一.產品介紹
萊(lai)陽(yang)芋(yu)(yu)頭(tou)是(shi)(shi)萊(lai)陽(yang)市名優(you)特(te)產之一(yi),1988年(nian)日本舉行的博覽會(hui)上(shang)被破格為優(you)質產品(pin)展出,1991年(nian)獲(huo)全國(guo)金獎。萊(lai)陽(yang)芋(yu)(yu)頭(tou)種植在(zai)萊(lai)陽(yang)市19個鎮處,共784個行政村(cun)。萊(lai)陽(yang)芋(yu)(yu)頭(tou)的根為白(bai)色、肉質纖(xian)維(wei)根,著生(sheng)在(zai)母芋(yu)(yu)及子芋(yu)(yu)一(yi)部節上(shang)。食(shi)用(yong)部分為地下(xia)球莖,有圓形、橢圓形、卵圓形等,味鮮美、皮薄,富含淀粉(fen)、蛋白(bai)質、脂類(lei)、糖(tang)(tang)類(lei)和鈣、磷、鎂等。芋(yu)(yu)頭(tou)即(ji)可做(zuo)菜(cai),又可當糧(liang)食(shi)。因芋(yu)(yu)頭(tou)淀粉(fen)顆粒小,含乳聚(ju)糖(tang)(tang),質地軟滑,有健(jian)胃作用(yong),是(shi)(shi)嬰幼兒(er)和老年(nian)人的佳品(pin)。
二.自(zi)然(ran)生態環(huan)境和人(ren)文歷史因素
1、土壤地貌情況:萊陽芋頭種植區屬低山(shan)丘(qiu)陵區,土壤沙質土壤,土層深(shen)厚(hou),富含(han)有(you)機(ji)質,心土通氣(qi)排水(shui)良好,土壤PH值(zhi)在5.5-7之(zhi)(zhi)間,有(you)機(ji)含(han)量在1%-1.8%之(zhi)(zhi)間。
2、水文情況:萊陽(yang)境內除西北(bei)部為大沽(gu)河(he)(he)(he)支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu),其余均屬五龍河(he)(he)(he)水系。北(bei)半部有白(bai)龍河(he)(he)(he)、蜆河(he)(he)(he)、清(qing)水河(he)(he)(he)、富水河(he)(he)(he)、墨水河(he)(he)(he)五大支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu),匯合于五龍口,組成五龍河(he)(he)(he),向南注丁字(zi)灣入黃海,中(zhong)下游有嵯陽(yang)、玉帶(dai)、金水、賢友河(he)(he)(he)等(deng)支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu),全(quan)長(chang)124公(gong)里,萊陽(yang)境內83公(gong)里。水質好(hao),PH在7.9-8.2之間。市域內工業(ye)企業(ye)廢水均達標(biao)排放。
3、氣(qi)候(hou)情況:萊(lai)陽(yang)市地處北溫(wen)帶東亞季(ji)(ji)風區(qu)。大(da)(da)陸(lu)度為(wei)64.3%,屬大(da)(da)陸(lu)季(ji)(ji)風型半濕潤(run)性(xing)氣(qi)候(hou)。具有光照充足,四季(ji)(ji)分明,春季(ji)(ji)風多易旱,夏季(ji)(ji)炎(yan)熱多雨,秋(qiu)季(ji)(ji)晝暖夜涼,冬季(ji)(ji)寒冷干燥的特點。全市年平(ping)均(jun)降水量為(wei)800MM,年平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)11.2°,年平(ping)均(jun)相對濕度73%,年平(ping)均(jun)日照時(shi)數為(wei)2996小時(shi),全市平(ping)均(jun)無霜期173天。
4、人(ren)文歷史情況:萊(lai)(lai)陽(yang)芋(yu)頭(tou)早在(zai)1687年(nian)(nian)康熙《萊(lai)(lai)陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)》就(jiu)有記載,1913年(nian)(nian)“山東(dong)省第(di)一次(ci)物品(pin)展覽會”上(shang)確定萊(lai)(lai)陽(yang)芋(yu)頭(tou)為特產參加(jia)展出;1935年(nian)(nian)《萊(lai)(lai)陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)》記載“芋(yu)一名蹲鴟,近(jin)(jin)年(nian)(nian)漸為出口大(da)宗”,當時就(jiu)大(da)量出口日本(ben)(ben)及東(dong)南亞諸國(guo)。用(yong)芋(yu)頭(tou)加(jia)工(gong)成的萊(lai)(lai)陽(yang)芋(yu)仔(zi)在(zai)1988年(nian)(nian)日本(ben)(ben)舉行的國(guo)際食品(pin)博覽會上(shang)被(bei)破格為優(you)質(zhi)產品(pin)展出。1991年(nian)(nian)獲全(quan)國(guo)金(jin)獎。近(jin)(jin)幾年(nian)(nian)來,芋(yu)頭(tou)的出口量逐(zhu)年(nian)(nian)增加(jia),遠銷(xiao)日本(ben)(ben)、新加(jia)坡、馬來西亞及歐(ou)美國(guo)家,受到國(guo)內外消費者(zhe)的歡迎。
三.地域范圍
山東省萊(lai)陽(yang)市(shi)(shi),位于膠(jiao)東半(ban)島腹地(di)(di),地(di)(di)理(li)坐標(biao)為東經120°31′00″~120°59′12″,北(bei)緯(wei)36°34′10″~37°09′52″。東北(bei)與煙(yan)臺(tai)市(shi)(shi)接(jie)壤,西南(nan)(nan)與青島市(shi)(shi)毗鄰,南(nan)(nan)臨黃海。全(quan)市(shi)(shi)總面積1734平(ping)方(fang)公里(li),現轄14個鎮、4個街道辦(ban)事處和1個經濟開發區。萊(lai)陽(yang)芋頭主要在(zai)市(shi)(shi)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)低(di)山丘陵地(di)(di)帶種(zhong)植較多,覆蓋萊(lai)陽(yang)市(shi)(shi)境內的團旺、姜疃、大夼、萬(wan)等(deng)4個鄉鎮。
四.產品品質特性特征
1、外(wai)在(zai)感(gan)官特(te)征:芋(yu)形正常、大小(xiao)均勻、表面清潔(jie)、無(wu)異(yi)味、腋(ye)芽未萌(meng)發(fa)、無(wu)明顯裂痕、無(wu)腐(fu)爛(種芋(yu)殘體除外(wai))、無(wu)明顯機械傷、母芋(yu)上(shang)的子(zi)芋(yu)痕跡(ji)平整。
2、內在品質(zhi)指標:芋肉糯甜,色白新鮮(xian),蛋白質(zhi)含量1.75-2.30%、脂(zhi)類含量0.47-0.68%、淀粉含量69.6-73.7%、富含鈣、磷、鎂、甾醇、維生(sheng)素,粘多糖(tang)、果(guo)膠質(zhi)等(deng)。
3、安全要求:按照NY5251-2004無公害食品芋頭執行。
五.特(te)定(ding)生產(chan)方式
1、產地(di)選擇與特殊內容規(gui)定:生(sheng)產基地(di)無“三(san)廢(fei)”污染(ran),水質(zhi)良好,空氣清新,土(tu)壤(rang)肥(fei)沃,光照充足,生(sheng)物(wu)資源呈(cheng)多樣性的,土(tu)壤(rang)pH值5.5-7.0、有機質(zhi)含量(liang)1.0%-1.5%左右,土(tu)壤(rang)與灌(guan)溉用水、大氣環境(jing)都符(fu)合(he)無公(gong)害(hai)農產品(pin)生(sheng)產基地(di)環境(jing)質(zhi)量(liang)標準(zhun)要求,非常適合(he)萊陽芋頭(tou)種植生(sheng)長。
