電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)（Battery）指盛有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)解質溶液和(he)金屬電(dian)(dian)極(ji)以產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)杯(bei)、槽或其他容器或復合容器的(de)部(bu)分空(kong)間(jian)，能(neng)將化學能(neng)轉化成電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)裝置(zhi)。具(ju)有(you)(you)正極(ji)、負極(ji)之分。隨著科技的(de)進步，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)泛指能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)小型(xing)裝置(zhi)。如太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)性能(neng)參(can)數主要(yao)有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)動勢、容量(liang)、比能(neng)量(liang)和(he)電(dian)(dian)阻。利用電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)作(zuo)為能(neng)量(liang)來源，可以得到(dao)具(ju)有(you)(you)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓，穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，長時間(jian)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)供電(dian)(dian)，受(shou)(shou)外界影(ying)響很(hen)小的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，并且電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)結構簡單(dan)，攜帶方便(bian)，充放電(dian)(dian)操(cao)作(zuo)簡便(bian)易(yi)行(xing)，不受(shou)(shou)外界氣候和(he)溫度(du)的(de)影(ying)響，性能(neng)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)可靠，在現代(dai)社會生(sheng)活中(zhong)的(de)各個方面(mian)發揮有(you)(you)很(hen)大作(zuo)用。
1746年，荷蘭萊頓大(da)學的(de)(de)馬(ma)森(sen)布羅克在發明了收集電(dian)荷的(de)(de)“萊頓瓶(ping)(ping)(ping)”。因為他(ta)看到(dao)好(hao)不容(rong)易(yi)收集的(de)(de)電(dian)卻很(hen)容(rong)易(yi)地(di)在空(kong)氣(qi)中逐(zhu)漸(jian)消(xiao)失(shi)，他(ta)想尋(xun)找一(yi)(yi)種保存電(dian)的(de)(de)方法(fa)。有一(yi)(yi)天，他(ta)用(yong)一(yi)(yi)支槍(qiang)管(guan)(guan)懸在空(kong)中，用(yong)起(qi)(qi)電(dian)機(ji)與(yu)(yu)槍(qiang)管(guan)(guan)連著，另用(yong)一(yi)(yi)根銅線從槍(qiang)管(guan)(guan)中引出，浸入一(yi)(yi)個(ge)盛(sheng)有水的(de)(de)玻璃瓶(ping)(ping)(ping)中，他(ta)讓一(yi)(yi)個(ge)助手(shou)一(yi)(yi)只(zhi)手(shou)握著玻璃瓶(ping)(ping)(ping)，馬(ma)森(sen)布羅克在一(yi)(yi)旁使(shi)勁搖(yao)動起(qi)(qi)電(dian)機(ji)。這時他(ta)的(de)(de)助手(shou)不小心將中另一(yi)(yi)只(zhi)手(shou)與(yu)(yu)槍(qiang)管(guan)(guan)碰上(shang)，他(ta)猛然感到(dao)一(yi)(yi)次強烈的(de)(de)電(dian)擊，喊了起(qi)(qi)來。馬(ma)森(sen)布羅克于是與(yu)(yu)助手(shou)互換了一(yi)(yi)下，讓助手(shou)搖(yao)起(qi)(qi)電(dian)機(ji)，他(ta)自己一(yi)(yi)手(shou)拿水瓶(ping)(ping)(ping)子，另一(yi)(yi)只(zhi)手(shou)去碰槍(qiang)管(guan)(guan)。
1780年，意大(da)利(li)解(jie)剖(pou)學家伽伐尼（Luigi Galvani）在做青(qing)蛙(wa)(wa)解(jie)剖(pou)時，兩手分別拿著不同(tong)的(de)金屬(shu)(shu)器(qi)械，無(wu)(wu)意中同(tong)時碰在青(qing)蛙(wa)(wa)的(de)大(da)腿上，青(qing)蛙(wa)(wa)腿部的(de)肌肉立刻抽(chou)搐(chu)了一下，仿佛(fo)受到電(dian)流的(de)刺激，而如果只用一種金屬(shu)(shu)器(qi)械去(qu)觸(chu)動青(qing)蛙(wa)(wa)，就無(wu)(wu)此種反應。伽伐尼認為，出現這種現象是因為動物軀體內部產生的(de)一種電(dian)，他稱(cheng)之(zhi)為“生物電(dian)”。
伽伐(fa)(fa)尼的(de)發現(xian)引起(qi)了(le)物理(li)學家(jia)們極(ji)大興趣的(de)，他們競(jing)相重復枷(jia)伐(fa)(fa)尼的(de)實驗(yan)，企圖找(zhao)到一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)方法，意大利物理(li)學家(jia)伏(fu)特(te)(te)在(zai)多次實驗(yan)后認為(wei)：伽伐(fa)(fa)尼的(de)“生(sheng)(sheng)物電(dian)”之說并(bing)不(bu)正確(que)，青蛙的(de)肌肉之所以能(neng)(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)流(liu)，大概是肌肉中(zhong)(zhong)某種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)液(ye)體在(zai)起(qi)作用。為(wei)了(le)論證自己的(de)觀點，伏(fu)特(te)(te)把兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同的(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)片(pian)浸在(zai)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)進行試驗(yan)。結(jie)果發現(xian)，這兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)片(pian)中(zhong)(zhong)，只要有一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)發生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)化(hua)學反(fan)應，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)片(pian)之間就能(neng)(neng)夠產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)流(liu)。
