1、土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)地(di)貌(mao)情(qing)況:榮(rong)(rong)成市(shi)地(di)處膠東低山(shan)(shan)丘陵區的(de)(de)東端,有(you)山(shan)(shan)地(di)、丘陵、平原三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)地(di)貌(mao)類(lei)型,其(qi)中山(shan)(shan)地(di)占全(quan)市(shi)土(tu)地(di)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)33.5%,丘陵占50.4%,平原占16.1%。北(bei)部的(de)(de)偉德山(shan)(shan)和南部的(de)(de)槎山(shan)(shan)構成主要山(shan)(shan)區,整個(ge)(ge)地(di)勢南北(bei)高,中間(jian)低,呈(cheng)馬(ma)鞍形(xing)。榮(rong)(rong)成市(shi)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)多為(wei)(wei)酸性巖及其(qi)風化物發育而成,土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)分棕壤(rang)(rang)、潮土(tu)、風沙土(tu)、鹽土(tu)4個(ge)(ge)土(tu)類(lei),9個(ge)(ge)亞類(lei),18個(ge)(ge)土(tu)屬,120個(ge)(ge)土(tu)種(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中棕壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)類(lei)分布最(zui)廣(guang),面(mian)積(ji)最(zui)大(da),總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)2007644畝,占全(quan)市(shi)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)82.25%。土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)PH值在(zai)5.6—8.1之間(jian),平均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)6.4,有(you)機(ji)質含量平均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)1.16%,心土(tu)通(tong)氣(qi)排水良好,并富含磷、鉀(jia)、鈣、鎂、鐵(tie)、鋅等蘋果必需的(de)(de)礦質元(yuan)素(su)。
2、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文情況(kuang):榮成市有(you)大(da)小河(he)(he)流(liu)102條,干流(liu)總(zong)(zong)長度469.9公里,集水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面積1150.2平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公里,其(qi)中集水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面積20平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公里以(yi)上的河(he)(he)流(liu)有(you)十(shi)條。榮成水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系屬(shu)于(yu)沿海邊緣水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系,雖不(bu)發(fa)達(da),但由于(yu)河(he)(he)流(liu)主要發(fa)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)山體(ti)土層(ceng)深(shen)厚(hou),植被茂密,涵養蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)豐(feng)富,山澗(jian)、河(he)(he)流(liu),多細長漫流(liu),終(zhong)年不(bu)絕。榮成市地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、地(di)面水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)豐(feng)富,全(quan)市共有(you)機電井、大(da)口井2731眼(yan),各(ge)(ge)類蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)程1605座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),其(qi)中水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫179座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(中型(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫4座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),小一型(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫27座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),小二型(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫136座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)),塘壩1608座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),各(ge)(ge)類水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利工(gong)(gong)程總(zong)(zong)庫容達(da)2.6億(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)。全(quan)市平(ping)均水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)總(zong)(zong)量(liang)4.2億(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),年可利用(yong)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)總(zong)(zong)量(liang)為1.8億(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),占全(quan)市水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)總(zong)(zong)量(liang)的43%,果園都能(neng)得到有(you)效灌溉。根據環(huan)境(jing)(jing)監測(ce)部(bu)門監測(ce),榮成市境(jing)(jing)內地(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)達(da)到國(guo)家《地(di)面水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)質量(liang)標準》的Ⅱ類水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質標準,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質感(gan)觀良好(hao),無(wu)(wu)色、無(wu)(wu)臭(chou)、無(wu)(wu)味、透(tou)明,pH值4.5-7.5之間(jian),砷≤0.05,鎘(ge)≤0.005,鉛≤0.05等有(you)關指標符(fu)合我國(guo)和世界衛生組織制定的飲用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質準則。榮成市境(jing)(jing)內無(wu)(wu)大(da)型(xing)化工(gong)(gong)廠,無(wu)(wu)“三廢”排放(fang)和空氣污染,也沒有(you)重金屬(shu)污染歷史。