2、品種(zhong)選擇與特定要求(qiu):萊陽芋(yu)頭的(de)主要品種(zhong)是孤芋(yu)和花(hua)芋(yu),質白嫩,粘(zhan)性強,食味(wei)好,芋(yu)母僅占單產的(de)12%~15%。“科王1號(hao)”、“8520”是選育出的(de)優良品種(zhong),除其(qi)具有(you)食味(wei)好、營(ying)養價值高、豐產等特性外,其(qi)子芋(yu)、孫芋(yu)個(ge)大、形圓,適合(he)出口加工(gong),是目前很受歡(huan)迎的(de)優良品種(zhong)。
3、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)管(guan)理(li),包括農(nong)業投入(ru)(ru)品(pin)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)規定:整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)地(di)(di)(di)和(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei):整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)地(di)(di)(di)在(zai)(zai)秋后(hou)(hou)即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)。秋后(hou)(hou)對(dui)(dui)(dui)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)冬(dong)耕,耕作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)深(shen)(shen)度(du)(du)在(zai)(zai)30厘米以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang),有(you)(you)(you)(you)條件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)手扶拖拉機(ji)耕作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),翻(fan)土(tu)(tu)量大(da)(da)(da)(da),耕作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)深(shen)(shen),效(xiao)果(guo)好(hao)(hao)(hao)。通(tong)過冬(dong)耕可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)提(ti)高地(di)(di)(di)溫(wen),疏松(song)并加(jia)厚活土(tu)(tu)層,有(you)(you)(you)(you)利于土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)活化(hua)。3月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)結合(he)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)地(di)(di)(di),按種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)小,施(shi)(shi)入(ru)(ru)基肥(fei)(fei),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般每(mei)畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)優質腐熟(shu)土(tu)(tu)雜(za)(za)肥(fei)(fei)5000千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),為(wei)(wei)(wei)增強有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肥(fei)(fei)效(xiao),提(ti)高芋(yu)頭(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)質,可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)摻入(ru)(ru)豆(dou)(dou)餅或(huo)(huo)煮(zhu)熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃豆(dou)(dou),如(ru)(ru)用(yong)黃豆(dou)(dou),先將(jiang)黃豆(dou)(dou)在(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)浸泡后(hou)(hou)煮(zhu)熟(shu),然后(hou)(hou)把(ba)它混合(he)在(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),拌勻(yun)后(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起施(shi)(shi)入(ru)(ru)地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。配合(he)土(tu)(tu)雜(za)(za)肥(fei)(fei),還(huan)應(ying)(ying)施(shi)(shi)入(ru)(ru)氮(dan)、磷(lin)、鉀(jia)(jia)含(han)(han)量各15%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三元復合(he)肥(fei)(fei)50千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),在(zai)(zai)肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)(liao)三要(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需(xu)鉀(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)最多(duo),氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)次(ci)之,磷(lin)肥(fei)(fei)較少,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般情況下,氮(dan)、磷(lin)、鉀(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比例(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)2:1:2,把(ba)復合(he)肥(fei)(fei)均勻(yun)地(di)(di)(di)灑入(ru)(ru)地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),耕作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)翻(fan)土(tu)(tu)施(shi)(shi)入(ru)(ru)。在(zai)(zai)覆(fu)(fu)膜(mo)(mo)栽培(pei)前一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)性(xing)(xing)施(shi)(shi)入(ru)(ru)基肥(fei)(fei),施(shi)(shi)入(ru)(ru)基肥(fei)(fei)后(hou)(hou),把(ba)栽培(pei)地(di)(di)(di)耙平,整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)好(hao)(hao)(hao)待播(bo)(bo)(bo)。