1799年，意大利物理學家伏(fu)特把一(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)(kuai)鋅板和一(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)(kuai)錫板浸(jin)在鹽水里，發現連接兩塊(kuai)(kuai)金屬(shu)的導線中有電流通過(guo)。于是(shi)，他就把許多鋅片(pian)與銀(yin)片(pian)之間(jian)墊(dian)上浸(jin)透鹽水的絨布或紙片(pian)，平疊起(qi)來。用手觸摸兩端時，會感到強烈的電流刺(ci)激。伏(fu)特用這種方(fang)法成(cheng)功地制成(cheng)了世(shi)界上第一(yi)(yi)個(ge)電池——“伏(fu)特電堆(dui)”。這個(ge)“伏(fu)特電堆(dui)”實際上就是(shi)串聯的電池組。它成(cheng)為早期(qi)電學實驗，電報機的電力來源。
1836年，英國(guo)的丹尼爾(er)對“伏(fu)特電(dian)(dian)堆(dui)”進行了改(gai)良。他使用稀硫(liu)酸作電(dian)(dian)解液，解決(jue)了電(dian)(dian)池極化問(wen)題，制造出第一個不極化，能保持平衡電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的鋅—銅電(dian)(dian)池此后，這些電(dian)(dian)池都存在電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)隨著(zhu)使用時間延長(chang)而下降的問(wen)題。
當電(dian)(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用一段時間后電(dian)(dian)壓下降時，可以給他通以反(fan)向電(dian)(dian)流，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓回升。因為(wei)這種電(dian)(dian)池(chi)能充電(dian)(dian)，可以反(fan)復使(shi)用，所以稱它為(wei)“蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)”。
也是(shi)在(zai)1860年(nian)，法國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雷(lei)克(ke)蘭士(shi)（George Leclanche）還發明(ming)了世(shi)界廣(guang)受使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)（碳(tan)(tan)鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前身。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負極(ji)是(shi)鋅和汞(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)金棒（鋅－伏特原型電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負極(ji)，經證明(ming)是(shi)作為(wei)負極(ji)制(zhi)作材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最佳(jia)金屬之一），而(er)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)極(ji)是(shi)以一個多(duo)孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)杯子盛(sheng)裝(zhuang)著碾碎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二氧化錳和碳(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混合(he)物。在(zai)此(ci)混合(he)物中插有(you)一根碳(tan)(tan)棒作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流收集器。負極(ji)棒和正(zheng)極(ji)杯都(dou)被浸在(zai)作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氯(lv)化銨溶液(ye)中。此(ci)系統(tong)被稱(cheng)為(wei)“濕電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)”。雷(lei)克(ke)蘭士(shi)制(zhi)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)雖然簡陋但卻便(bian)宜，所(suo)以一直到1880年(nian)才被改進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“干電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)”取代。負極(ji)被改進(jin)成鋅罐（即電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外殼），電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)變為(wei)糊狀而(er)非液(ye)體，基本上這(zhe)就是(shi)我們所(suo)熟知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碳(tan)(tan)鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。
1887年，英國(guo)人赫勒森發明(ming)了最(zui)早的(de)干電池(chi)。干電池(chi)的(de)電解液為(wei)糊狀，不(bu)會溢漏(lou)，便(bian)于攜帶，因此獲得了廣泛應(ying)用(yong)。
1890年愛迪生(sheng)（Thomas Edison）發(fa)明(ming)可(ke)充電(dian)鐵鎳(nie)電(dian)池。
在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)，化(hua)(hua)學(xue)能(neng)直接轉變為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)是(shi)靠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部(bu)(bu)自發進行(xing)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)、還(huan)原(yuan)等(deng)(deng)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)反應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)，這種(zhong)反應(ying)(ying)分(fen)別(bie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)上(shang)(shang)進行(xing)。負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)活性物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)較負(fu)(fu)并在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還(huan)原(yuan)劑組成(cheng)，如(ru)鋅、鎘、鉛等(deng)(deng)活潑金屬和(he)氫(qing)或(huo)碳氫(qing)化(hua)(hua)合(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng)(deng)。