春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)砂(sha)仁為(wei)(wei)姜科植物陽(yang)春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)砂(sha)(Amomum villosum Lour.)的果實。陽(yang)春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)砂(sha)為(wei)(wei)半遮蔭植物。陽(yang)春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)砂(sha)簡稱春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)砂(sha),廣東省(sheng)陽(yang)春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)市(shi)特產。以花(hua)及(ji)果實入(ru)藥(yao)。春(chun)(chun)(chun)(chun)砂(sha)仁還可以作為(wei)(wei)菜的佐料(liao),可以提高其營養價值。
形態特征
多年生(sheng)常綠(lv)草(cao)本,高達1.5m。地上(shang)莖直立,無(wu)分(fen)枝(zhi)。葉(xie)排(pai)為2列,無(wu)柄(bing), 有(you)特(te)殊氣味;葉(xie)片窄(zhai)長(chang)圓形或條狀披針形,長(chang)14~40cm,寬2~5cm,全緣,羽(yu)狀平行脈;葉(xie)鞘抱莖,葉(xie)端(duan)芒尖。穗(sui)狀花(hua)序成(cheng)疏松的(de)球(qiu)形,具花(hua)8~12朵(duo);花(hua)萼(e)筒狀,先端(duan)3淺裂,花(hua)冠管(guan)細(xi)長(chang),先端(duan)3裂,白(bai)色/蒴(shuo)果(guo)(guo)橢圓形,成(cheng)熟時(shi)紅棕色,有(you)肉刺。種(zhong)子多數,芳香(xiang)。花(hua)期3~6月(yue),果(guo)(guo)期6~9月(yue)。7~8月(yue)間果(guo)(guo)實成(cheng)熟時(shi)采(cai)收,低溫烘干。臨用時(shi)取種(zhong)子搗碎;果(guo)(guo)皮亦入(ru)藥。
生長環境
春砂(sha)仁生于(yu)山谷林(lin)(lin)下陰(yin)濕(shi)地(di)(di)。選(xuan)擇土(tu)壤肥沃、有(you)水(shui)源的(de)闊(kuo)葉常綠(lv)林(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)或排灌方便的(de)山谷、山坡、平地(di)(di)種(zhong)(zhong)植。種(zhong)(zhong)前要懇荒、整(zheng)地(di)(di)、起畦,沒有(you)遮(zhe)蔭樹的(de)地(di)(di)要植樹或搭(da)棚。生于(yu)氣(qi)候溫(wen)暖、潮濕(shi)、富含腐(fu)殖質的(de)山溝林(lin)(lin)下陰(yin)濕(shi)處。
分布范圍
主要分布于中國廣東陽春。
加工方法
采回的果(guo)實,可直(zhi)接曬干(gan),也可用(yong)(yong)火焙(bei)(bei)干(gan)。火焙(bei)(bei)法是用(yong)(yong)磚(zhuan)砌成(cheng)長4尺,寬3尺的爐灶,三面密封,前面留個(ge)火口,灶內25尺高處橫架木(mu)條,上面放竹(zhu)席,每席放鮮果(guo)150-200斤,面上用(yong)(yong)草席蓋(gai)好封閉,用(yong)(yong)木(mu)炭或谷殼加溫,每小時翻動一次,5-7天后取(qu)出果(guo)實,放在木(mu)桶(tong)或麻(ma)袋(dai)里(li)壓實,使(shi)果(guo)皮和種子(zi)緊貼,再用(yong)(yong)文(wen)火慢(man)(man)慢(man)(man)焙(bei)(bei)干(gan)即成(cheng)。果(guo)實焙(bei)(bei)干(gan)率為20-25%。
正宗產地(di)在(zai)陽春市春城街道蟠龍村(cun)委會。金花坑配(pei)蔻仁,宣通三焦氣(qi)機(ji),芳香(xiang)化(hua)濁,醒脾(pi)(pi)(pi)和胃(wei)(wei),行氣(qi)止(zhi)痛(tong),俱能治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)濕(shi)濁內蘊,胃(wei)(wei)呆納(na)少(shao),氣(qi)滯胸悶(men),脘腹脹(zhang)痛(tong),反胃(wei)(wei)嘔吐等(deng)癥。配(pei)青陳皮,理氣(qi)止(zhi)瀉,治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)脾(pi)(pi)(pi)胃(wei)(wei)氣(qi)滯,胸腹脹(zhang)滿,消化(hua)不良,濕(shi)阻(zu)脾(pi)(pi)(pi)胃(wei)(wei)之(zhi)泄(xie)瀉,痢疾。配(pei)佩蘭,芳香(xiang)悅脾(pi)(pi)(pi),可(ke)用治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)濕(shi)阻(zu)氣(qi)郁,惡心嘔吐,食欲不振,胸腹脹(zhang)滿,治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胎動不安等(deng)證。配(pei)冬葵(kui),行氣(qi)下(xia)乳,可(ke)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乳少(shao)氣(qi)滯脹(zhang)滿疼痛(tong)等(deng)證。配(pei)熟(shu)地(di),砂仁既免除熟(shu)地(di)滋(zi)膩礙胃(wei)(wei)之(zhi)弊,又(you)可(ke)引(yin)熟(shu)地(di)歸腎。配(pei)黃(huang)芩,寒溫相合,氣(qi)血配(pei)對,用于胎熱上(shang)沖所致的(de)胎動不安。配(pei)木(mu)香(xiang),用治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)脘腹氣(qi)滯脹(zhang)痛(tong),消化(hua)不良,加強行氣(qi)止(zhi)痛(tong)之(zhi)功。
歷史記載
春(chun)砂仁(ren)(ren)(ren)歷史悠久,早在(zai)兩千多年的(de)(de)(de)宋代出版的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)學著(zhu)作(zuo)《開(kai)寶本草(cao)》中就首次記(ji)載了(le)春(chun)砂仁(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)物(wu)功效,云其可開(kai)胃醒酒(jiu)食(shi),安胎治惡(e)阻,行(xing)氣(qi)止痛,和中止痢。金元時期醫家李東垣(yuan)稱春(chun)砂仁(ren)(ren)(ren)為化酒(jiu)食(shi)之妙劑,因其辛(xin)溫行(xing)氣(qi)而(er)使(shi)酒(jiu)食(shi)隨之而(er)化。明代萬歷年間的(de)(de)(de)《藥(yao)鑒》稱春(chun)砂仁(ren)(ren)(ren)為安胎之妙品。后世(shi)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)類醫藥(yao)方書中均(jun)有記(ji)載,把(ba)本品作(zuo)為健(jian)胃行(xing)氣(qi),和中安胎,燥濕止瀉的(de)(de)(de)要藥(yao)。近代醫家焦樹德更發前人所未發,在(zai)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)作(zuo)《用(yong)藥(yao)心得十(shi)講》中認為春(chun)砂仁(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)肉桂有相同的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong),指出“引火(huo)歸(gui)元時用(yong)肉桂,引氣(qi)歸(gui)腎(shen)時用(yong)砂仁(ren)(ren)(ren),用(yong)來治腎(shen)不納氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)咳喘氣(qi)促。大大豐富(fu)了(le)春(chun)砂仁(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)范圍