播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):播(bo)(bo)(bo)前催芽,棚、炕藏芋(yu)頭(tou)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)直接催芽;窖藏芋(yu)頭(tou)做種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),必(bi)須曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)4~5天(tian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)催芽,保持溫(wen)度(du)(du)18~25℃,過高易產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)氣生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)根,排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)厚度(du)(du)以(yi)(yi)(yi)二(er)層芋(yu)頭(tou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宜(yi)(yi)(yi),不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)過厚,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般7~10天(tian)即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)芽,芽不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)過長(chang)(chang)(chang),以(yi)(yi)(yi)露出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)新(xin)芽即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke),下種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將(jiang)無(wu)(wu)芽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)芋(yu)頭(tou)剔除(chu)。芋(yu)頭(tou)無(wu)(wu)明顯生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi),只要(yao)(yao)溫(wen)度(du)(du)適(shi)(shi)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)。適(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)早栽延長(chang)(chang)(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)育期(qi)(qi)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)項(xiang)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增產(chan)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。當(dang)5cm地(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)穩定在(zai)(zai)11~12℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),即(ji)覆(fu)(fu)膜(mo)(mo)田4月(yue)(yue)(yue)10~20日可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),露地(di)(di)(di)栽培(pei)應(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)1日前后(hou)(hou)下種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),密度(du)(du)要(yao)(yao)依品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)肥(fei)(fei)、土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)條件(jian)而(er)定,以(yi)(yi)(yi)每(mei)畝(mu)2500~3000株(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宜(yi)(yi)(yi),條件(jian)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)稀(xi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)點,條件(jian)差的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)密一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)點,要(yao)(yao)求行(xing)(xing)(xing)距一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)80cm左右。田間(jian)管(guan)理(li):放苗(miao)。地(di)(di)(di)膜(mo)(mo)覆(fu)(fu)蓋栽培(pei)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)30天(tian)后(hou)(hou)開(kai)始(shi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)苗(miao)。出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)苗(miao)后(hou)(hou)應(ying)(ying)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)放苗(miao),如(ru)(ru)不(bu)(bu)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)放苗(miao),就會(hui)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現高溫(wen)灼傷,使(shi)(shi)(shi)苗(miao)壞死(si)。放苗(miao)方法(fa)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)苗(miao)處將(jiang)地(di)(di)(di)膜(mo)(mo)撕開(kai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)小口,把(ba)苗(miao)引(yin)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)來,然后(hou)(hou)在(zai)(zai)苗(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)周(zhou)圍(wei)用(yong)濕土(tu)(tu)蓋嚴(yan),壓住地(di)(di)(di)膜(mo)(mo),防(fang)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)散失。肥(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)理(li)。