正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)活性物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)較正(zheng)并在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)劑組成(cheng)，如(ru)二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)錳(meng)、二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛、氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳等(deng)(deng)金屬氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，氧(yang)或(huo)空氣，鹵(lu)素及其鹽類，含氧(yang)酸(suan)及其鹽類等(deng)(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則是(shi)具有(you)良(liang)好離子導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料，如(ru)酸(suan)、堿、鹽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水溶液，有(you)機(ji)或(huo)無機(ji)非水溶液、熔融鹽或(huo)固體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)。當外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路斷(duan)開(kai)時(shi)，兩極(ji)(ji)之間雖然(ran)(ran)有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差(cha)(cha)（開(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓），但沒有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，存儲(chu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)能(neng)并不轉換為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。當外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路閉合(he)時(shi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用下即有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)流(liu)過(guo)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路。同時(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部(bu)(bu)，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)不存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)自由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞必然(ran)(ran)伴(ban)隨兩極(ji)(ji)活性物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)界(jie)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)或(huo)還(huan)原(yuan)反應(ying)(ying)，以及反應(ying)(ying)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)反應(ying)(ying)產(chan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遷移。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞也(ye)要由(you)離子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遷移來完(wan)成(cheng)。因此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部(bu)(bu)正(zheng)常的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷傳(chuan)(chuan)遞和(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞過(guo)程是(shi)保證正(zheng)常輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必要條(tiao)件。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)恰與(yu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相(xiang)反；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)反應(ying)(ying)必須(xu)是(shi)可(ke)逆(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，才能(neng)保證反方向(xiang)傳(chuan)(chuan)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)傳(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常進行(xing)。因此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)反應(ying)(ying)可(ke)逆(ni)是(shi)構成(cheng)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必要條(tiao)件。G為(wei)(wei)吉布斯反應(ying)(ying)自由(you)能(neng)增(zeng)量（焦）；F為(wei)(wei)法拉第常數=96500庫=26.8安·小時(shi)；n為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)反應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)當量數。這是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)反應(ying)(ying)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本熱(re)力學(xue)關系式(shi)，也(ye)是(shi)計算電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)能(neng)量轉換效率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本熱(re)力學(xue)方程式(shi)。實際上(shang)(shang)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)流(liu)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢都要偏(pian)離熱(re)力學(xue)平衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢，這種(zhong)現(xian)(xian)象稱為(wei)(wei)極(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)密(mi)度（單位(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)面(mian)積(ji)上(shang)(shang)通(tong)過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)）越大，極(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)越嚴(yan)重(zhong)。極(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)現(xian)(xian)象是(shi)造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)能(neng)量損失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要原(yuan)因之一。
極化的原因有三：
①由電池(chi)中各(ge)部分電阻造成的(de)極化(hua)稱為歐姆極化(hua)；
