扶(fu)(fu)風郡。
高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)郡(jun):歷史上的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)郡(jun)有三:①戰國時(shi)(shi)期為高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)邑,亦稱高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)鄉,在(zai)(zai)今河(he)(he)南杞縣西北部(bu)(bu),秦朝末期酈食其(qi)自稱“高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)酒徒”,其(qi)“高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)”即(ji)指(zhi)該地(di)區。②東(dong)漢桓帝(di)時(shi)(shi)期(公元147~167年(nian))又置(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)郡(jun),治(zhi)所在(zai)(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(今河(he)(he)北高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)),其(qi)時(shi)(shi)轄(xia)地(di)在(zai)(zai)今河(he)(he)北省高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)縣一帶。晉朝泰(tai)始(shi)初期(乙酉,公元265年(nian))置(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)國,治(zhi)所在(zai)(zai)博陸(今河(he)(he)北蠡縣),時(shi)(shi)轄(xia)四(si)縣,轄(xia)境包括(kuo)今保定、清(qing)苑、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)、博野、蠡縣等縣地(di)。③北魏時(shi)(shi)期另置(zhi)(zhi)青州高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)郡(jun),轄(xia)地(di)在(zai)(zai)今山(shan)東(dong)省淄(zi)(zi)博市臨(lin)淄(zi)(zi)區西北部(bu)(bu)一帶,隋朝開皇初年(nian)(辛丑,公元581年(nian))被(bei)廢(fei)黜。公孫氏(shi)望族的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)郡(jun),是指(zhi)③之所處。
扶風(feng)堂:以(yi)望立(li)堂。
高陽堂:以望立堂。
白馬堂:東(dong)漢末期公孫瓚被封為討虜(lu)將軍,屢次打敗胡虜(lu),除遼東(dong)屬(shu)國(guo)長(chang)史(shi)。常乘白馬,烏桓怕他(ta),互相(xiang)告(gao)語:“我們要避開白馬長(chang)史(shi)。”
忠(zhong)義堂:春秋(qiu)時(shi)公孫(sun)杵(chu)臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)和(he)程嬰都是趙(zhao)朔(shuo)(shuo)的(de)門客。趙(zhao)朔(shuo)(shuo)為屠岸賈所殺,朔(shuo)(shuo)妻遺腹生一(yi)子。杵(chu)臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)和(he)程嬰設計保(bao)存趙(zhao)氏(shi)孤(gu)兒:杵(chu)臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)把自(zi)己(ji)的(de)兒子藏在山中(zhong),派程嬰向屠岸賈回(hui)報(bao)說是趙(zhao)氏(shi)孤(gu)兒。屠岸賈就把公孫(sun)杵(chu)臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)兒子當成(cheng)趙(zhao)氏(shi)孤(gu)兒和(he)公孫(sun)杵(chu)臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)一(yi)起殺了(le)。程嬰保(bao)護著趙(zhao)氏(shi)孤(gu)兒長大(da)成(cheng)人(ren),終于(yu)報(bao)了(le)趙(zhao)朔(shuo)(shuo)被殺之仇。人(ren)稱公孫(sun)杵(chu)臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)舍掉自(zi)己(ji)的(de)兒子和(he)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)命存主人(ren)之孤(gu),既忠(zhong)且義。
人稱書庫,力卻弓旌
上聯典指(zhi)(zhi)隋朝時期的(de)(de)(de)阜城(cheng)(cheng)人公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)景茂,字(zi)元(yuan)蔚,博覽經史(shi),在(zai)西(xi)魏時任太(tai)常(chang)(chang)博士(shi),對經史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)錯誤多有改動,當時人稱為“書(shu)庫(ku)”。隋開皇初年官汝(ru)南太(tai)守,后歷任息州(zhou)刺史(shi)、道(dao)州(zhou)刺史(shi)、淄州(zhou)刺史(shi),所到之處(chu),常(chang)(chang)用自己的(de)(de)(de)薪俸幫助病人、窮人。下聯典指(zhi)(zhi)晉朝時期的(de)(de)(de)上谷人公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)鳳(feng),字(zi)上鸞,隱(yin)居(ju)在(zai)昌(chang)黎的(de)(de)(de)九城(cheng)(cheng)山谷,冬穿單衣,夏吃餿食,彈琴吟詠,悠然自得。朝廷屢次征(zheng)召,不為所動。“弓旌”,為古(gu)代征(zheng)聘士(shi)大(da)夫之禮。
趙家義士,孟氏門人
上聯典指春秋(qiu)時期的晉國(guo)(guo)公孫杵臼。下聯典指春秋(qiu)戰國(guo)(guo)時期的齊國(guo)(guo)公孫丑。