芋(yu)頭(tou)是(shi)喜水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物,耐濕性(xing)(xing)強,忌干旱(han),在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)間(jian),尤其是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)旺(wang)盛時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi),需(xu)肥(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量大(da)(da)(da)(da),必(bi)須適(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui);施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)長(chang)(chang)(chang)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)5—6片(pian)(pian)葉(xie)(xie)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),子(zi)芋(yu)開(kai)始(shi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現,這時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)每(mei)畝(mu)應(ying)(ying)施(shi)(shi)碳(tan)酸氫銨速效(xiao)氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)40—50千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),鉀(jia)(jia)鈣(gai)復合(he)肥(fei)(fei)40—50千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),促(cu)進子(zi)芋(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang);長(chang)(chang)(chang)到(dao)8—10片(pian)(pian)葉(xie)(xie)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),子(zi)芋(yu)上(shang)(shang)葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)露出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian),長(chang)(chang)(chang)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)蘗芽,這時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)子(zi)芋(yu)開(kai)始(shi)膨(peng)大(da)(da)(da)(da),應(ying)(ying)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)第二(er)次(ci)追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei),每(mei)畝(mu)追(zhui)施(shi)(shi)碳(tan)酸氫銨50—60千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),鉀(jia)(jia)鈣(gai)復合(he)肥(fei)(fei)50—60千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將(jiang)肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)(liao)撒在(zai)(zai)壟間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溝里(li),隨澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)施(shi)(shi)入(ru)(ru);澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。在(zai)(zai)幼苗(miao)期(qi)(qi),土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)含(han)(han)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)過高,只要(yao)(yao)保持濕潤即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke),有(you)(you)(you)(you)利于根和(he)(he)(he)幼苗(miao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang),這時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量過大(da)(da)(da)(da)會(hui)影響發芽,引(yin)起爛種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。5月(yue)(yue)(yue)底,進入(ru)(ru)發棵期(qi)(qi),6月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)至(zhi)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)份,是(shi)結芋(yu)膨(peng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)期(qi)(qi),這個(ge)期(qi)(qi)間(jian)光熱充足,是(shi)植(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旺(wang)盛時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi),需(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量大(da)(da)(da)(da),應(ying)(ying)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),保持土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)始(shi)終在(zai)(zai)濕潤狀(zhuang)態,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)持水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量以(yi)(yi)(yi)70—75%為(wei)(wei)(wei)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)。砂性(xing)(xing)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),澆(jiao)(jiao)半溝水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)好(hao)(hao)(hao),不(bu)(bu)能漫(man)過毛(mao)芋(yu)頭(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)位置(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)。澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)適(shi)(shi)合(he)在(zai)(zai)早晚進行(xing)(xing)(xing)。澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)注意小水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灌(guan)注,防(fang)止(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)漫(man)灌(guan)。澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou)(hou)還(huan)注意及時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)松(song)土(tu)(tu),除(chu)去田間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雜(za)(za)草,提(ti)高土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)透性(xing)(xing);割(ge)(ge)芽。覆(fu)(fu)膜(mo)(mo)栽培(pei)法(fa)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)培(pei)土(tu)(tu),但需(xu)要(yao)(yao)割(ge)(ge)除(chu)蘗芽。當(dang)子(zi)芋(yu)開(kai)始(shi)膨(peng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),會(hui)長(chang)(chang)(chang)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)蘗芽,蘗芽分(fen)(fen)布(bu)在(zai)(zai)主莖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)周(zhou)圍(wei),象初(chu)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)芽苗(miao)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)這些(xie)新(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘗芽,要(yao)(yao)適(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)割(ge)(ge)掉。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般是(shi)等(deng)它長(chang)(chang)(chang)到(dao)兩葉(xie)(xie)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)心時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)割(ge)(ge)除(chu),如(ru)(ru)果(guo)割(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太早,割(ge)(ge)不(bu)(bu)完全,割(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太晚,就會(hui)消(xiao)耗養(yang)分(fen)(fen),不(bu)(bu)利于芋(yu)頭(tou)膨(peng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)。病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):病(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)。芋(yu)頭(tou)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)主要(yao)(yao)病(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)軟(ruan)腐病(bing)(bing)、芋(yu)疫病(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)等(deng),這些(xie)病(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)主要(yao)(yao)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian),使(shi)(shi)(shi)葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現黃褐色或(huo)(huo)褐色斑點,圓形(xing),并逐漸向四周(zhou)擴展(zhan)形(xing)成病(bing)(bing)斑,并在(zai)(zai)輪紋上(shang)(shang)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)白(bai)色稀(xi)薄(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)霉狀(zhuang)物,嚴(yan)重時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)葉(xie)(xie)柄和(he)(he)(he)根部,使(shi)(shi)(shi)葉(xie)(xie)柄變黃或(huo)(huo)凋(diao)萎(wei),根和(he)(he)(he)球莖腐爛。對(dui)(dui)(dui)此可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)采取以(yi)(yi)(yi)下幾種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法(fa)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):實行(xing)(xing)(xing)1-2年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輪作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)制,播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前,用(yong)農(nong)用(yong)鏈霉素(su)(su)對(dui)(dui)(dui)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)消(xiao)毒。