②由電(dian)極(ji)－電(dian)解質(zhi)界面層中電(dian)荷傳遞過程的阻(zu)滯造成的極(ji)化(hua)稱(cheng)為活(huo)化(hua)極(ji)化(hua)；
③由電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)－電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質界面層中傳質過(guo)程(cheng)遲緩(huan)而(er)造(zao)成的(de)極(ji)(ji)化(hua)稱為濃差極(ji)(ji)化(hua)。減(jian)小極(ji)(ji)化(hua)的(de)方法是(shi)增大電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)反(fan)應面積、減(jian)小電(dian)(dian)流密度、提高反(fan)應溫(wen)度以(yi)及改(gai)善電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)表面的(de)催化(hua)活性(xing)。
電(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)是兩個電(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)平衡電(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)之差(cha)，以鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池為例，E=Ф+0-Ф-0+RT/F*In（αH2SO4/αH2O）。
其中：E—電(dian)動勢(shi)
Ф+0—正極標(biao)準電極電位(wei)，其值為1.690V
Ф-0—負極(ji)標準電極(ji)電位，其值為-0.356V
R—通用氣體常數，其值(zhi)為(wei)8.314
T—溫(wen)度，與電池所處溫(wen)度有(you)關(guan)
F—法拉第常(chang)數(shu)，其值(zhi)為96485
αH2SO4—硫酸的活(huo)度，與硫酸濃度有關(guan)
αH2O—水的活度，與硫(liu)酸濃度有關
從(cong)上式中可(ke)看出，鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)標(biao)準電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢為(wei)1.690-（-0.0.356）=2.046V，因此蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)標(biao)稱電(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)2V。鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢與溫度及硫酸(suan)濃度有關。
在設計(ji)(ji)規定的(de)(de)條件（如(ru)溫(wen)度、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)、終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等）下(xia)(xia)(xia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)應能放出的(de)(de)最低容(rong)(rong)量(liang)，單位(wei)為安(an)培/每小(xiao)時，以(yi)(yi)(yi)符號C表示。容(rong)(rong)量(liang)受放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)的(de)(de)影(ying)響較(jiao)大(da)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)常(chang)在字(zi)母C的(de)(de)右(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)角以(yi)(yi)(yi)阿拉(la)伯(bo)數字(zi)標明(ming)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)，如(ru)C20=50，表明(ming)在20時率(lv)下(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)為50安(an)·小(xiao)時。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)理論(lun)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)可根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)反(fan)應式中電(dian)(dian)(dian)極活(huo)性(xing)物質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)用(yong)量(liang)和按法拉(la)第定律計(ji)(ji)算的(de)(de)活(huo)性(xing)物質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學當量(liang)精確(que)求出。由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中可能發生的(de)(de)副(fu)反(fan)應以(yi)(yi)(yi)及設計(ji)(ji)時的(de)(de)特殊需要，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)實際容(rong)(rong)量(liang)往往低于(yu)理論(lun)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)。
電(dian)(dian)池在常溫(wen)下的(de)典型工作電(dian)(dian)壓，又稱(cheng)標(biao)稱(cheng)電(dian)(dian)壓。它(ta)是選(xuan)用不(bu)同種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)池時的(de)參考。電(dian)(dian)池的(de)實(shi)際工作電(dian)(dian)壓隨不(bu)同使用條件等于正、負電(dian)(dian)極的(de)平(ping)衡電(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)勢(shi)之差。它(ta)只與(yu)電(dian)(dian)極活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)有關(guan)，而與(yu)活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)數量無關(guan)。電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓本(ben)質(zhi)上是直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓，但(dan)在某(mou)些特殊條件下，電(dian)(dian)極反應所引起的(de)金屬晶體或某(mou)些成(cheng)相(xiang)膜的(de)相(xiang)變會造(zao)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)微小波動(dong)，這種(zhong)現象稱(cheng)為噪(zao)聲(sheng)。波動(dong)的(de)幅度很(hen)小但(dan)頻率范圍很(hen)寬，故可與(yu)電(dian)(dian)路中自激噪(zao)聲(sheng)相(xiang)區(qu)別(bie)。