3、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候情況:榮成市屬于(yu)暖溫帶季風(feng)型大(da)陸(lu)性氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候,四季變化和季風(feng)進退(tui)都較明(ming)顯(xian)。因三(san)面環海(hai),與同(tong)緯(wei)度(du)的(de)內陸(lu)地區相(xiang)(xiang)比,具(ju)有(you)雨(yu)水(shui)豐富(fu)、年溫適(shi)中、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候溫和的(de)特(te)點。另外,受海(hai)洋(yang)的(de)調節(jie)作用,又具(ju)有(you)春(chun)冷(leng)、夏涼、秋暖、冬(dong)(dong)溫、無霜(shuang)期長和濕度(du)大(da)等(deng)海(hai)洋(yang)性氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候特(te)點。全市歷(li)(li)年平(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)785.4毫(hao)米,降(jiang)水(shui)集中在(zai)6-9月(yue)(yue)份(fen),占全年降(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)的(de)72.7%,其(qi)(qi)季節(jie)分布是1-5月(yue)(yue)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)雨(yu)量(liang)(liang)為125.6mm,占16.7%,6-9月(yue)(yue)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)雨(yu)量(liang)(liang)為548.2mm,占72.7%。降(jiang)水(shui)春(chun)秋少、夏季多、冬(dong)(dong)季少,降(jiang)水(shui)分布具(ju)有(you)雨(yu)熱同(tong)期的(de)特(te)點,與蘋果(guo)的(de)生長發育(yu)相(xiang)(xiang)吻合。歷(li)(li)年平(ping)均(jun)(jun)日照時數(shu)2578.5小時,歷(li)(li)年平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫11.3℃,與同(tong)緯(wei)度(du)內陸(lu)相(xiang)(xiang)比,冬(dong)(dong)溫高,夏溫低(di),春(chun)溫低(di)于(yu)秋溫,最(zui)(zui)冷(leng)月(yue)(yue)份(fen)是一(yi)月(yue)(yue),其(qi)(qi)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫為-2.7℃;最(zui)(zui)熱月(yue)(yue)為8月(yue)(yue),平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫為24.3℃,春(chun)、秋兩(liang)季氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫日差(cha)較大(da),晝夜溫差(cha)明(ming)顯(xian);年均(jun)(jun)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)對溫度(du)71%,無霜(shuang)期214天。
4、人文歷(li)史(shi)情況:榮(rong)(rong)(rong)成(cheng)(cheng)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)具有(you)(you)(you)悠久的(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)培(pei)歷(li)史(shi),據(ju)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)成(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)志記(ji)載中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)原產的(de)(de)(de)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)奈及林檎在(zai)榮(rong)(rong)(rong)成(cheng)(cheng)已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)二(er)百多(duo)(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)培(pei)歷(li)史(shi),境內有(you)(you)(you)百年(nian)左(zuo)右(you)的(de)(de)(de)老樹。西洋蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)引進(jin)(jin)也有(you)(you)(you)一百多(duo)(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi),光緒十(shi)四年(nian)(一八八八年(nian))由煙臺引進(jin)(jin),斥山附近也有(you)(you)(you)從朝(chao)鮮引進(jin)(jin)。目前,榮(rong)(rong)(rong)成(cheng)(cheng)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)8個(ge)(ge)屬,84個(ge)(ge)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),現有(you)(you)(you)栽(zai)培(pei)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)64個(ge)(ge),既(ji)有(you)(you)(you)少量(liang)古老的(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)小國(guo)(guo)光、金(jin)帥、紅(hong)(hong)(hong)星等,又有(you)(you)(you)80年(nian)代以后引進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)富士、嘎(ga)啦(la)、津輕、喬納(na)金(jin)、新世界、藤木一號、珊夏、紅(hong)(hong)(hong)將(jiang)軍等。