從無(wu)(wu)病(bing)(bing)田留種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),選(xuan)用(yong)抗耐病(bing)(bing)良種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),采用(yong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平衡施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)技(ji)術,增強植(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)抗病(bing)(bing)力;第三種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法(fa)是(shi)藥(yao)(yao)劑(ji)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):對(dui)(dui)(dui)病(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)農(nong)用(yong)鏈霉素(su)(su)藥(yao)(yao)劑(ji)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)噴(pen)霧,嚴(yan)重時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)鏈霉素(su)(su)藥(yao)(yao)劑(ji)澆(jiao)(jiao)灌(guan)根部,及時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)清(qing)除(chu)田間(jian)病(bing)(bing)殘體,也(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)采用(yong)70%代森錳鋅可(ke)(ke)(ke)濕性(xing)(xing)粉劑(ji)600—800倍液,或(huo)(huo)60%多(duo)菌靈可(ke)(ke)(ke)濕性(xing)(xing)粉劑(ji)800-1000倍液,進行(xing)(xing)(xing)葉(xie)(xie)面(mian)噴(pen)霧,每(mei)7—10天(tian)噴(pen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci),共噴(pen)施(shi)(shi)2—3次(ci)即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)達(da)到(dao)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)效(xiao)果(guo)。 蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)。芋(yu)頭(tou)在(zai)(zai)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)內,蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)率較低(di),所發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)芋(yu)螨、紅蜘蛛(zhu)等(deng)。如(ru)(ru)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai),可(ke)(ke)(ke)選(xuan)用(yong)高效(xiao)、低(di)毒、低(di)殘留的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)劑(ji)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),如(ru)(ru)阿維(wei)菌素(su)(su)、阿維(wei)白(bai)螨銳(rui)等(deng)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)安(an)全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)劑(ji)。在(zai)(zai)植(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)至(zhi)2—3個(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)純品(pin)阿維(wei)菌素(su)(su)8000—9000倍液進行(xing)(xing)(xing)噴(pen)霧防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),噴(pen)霧1—2次(ci),每(mei)次(ci)間(jian)隔(ge)(ge)20—30天(tian),或(huo)(huo)用(yong)45%阿維(wei)白(bai)螨銳(rui)3000—4000倍液噴(pen)霧,每(mei)次(ci)間(jian)隔(ge)(ge)15—20天(tian),這些(xie)藥(yao)(yao)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)次(ci)數全年(nian)(nian)限制在(zai)(zai)2-3次(ci)以(yi)(yi)(yi)內,而(er)且最后(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)必(bi)須在(zai)(zai)7月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)以(yi)(yi)(yi)前,保障(zhang)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)到(dao)收(shou)獲(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)隔(ge)(ge)期(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)15天(tian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang),以(yi)(yi)(yi)確(que)保達(da)到(dao)無(wu)(wu)公(gong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蔬菜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準。
4、產品收獲后(hou)(hou)處理(li)的規定:收獲應(ying)在(zai)晴(qing)天,先(xian)將(jiang)(jiang)莖葉在(zai)基部7—10厘米處割去,然(ran)后(hou)(hou)用镢頭(tou)(tou)沿(yan)壟(long)底將(jiang)(jiang)植株(zhu)(zhu)周(zhou)圍(wei)刨松動,慢慢將(jiang)(jiang)整(zheng)株(zhu)(zhu)的芋頭(tou)(tou)從土中全(quan)部挖起。整(zheng)株(zhu)(zhu)的芋頭(tou)(tou)挖出后(hou)(hou),除去泥土,一個個將(jiang)(jiang)其掰下(xia),稍稍晾干表面水(shui)分,裝入袋內和筐內。
5、生(sheng)產(chan)記錄(lu)(lu)要求:萊陽芋(yu)頭收購單位應(ying)建立(li)健(jian)全進貨、質量分級、產(chan)品質量檢測、生(sheng)產(chan)加工、銷售等生(sheng)產(chan)記錄(lu)(lu)。記錄(lu)(lu)應(ying)長期保存。
六.包(bao)裝標識相(xiang)關規定
1、包(bao)裝:按NY/T658-2002標準執行。
2、標識:標志使用人應在(zai)其產品或其包裝上統一使用農產品地理(li)標志(萊陽(yang)芋頭(tou)名稱和(he)公(gong)共標識圖(tu)案組(zu)合標注型式)。
3、貯(zhu)(zhu)存:將芋(yu)頭清除泥土,摘去根須,晾曬1~2天,然后裝入紙(zhi)箱或塑料周轉箱內,放置在通風良好的(de)室內或庫房內貯(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)。貯(zhu)(zhu)藏(zang)溫度為(wei)13-15℃、相對濕度為(wei)80%-85%。
4、運(yun)(yun)輸:運(yun)(yun)輸工具清潔(jie)衛生、無異味。不(bu)與(yu)有毒有害物(wu)品混運(yun)(yun),裝卸時(shi)(shi)輕拿輕放(fang)。待(dai)運(yun)(yun)時(shi)(shi),應批次分明、堆(dui)碼整齊、環境清潔(jie)、通風良好。嚴禁(jin)烈(lie)日曝雨(yu)、雨(yu)淋。注意防凍、防熱,縮短待(dai)運(yun)(yun)時(shi)(shi)間。