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在開(kai)(kai)路(lu)狀態(tai)下的(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)稱為開(kai)(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在斷路(lu)時（即沒有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通過兩極(ji)(ji)時）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)正極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)(shi)與負極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)(shi)之差。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)用V開(kai)(kai)表示，即V開(kai)(kai)=Ф+-Ф-，其中Ф+、Ф-分別(bie)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)正負極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，一(yi)般(ban)均小于它(ta)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)是(shi)因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)兩極(ji)(ji)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)溶液(ye)中所建立的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，通常并非平衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，而是(shi)穩定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位。一(yi)般(ban)可近似認為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)(shi)。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)是(shi)指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)部時受到的(de)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)力。它包(bao)括(kuo)歐姆內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)和(he)極(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)，極(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)又(you)包(bao)括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學極(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)和(he)濃(nong)差極(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)。由于內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)存在(zai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓總是(shi)小于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)或(huo)開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)不(bu)是(shi)常(chang)數，在(zai)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)隨時間不(bu)斷(duan)變化(hua)(hua)（逐漸(jian)變大），這(zhe)是(shi)因(yin)為活(huo)性物(wu)質的(de)組成(cheng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液的(de)濃(nong)度和(he)溫度都在(zai)不(bu)斷(duan)的(de)改變。歐姆內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)遵守歐姆定律，極(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)隨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密(mi)度增加而增大，但不(bu)是(shi)線性關系。常(chang)隨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密(mi)度增大而增加。
內阻是決定電池性能的一(yi)個重要指標，它直接影響(xiang)電池的工作(zuo)電壓(ya)，工作(zuo)電流，輸(shu)出的能量(liang)和功率，對于電池來說，其內阻越(yue)小越(yue)好(hao)。
電池內具有很(hen)大的電極(ji)-電解質(zhi)界面面積，故可將電池等效(xiao)為一大電容與小電阻、電感的串(chuan)聯回路(lu)。但(dan)實際情(qing)況復雜得多，尤其是電池的阻抗隨時間和直(zhi)流電平而變化，所測得的阻抗只對具體的測量(liang)狀(zhuang)態(tai)有效(xiao)。
有時(shi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)和(he)倍(bei)率(lv)(lv)(lv)兩種(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)示法(fa)(fa)。時(shi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)是(shi)以充放(fang)電(dian)時(shi)間表(biao)示的(de)(de)充放(fang)電(dian)速(su)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，數值上等(deng)于電(dian)池的(de)(de)額定(ding)(ding)容量(liang)（安·小時(shi)）除以規定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)充放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流（安）所(suo)得(de)的(de)(de)小時(shi)數。倍(bei)率(lv)(lv)(lv)是(shi)充放(fang)電(dian)速(su)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)另(ling)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)示法(fa)(fa)，其(qi)數值為時(shi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)倒數。原電(dian)池的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)速(su)率(lv)(lv)(lv)是(shi)以經某一(yi)固定(ding)(ding)電(dian)阻放(fang)電(dian)到終(zhong)止電(dian)壓的(de)(de)時(shi)間來表(biao)示。放(fang)電(dian)速(su)率(lv)(lv)(lv)對電(dian)池性能的(de)(de)影響較大。
儲存壽(shou)命指從(cong)電(dian)(dian)池制(zhi)成到(dao)開(kai)始使(shi)(shi)用之間允許存放(fang)的最(zui)長時(shi)間，以年為(wei)單(dan)位。包括(kuo)儲存期和(he)使(shi)(shi)用期在內的總期限稱電(dian)(dian)池的有效期。儲存電(dian)(dian)池的壽(shou)命有干儲存壽(shou)命和(he)濕儲存壽(shou)命之分(fen)。循環壽(shou)命是(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池在滿足規(gui)定(ding)(ding)條(tiao)件(jian)下所能達到(dao)的最(zui)大(da)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)循環次數。在規(gui)定(ding)(ding)循環壽(shou)命時(shi)必須同時(shi)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)循環試驗的制(zhi)度(du)(du)，包括(kuo)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)速率、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)深度(du)(du)和(he)環境溫度(du)(du)范圍等。