榮(rong)(rong)(rong)成(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)委、市(shi)政府把打(da)造(zao)“榮(rong)(rong)(rong)成(cheng)(cheng)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”品(pin)(pin)(pin)牌當做優化農業(ye)結構(gou),促進(jin)(jin)經濟(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)事來抓,通過(guo)幾代人的(de)(de)(de)不懈(xie)努力,蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)為我(wo)市(shi)農業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)支柱產業(ye),曾(ceng)多(duo)(duo)次獲得(de)部級、省級優質(zhi)(zhi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)獎,目前栽(zai)培(pei)面(mian)積穩定(ding)在(zai)十(shi)萬畝以上,2002年(nian)被農業(ye)部確(que)定(ding)為全國(guo)(guo)20個(ge)(ge)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)基地縣(xian)之一。榮(rong)(rong)(rong)成(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)高(gao)度(du)重視綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)水(shui)(shui)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),成(cheng)(cheng)立專門機構(gou)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)無(wu)公(gong)害(hai)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。截止(zhi)到目前,全市(shi)已(yi)經有(you)(you)(you)六家果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)企業(ye)獲得(de)了綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、無(wu)公(gong)害(hai)農產品(pin)(pin)(pin)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)富士蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)認(ren)證(zheng),認(ren)證(zheng)面(mian)積達到了2.5萬畝。2006年(nian),榮(rong)(rong)(rong)成(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)被中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)心、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)協會確(que)定(ding)為全國(guo)(guo)首(shou)批52家綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)農業(ye)示范(fan)(fan)區建(jian)設(she)單位(wei),蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)全部納(na)入(ru)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)農業(ye)建(jian)設(she)規劃,已(yi)建(jian)設(she)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)水(shui)(shui)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)示范(fan)(fan)區15萬畝,包(bao)括榮(rong)(rong)(rong)成(cheng)(cheng)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)10萬畝。蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產地環(huan)(huan)境質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)完全符合NY/T391-2000綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)產地環(huan)(huan)境技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu);農藥使(shi)用符合NY/T393-2000綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)農藥使(shi)用準(zhun)則,肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)使(shi)用符合NY/394-2000綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)使(shi)用準(zhun)則,產品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)符合NY/T844-2004綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)溫帶水(shui)(shui)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)。榮(rong)(rong)(rong)成(cheng)(cheng)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實現了“從土(tu)地到餐(can)桌”的(de)(de)(de)全過(guo)程質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監管,各項指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)都達到了綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)。
地域范圍
榮成(cheng)(cheng)蘋果保(bao)護范(fan)圍位于東經122°09′~122°42′,北(bei)(bei)(bei)緯36°45′~37°27′之間, 地(di)處(chu)山東半島最東端,西(xi)接文登市,西(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)接環(huan)翠區,北(bei)(bei)(bei)、南(nan)、東、三面(mian)環(huan)黃海。覆蓋(gai)榮成(cheng)(cheng)市境內的12個鎮10個街(jie)道辦事處(chu)827個行政村,東至(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)山鎮禮村,西(xi)至(zhi)蔭子鎮前長灣村,南(nan)至(zhi)人和鎮院夼村,北(bei)(bei)(bei)至(zhi)港(gang)西(xi)鎮王家村,南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)最大(da)跨(kua)度78公(gong)(gong)里,東西(xi)最大(da)跨(kua)度33公(gong)(gong)里,生(sheng)產面(mian)積7193公(gong)(gong)頃,年(nian)產量22萬噸左右。