脫粟稱平津儉,舞劍示懷素書
上聯(lian)典指漢朝(chao)時(shi)期的薛(xue)人公(gong)孫弘,字季(ji),小時(shi)候家(jia)里(li)貧窮,四十多歲(sui)始(shi)學(xue)《春秋·雜說》,漢武帝(di)兩次(ci)征(zheng)召為(wei)博(bo)士,后任丞相,封平津(jin)侯,生活儉(jian)樸,經常吃糙米,人們都佩(pei)服他的勤儉(jian)。下聯(lian)典指唐朝(chao)時(shi)期的教坊舞(wu)(wu)(wu)伎(ji)公(gong)孫大(da)(da)娘,善(shan)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)劍器(qi),名(ming)冠一時(shi)。杜(du)甫曾(ceng)有(you)《觀公(gong)孫大(da)(da)娘弟(di)子舞(wu)(wu)(wu)劍器(qi)行》詩。書法家(jia)懷素曾(ceng)見她舞(wu)(wu)(wu)西河劍器(qi),遂凈其舞(wu)(wu)(wu)姿化用于書法,從此其草書大(da)(da)有(you)長進,以(yi)狂草著名(ming)。
脫粟稱平津之儉,舞劍示懷素之書(shu)
上聯典指(zhi)漢朝(chao)時期的(de)薛(xue)人公孫弘。下聯典指(zhi)唐朝(chao)時期的(de)教坊舞伎公孫大娘。
孟門(men)受精(jing)微之學,行人擅修飾(shi)之能
上聯典指戰國時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)齊(qi)國人公孫丑(chou),孟(meng)子弟(di)子,非常傾慕春秋時齊(qi)國大夫管仲、晏嬰,曾(ceng)向孟(meng)子請教他(ta)們建功立業的(de)(de)精細隱微的(de)(de)問題(ti)。下聯典指春秋時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)鄭(zheng)國大夫公孫揮,字子羽(yu),鄭(zheng)簡(jian)公時任(ren)行人(掌管朝(chao)覲(jin)聘(pin)問的(de)(de)官)。《論語·憲問》中曾(ceng)說:“鄭(zheng)國外交(jiao)辭令的(de)(de)創制,裨湛起草,世(shi)叔討論,行人子羽(yu)修飾,東里(li)子產潤色(se)。”
孟氏(shi)及(ji)門,受精微之學(xue);行人子羽,擅(shan)修飾之能
上聯典指(zhi)(zhi)戰國時期的公孫(sun)丑,孟子弟子,曾向孟子問何(he)謂“不動心”和“浩然之(zhi)氣”。又請問管(guan)仲和晏嬰的功業(ye)。下聯典指(zhi)(zhi)春秋時期的公孫(sun)揮(hui),字子羽(yu)(yu)。熟諳諸侯政令,且嫻于(yu)(yu)辭令。仕行人。《論語》:“行人子羽(yu)(yu)修飾(shi)之(zhi)。”《左傳(chuan)》論述:“鄭國將有諸侯(外交)之(zhi)事(shi),子產乃問四國之(zhi)事(shi)于(yu)(yu)子羽(yu)(yu)。”
黃帝(di)(di):姓(xing)公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(一(yi)說為(wei)姬姓(xing)),名(ming)(ming)軒(xuan)轅(yuan),號軒(xuan)轅(yuan)氏、有(you)熊氏和歸藏氏,被(bei)尊奉(feng)為(wei)“中華始祖(zu)”。據《史記·五帝(di)(di)本(ben)記》記載:“黃帝(di)(di)者,少典之(zhi)(zhi)子,姓(xing)公(gong)孫(sun)(sun),名(ming)(ming)軒(xuan)轅(yuan)。……黃帝(di)(di)居軒(xuan)轅(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)丘”。華夏族的締(di)造者,五帝(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)首,有(you)些說法被(bei)列為(wei)三皇之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),是公(gong)認的中華民族的祖(zu)先。
公(gong)孫(sun)僑:復姓公(gong)孫(sun),名僑,字(zi)子(zi)產,又字(zi)子(zi)美(mei),鄭稱公(gong)孫(sun)。春(chun)秋(qiu)時期鄭國的政治家(jia)和思(si)想家(jia)。子(zi)產具有人(ren)本(ben)主(zhu)義(yi)的思(si)想,強調(diao)人(ren)事(shi),但也不否認鬼神。提出“天(tian)(tian)道(dao)遠,人(ren)道(dao)邇,非所(suo)及也”。在子(zi)產看來,人(ren)道(dao)先于天(tian)(tian)道(dao),天(tian)(tian)道(dao)可以存而不論,人(ren)道(dao)則(ze)不能不察。被清朝的王源推(tui)許為(wei)“春(chun)秋(qiu)第一人(ren)”。
公(gong)孫(sun)鞅(yang),衛(wei)國(guo)國(guo)君(jun)的后(hou)裔,姬姓(xing)、公(gong)孫(sun)氏(shi),故(gu)稱(cheng)衛(wei)鞅(yang),又稱(cheng)公(gong)孫(sun)鞅(yang),后(hou)封于商,后(hou)人(ren)稱(cheng)之(zhi)商鞅(yang)。在秦(qin)國(guo)執政十(shi)九年(nian),秦(qin)國(guo)大(da)治,史(shi)稱(cheng)商鞅(yang)變(bian)法。戰國(guo)時期政治家,著名(ming)法家代表人(ren)物。
公(gong)孫(sun)龍(前(qian)320年-前(qian)250年):傳說字子秉,中國戰國時(shi)(shi)期(qi)趙國人,曾經做過平(ping)原君(jun)的(de)(de)(de)門客,名家的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)表人物,其主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)著作為《公(gong)孫(sun)龍子》,西(xi)漢時(shi)(shi)共有14篇,唐代(dai)(dai)時(shi)(shi)分為三卷,北(bei)宋(song)時(shi)(shi)遺失(shi)了8篇,到如今(jin)只殘留(liu)6篇,共一(yi)卷。其中最重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)兩篇是《白馬論》和(he)《堅白論》,提出了“白馬非馬”和(he)“離堅白”等論點,是“離堅白”學派的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)代(dai)(dai)表。是著名的(de)(de)(de)詭(gui)辯學代(dai)(dai)表著作,提出了邏輯學中的(de)(de)(de)“個別”和(he)“一(yi)般”之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)互關系,但把它們之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)區別夸大,割(ge)斷二者的(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)系,是一(yi)種形而上學的(de)(de)(de)思(si)想體系。