電池在存放(fang)(fang)過程中(zhong)電容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)自行損失的(de)速率。用單位(wei)儲(chu)存時間內自放(fang)(fang)電損失的(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)占儲(chu)存前容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)百分數表示(shi)。
其中E為電動勢，r為電源內阻，內電壓(ya)U內=Ir，E=U內+U外
適用范圍：任何(he)電路
閉合電路中的能量轉化：
E=U+Ir
EI=UI+I^2R
P釋放=EI
P輸出=UI
純電阻電路中
P輸出=I^2R
=E^2R/（R+r）^2
=E^2/（R^2+2r+r^2/R）
當r=R時P輸(shu)出(chu)最大，P輸(shu)出(chu)=E^2/4r（均值不(bu)等式）
干(gan)(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)也叫錳(meng)鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，所謂(wei)干(gan)(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)相(xiang)對于(yu)伏打電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)而(er)言，所謂(wei)錳(meng)鋅(xin)是(shi)指其(qi)原材(cai)料(liao)。針對其(qi)它材(cai)料(liao)的(de)干(gan)(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)如(ru)氧化銀電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)而(er)言。錳(meng)鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓是(shi)1.5V。干(gan)(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)消耗化學原料(liao)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)。它的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)高(gao)，所能產生的(de)持續電(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)能超(chao)過1安培。
蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池是應(ying)用最廣泛的電(dian)(dian)池之一。用一個玻璃槽或塑料槽，注滿硫酸，再插(cha)入兩塊(kuai)鉛板，一塊(kuai)與(yu)(yu)充電(dian)(dian)機(ji)正(zheng)極相(xiang)連(lian)，一塊(kuai)與(yu)(yu)充電(dian)(dian)機(ji)負極相(xiang)連(lian)，經(jing)過十幾小(xiao)(xiao)時的充電(dian)(dian)就(jiu)形成了(le)一塊(kuai)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池。它的正(zheng)負極之間有2伏的電(dian)(dian)壓。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的好處是可(ke)以反復多(duo)次使(shi)用。另外(wai)，由于它的內阻極小(xiao)(xiao)，所以可(ke)以提供很大的電(dian)(dian)流。用它給汽車的發動機(ji)供電(dian)(dian)，瞬時電(dian)(dian)流可(ke)達20多(duo)安(an)培。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)時是將電(dian)(dian)能貯存(cun)起來，放電(dian)(dian)時又把化(hua)(hua)學(xue)能轉化(hua)(hua)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)能。
以(yi)鋰為負極的(de)電(dian)池。它是60年(nian)代以(yi)后發(fa)展起來的(de)新(xin)型高能量電(dian)池。按所(suo)用電(dian)解(jie)質不同分為：
①高溫熔(rong)融鹽鋰電(dian)池(chi)；
②有機(ji)電解質鋰電池；
③無機非(fei)水電解質鋰電池；
④固體電解質鋰電池；
⑤鋰水電池。
鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)優點(dian)是單體電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓高，比(bi)能量大，儲存壽(shou)命(ming)長（可達(da)10年），高低溫性能好，可在(zai)-40～150℃使用。缺(que)點(dian)是價格昂貴，安(an)全性不高。另外電(dian)(dian)壓滯后(hou)和安(an)全問(wen)題尚待改善(shan)。大力發展(zhan)(zhan)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)和新的(de)正極材料(liao)的(de)出現，特別是磷(lin)酸亞鐵鋰材料(liao)的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)，對鋰電(dian)(dian)發展(zhan)(zhan)有很(hen)大幫助。
一般分為(wei)：1.2.3.5.7號，其中5號和7號尤(you)為(wei)常用(yong)，所謂的AA電池就是5號電池，而(er)AAA電池就是7號電池。
D型(xing)電池（大號電池/LR20/AM1）直徑ф34.2；高度61.5mm
C型電池(chi)（2號電池(chi)/LR14/AM2）直徑ф26.2；高度50.0mm
AA型電池(chi)(chi)（5號(hao)電池(chi)(chi)/LR6/AM3）直(zhi)徑ф14.5；高(gao)度50.5mm
AAA型電(dian)池（7號電(dian)池/LR03/AM4）直徑ф10.5；高度44.5mm
AA/2型電(dian)池（8號電(dian)池LR1/AM5）直徑(jing)ф11.0；高度30.0mm
AAAA型電(dian)池(chi)（9號電(dian)池(chi)/LR61/AM6）直徑ф8.0；高度39.5mm
AAAA/2型電池（小9號電池/LR61/AM6）直徑ф8.0；高度28.0mm
說說常見的“AAAA，AAA，AA，A，SC，C，D，N，F”這些型號
AAAA型號少見，一次性的AAAA勁量堿(jian)性電(dian)池偶爾還能見到，一般(ban)是電(dian)腦筆里面用(yong)的。標(biao)準的AAAA（平頭）電(dian)池高度41.5±0.5mm，直徑8.1±0.2mm。
AAA型(xing)號電池(chi)就(jiu)比較常見，以前的MP3用的多是AAA電池(chi)，標準的AAA（平(ping)頭）電池(chi)高(gao)度43.6±0.5mm，直徑10.1±0.2mm。
AA型號電(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)更是盡人(ren)皆知，數(shu)碼相機，電(dian)動玩具都少(shao)不了AA電(dian)池(chi)，標(biao)準的AA（平頭）電(dian)池(chi)高度48.0±0.5mm，直(zhi)徑14.1±0.2mm。
只用一個A表(biao)示型號的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池不常(chang)見，這一系列通常(chang)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組里面的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池芯，老攝(she)像(xiang)機的(de)(de)鎳鎘，鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，幾乎都是4/5A，或(huo)者(zhe)4/5SC的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池芯。標準(zhun)的(de)(de)A（平(ping)頭）電(dian)(dian)(dian)池高(gao)度49.0±0.5mm，直徑16.8±0.2mm。
SC型號也不常見(jian)，一般是電池組里(li)面(mian)的電池芯，多在電動工具(ju)和(he)攝像機以及進口設備上能(neng)見(jian)到，標準的SC（平頭）電池高度42.0±0.5mm，直徑(jing)22.1±0.2mm。
C型號也就是二號電(dian)池(chi)，標(biao)準的C（平頭）電(dian)池(chi)高度49.5±0.5mm，直徑25.3±0.2mm。
D型號就是一號電池，用途廣泛，民用，軍工(gong)，特異型直(zhi)流電源(yuan)都能找到(dao)D型電池，標準的(de)D（平頭）電池高度59.0±0.5mm，直(zhi)徑32.3±0.2mm。
N型號不(bu)常見(jian)，標準的N（平頭）電池高度28.5±0.5mm，直徑11.7±0.2mm。
F型號電池(chi)，電動(dong)助力車，動(dong)力電池(chi)的(de)新一代產品(pin)，大有(you)取代鉛酸免維(wei)護(hu)蓄(xu)電池(chi)的(de)趨(qu)勢，一般都是作電池(chi)芯（個(ge)人見解：其(qi)實個(ge)太大，不好單獨使用，呵呵）。標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)F（平(ping)頭(tou)）電池(chi)高度89.0±0.5mm，直徑(jing)32.3±0.2mm。
大(da)家注意到，（平(ping)頭）字樣(yang)，指的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)電池(chi)正極(ji)是(shi)(shi)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)，沒(mei)有突起，使用做電池(chi)組點焊(han)使用的(de)(de)(de)電池(chi)芯，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)同(tong)等型號尖頭的(de)(de)(de)（可以用作單(dan)體(ti)電池(chi)供電的(de)(de)(de)），在(zai)高度(du)(du)上就(jiu)多(duo)了0.5mm。以此類推。還有，電池(chi)很多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)時候并不(bu)是(shi)(shi)規規矩矩的(de)(de)(de)“AAA，AA，A，SC，C，D，N，F”這(zhe)些(xie)主型號，前(qian)面還時常有分數“1/3，2/3，1/2，2/3，4/5，5/4，7/5”，這(zhe)些(xie)分數表(biao)示的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)池(chi)體(ti)相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)高度(du)(du)，例如(ru)“2/3AA”就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)表(biao)示高是(shi)(shi)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)AA電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)2/3的(de)(de)(de)充電電池(chi)；再如(ru)“4/5A”就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)表(biao)示高是(shi)(shi)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)A電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)4/5的(de)(de)(de)充電電池(chi)。
還有兩(liang)種型(xing)號表示方法(fa)，是五位數(shu)(shu)字，例如，14500，17490，26500，前兩(liang)位數(shu)(shu)字是指(zhi)池體直徑(jing)，后三位數(shu)(shu)字是指(zhi)池體高(gao)，例如14500就是指(zhi)AA電池，即大約14mm直徑(jing)，50mm高(gao)。
例如，505060AR，305060A，其中前面(mian)兩位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字是(shi)(shi)(shi)指厚，中間(jian)兩位(wei)數(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指寬，最后面(mian)兩位(wei)數(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指長。例如505060AR就是(shi)(shi)(shi)鋰電池(chi)的5.0MM是(shi)(shi)(shi)厚，寬是(shi)(shi)(shi)50MM，60MM是(shi)(shi)(shi)長。后綴(zhui)AR是(shi)(shi)(shi)表示鋁殼(ke)鋰電池(chi)。
不同(tong)電池各有特性，用(yong)戶必須依照廠商(shang)說明書指示(shi)的方法進(jin)行充電。在(zai)待機(ji)(ji)備(bei)用(yong)狀態(tai)下，電話也要(yao)耗費電池，如果要(yao)進(jin)行快速充電，宜先將(jiang)手機(ji)(ji)關閉或把電池拆下進(jin)行充電。
有些自動(dong)(dong)化的智能(neng)型(xing)快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器當指示燈信號(hao)轉變時，只表示充(chong)滿了(le)90%，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器會(hui)自動(dong)(dong)改用慢速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)完(wan)全充(chong)滿。用戶最好(hao)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)完(wan)全充(chong)滿后使(shi)用，否則會(hui)縮(suo)短(duan)使(shi)用時間。
如果電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)屬(shu)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，長期不徹(che)底充(chong)、放電(dian)(dian)，會在電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內留下痕跡，降低電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量，這種現(xian)象被稱(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)記憶效應。