公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)(shu):西漢(han)末年(nian)(nian)(nian),天下紛(fen)擾(rao),群雄競起,公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)(shu)遂自稱輔漢(han)將軍(jun)兼(jian)領益州牧。建武元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(25年(nian)(nian)(nian)),公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)(shu)稱帝(di)于蜀(shu),國(guo)號成(cheng)家(一作(zuo)大成(cheng)或成(cheng)),年(nian)(nian)(nian)號龍(long)興(xing)。建武十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(35年(nian)(nian)(nian)),漢(han)廷(ting)乃派兵(bing)征討,被公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)(shu)所拒。次年(nian)(nian)(nian),復命大司馬吳漢(han)舉(ju)兵(bing)來伐,攻破成(cheng)都,縱兵(bing)大掠,盡(jin)誅公(gong)孫(sun)氏,“成(cheng)家”為東漢(han)所亡。計公(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)(shu)割據(ju)益州稱帝(di),共在位(wei)十二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)。
公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)度(du)(150-204年(nian)(nian)(nian)):字(zi)升濟,遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)襄平(ping)(遼陽)人(ren)。有二子,公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)康,康弟公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)恭,康子公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)晃(huang)、公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)淵。少隨(sui)父(fu)遷居(ju)玄菟郡。初為(wei)(wei)玄菟小吏(li),繼(ji)升尚(shang)書(shu)郎(lang)、冀州刺史,后被(bei)免官。東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)中平(ping)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(189年(nian)(nian)(nian)),經同(tong)鄉徐(xu)榮推(tui)薦(jian),被(bei)董卓任命為(wei)(wei)遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)太守。公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)度(du)到任后,厲行嚴刑峻法,打(da)擊(ji)豪強勢力,使令行政通,羽翼漸(jian)豐。漢(han)獻(xian)帝初平(ping)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(190年(nian)(nian)(nian)),中原地區董卓亂(luan)起,各地軍(jun)閥無暇東(dong)(dong)(dong)顧。公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)度(du)趁機自立為(wei)(wei)遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)侯(hou)、平(ping)州牧。繼(ji)則東(dong)(dong)(dong)伐高句麗(li),西擊(ji)烏桓,向南(nan)取(qu)遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)半島,開疆擴土;又招賢納(na)士,設(she)館開學,廣招流(liu)民(min),威行海外,儼然以遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)王自居(ju)。由于公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)度(du)的銳意進取(qu)和苦心經營(ying),使遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)地區在(zai)漢(han)末三國的戰亂(luan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)代,獲得了(le)暫時(shi)的安寧(ning),推(tui)動(dong)了(le)當地生產技(ji)術和封建文化的發(fa)展。
公孫(sun)淵:字文懿。魏大(da)司馬,封樂浪(lang)公。公孫(sun)度之孫(sun)。后(hou)自稱(cheng)燕王。為司馬懿所破。
公孫(sun)瓚(?-199):字伯珪(gui),漢族,遼西(xi)令支(zhi)(今河(he)北遷安)人。東漢末年獻帝年間(jian)占據幽州一帶的軍閥,漢末群雄之一。后為(wei)袁紹所破。其子(zi)公孫(sun)續(xu),被(bei)公孫(sun)瓚派往(wang)黑山求(qiu)張燕(yan)來救已遲(chi)。后為(wei)屠(tu)各(休屠(tu)各的省(sheng)稱,也稱休屠(tu))所殺。