方法是把(ba)(ba)電(dian)(dian)池完全放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，然后重(zhong)新(xin)充滿。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)可利(li)用放(fang)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)或具有放(fang)電(dian)(dian)功能的充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，也可以利(li)用手(shou)機待機備用模式，如(ru)要加速放(fang)電(dian)(dian)可把(ba)(ba)顯(xian)示(shi)屏及(ji)電(dian)(dian)話按鍵的照明(ming)燈打開。要確保電(dian)(dian)池能重(zhong)新(xin)充滿，應依照說明(ming)書的指(zhi)示(shi)來(lai)控制(zhi)時(shi)間(jian)，重(zhong)復充、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)兩至(zhi)三(san)次。
鋰電池可貯存(cun)在環境溫度為-5°C—35°C，相對(dui)濕度不大于75%的清潔、干燥、通風(feng)的室(shi)內，應避免與腐(fu)蝕性物質接觸，遠離火源及(ji)熱源。電池電量保(bao)持標(biao)稱容(rong)量的30%到50%。推薦貯存(cun)的電池每6個月充(chong)電一(yi)次。
1、選購有“國(guo)家免檢”、“中(zhong)國(guo)名牌”標志的電池產(chan)品和地方名牌電池產(chan)品，這些產(chan)品質(zhi)量有保障。
2、根據電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的要求，選(xuan)擇適用(yong)的電(dian)(dian)池類型(xing)和規格尺寸，并根據電(dian)(dian)器(qi)耗電(dian)(dian)的大(da)小(xiao)和特(te)點(dian)，購(gou)買適合電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的電(dian)(dian)池。
3、注(zhu)意查看電池(chi)的生產日期(qi)和保質期(qi)，購買電池(chi)（新電池(chi)），新電池(chi)性能好。
4、注意查(cha)看電(dian)池(chi)的外觀，應選購包裝精(jing)致、外觀整(zheng)潔、干凈，無漏液跡(ji)象的電(dian)池(chi)。
5、注意電(dian)池(chi)的(de)標志，電(dian)池(chi)商標上(shang)應標明(ming)生(sheng)產廠名、電(dian)池(chi)極(ji)性、電(dian)池(chi)型(xing)(xing)號、標稱電(dian)壓(ya)、商標等(deng)；銷(xiao)售(shou)包裝上(shang)（如2只熱縮或(huo)4只熱縮，或(huo)吊牌掛卡）應有(you)中文廠址(zhi)、生(sheng)產日(ri)期和保(bao)質期或(huo)標明(ming)保(bao)質期的(de)截止期限、執行(xing)標準(zhun)的(de)編號（一般為國家標準(zhun)GB/T××××-××××）。不要購買無(wu)中文廠名、無(wu)生(sheng)產日(ri)期和保(bao)質期或(huo)無(wu)標明(ming)保(bao)質期的(de)截止期限、無(wu)執行(xing)標準(zhun)的(de)產品。購買堿性鋅錳電(dian)池(chi)時(shi)應看型(xing)(xing)號有(you)無(wu)ALKALINE或(huo)LR字(zi)樣。
6、由于電池中的汞對環境(jing)(jing)有害，為了保護環境(jing)(jing)，在購買時應選用商(shang)標(biao)上標(biao)有“無汞”、“0%汞”、“不添(tian)加(jia)汞”字(zi)樣的電池。
國際(ji)上通行的(de)廢舊電(dian)池處理方式大(da)致(zhi)有三種(zhong)：固化(hua)深埋、存放于廢礦井、回收(shou)利用。
1．固化深(shen)埋、存放(fang)于廢礦井
如法國一(yi)家工廠就(jiu)從中(zhong)提取鎳和鎘，再將鎳用(yong)于(yu)煉鋼(gang)，鎘則重新用(yong)于(yu)生(sheng)產電池。其(qi)余(yu)的各類廢電池一(yi)般都運往專門的有(you)毒、有(you)害(hai)垃圾填埋(mai)場，但這種做(zuo)法不(bu)僅花(hua)費太(tai)大而且還造成(cheng)浪費，因為其(qi)中(zhong)尚有(you)不(bu)少可作(zuo)原料(liao)的有(you)用(yong)物質。
2．回收利用
（1）熱處(chu)理(li)；（2）“濕處(chu)理(li)”；（3）真(zhen)空熱處(chu)理(li)法。
IEC標準(zhun)即(ji)國際(ji)電工(gong)委員(yuan)會（International Electrical Commission），是(shi)由各國電工(gong)委員(yuan)會組(zu)成的(de)(de)(de)世界(jie)性標準(zhun)化組(zu)織，其(qi)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)為了促進世界(jie)電工(gong)電子領域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)化。其(qi)中關(guan)于鎳鎘電池的(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)為IEC285，關(guan)于鎳氫電池的(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)是(shi)IEC61436，鋰離子電池IEC標準(zhun)，一般(ban)電池行業依(yi)據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)SANYO或Panasonic的(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)。
電池常(chang)用IEC標準(zhun)有鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電池的(de)(de)標準(zhun)為(wei)IEC602851999；鎳(nie)氫(qing)電池的(de)(de)標準(zhun)為(wei)IEC614361998.1；鋰(li)電池的(de)(de)標準(zhun)為(wei)IEC619602000.11。
電(dian)(dian)池(chi)常用國家標準(zhun)(zhun)有鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)標準(zhun)(zhun)為GB/T11013_1996GB/T18289_2000；鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)標準(zhun)(zhun)為GB/T15100_1994GB/T18288_2000；鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)標準(zhun)(zhun)為GB/T10077_1998YD/T998_1999，GB/T18287_2000。
另外電(dian)池常用(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)也有日(ri)本工(gong)業標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)JIS C關于(yu)電(dian)池的(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)及SANYOPANASONIC公(gong)司制定(ding)的(de)關于(yu)電(dian)池企業標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)。
精(jing)靈(ling)世界
】編輯上(shang)傳(chuan)提供，詞(ci)條(tiao)屬(shu)于開放詞(ci)條(tiao)，當前頁面(mian)所展示的(de)詞(ci)條(tiao)介紹涉及宣(xuan)傳(chuan)內容屬(shu)于注冊(ce)用(yong)戶個人編輯行為，與(yu)【電池】的(de)所屬(shu)企業/所有(you)人/主體無關，網(wang)(wang)站(zhan)不(bu)完(wan)全保證內容信息的(de)準確(que)性、真實(shi)(shi)性，也(ye)不(bu)代表本站(zhan)立場，各項數據信息存在更新(xin)不(bu)及時的(de)情況，僅供參考，請以官方發布為準。如(ru)果頁面(mian)內容與(yu)實(shi)(shi)際情況不(bu)符，可點擊(ji)“反饋(kui)”在線向網(wang)(wang)站(zhan)提出修改，網(wang)(wang)站(zhan)將核(he)實(shi)(shi)后進行更正。