產品品質特(te)性(xing)特(te)征(zheng)
1、外在感(gan)官特征(zheng):榮成蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)型端正,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)面光(guang)(guang)潔、色(se)澤鮮艷,多汁爽口,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肉松脆、風味芳(fang)香(xiang),耐儲存。其中(zhong)(zhong),紅(hong)富(fu)士蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)為大(da)型果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),平均(jun)單果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)重180~300克,最大(da)單果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)重可(ke)達(da)(da)400克以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)多為扁圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),80%的紅(hong)富(fu)士蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)可(ke)達(da)(da)到80mm以(yi)上(shang)(shang)規格,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)形(xing)指數(shu)在0.85左右(you)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)面光(guang)(guang)潔,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)上(shang)(shang)無藥斑、粉塵、黑灰等(deng)污染。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梗(geng)較(jiao)細,少數(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梗(geng)基(ji)部有肉質突起(qi)。梗(geng)洼較(jiao)廣,中(zhong)(zhong)深較(jiao)緩(huan),偶爾有裂口。尊洼中(zhong)(zhong)深,較(jiao)廣而(er)緩(huan)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)皮光(guang)(guang)滑有光(guang)(guang)澤,中(zhong)(zhong)厚而(er)韌,光(guang)(guang)滑,蠟(la)質中(zhong)(zhong)多。成熟果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)面底色(se)淡黃(huang),著暗紅(hong)或鮮紅(hong)色(se)霞或條霞。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)點圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),較(jiao)明顯,中(zhong)(zhong)大(da),較(jiao)密,陽(yang)面果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)點黃(huang)白(bai)色(se),陰面果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)點黃(huang)色(se)。紅(hong)富(fu)士蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)集中(zhong)(zhong)著色(se)面積達(da)(da)85%以(yi)上(shang)(shang),嘎拉蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)集中(zhong)(zhong)著色(se)面積可(ke)達(da)(da)75%以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)大(da)小一等(deng)品(pin)率(lv)78%以(yi)上(shang)(shang),果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)表面顏色(se)一等(deng)品(pin)率(lv)80%以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。
2、內(nei)在品質指標:果肉(rou)(rou)(rou)黃白(bai)色(se),肉(rou)(rou)(rou)質致密,細(xi)脆、果汁多。酸甜(tian)適口,芳香味濃(nong),無澀感,品質極(ji)上。果肉(rou)(rou)(rou)硬度7.5~9.0kg/平方厘(li)米,貯藏6個月后(hou)硬度保持在6.5~8.0kg/平方厘(li)米。紅(hong)富(fu)士蘋果可溶(rong)性固形物(wu)含(han)量(liang)達(da)15.0%,最(zui)高可達(da)17.5%,嘎拉(la)可溶(rong)性固形物(wu)含(han)量(liang)達(da)11.5~12.5%,酸含(han)量(liang)為0.2%~0.4%。極(ji)耐(nai)貯運,可貯到翌年四、五(wu)月份(fen)。鮮蘋果含(han)水(shui)量(liang)為85%,含(han)有豐富(fu)的碳水(shui)化(hua)合物(wu)、維生素和微量(liang)元素。
3、安(an)全要求:執(zhi)行(xing)NY/T844-2004綠色食(shi)品(pin)溫帶水果。
特定生產方式
1、產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)選擇:要(yao)求生態環(huan)境良好,無(wu)或不直接受工業“三廢(fei)”及農(nong)業、城鎮生活、醫療廢(fei)棄物污(wu)染的(de)水(shui)(shui)(地(di)(di)(di))域。 種植地(di)(di)(di)域內上風向(xiang)、灌溉水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)上游,沒有對產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)環(huan)境構成威脅的(de)(包括工業"三廢(fei)"、農(nong)業廢(fei)棄物、醫療機構污(wu)水(shui)(shui)及廢(fei)棄物、城市垃圾和生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)等(deng))污(wu)染源(yuan)。產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)環(huan)境質量(liang)要(yao)求:符合NY/T391-2000綠色食品產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)環(huan)境技術條件(jian)的(de)規定。
2、品種選擇:紅富士、喬納金、新世(shi)界、嘎啦、津輕、藤木一號等。
3、生產(chan)過(guo)程管理:按照《榮成蘋果生產(chan)技術規程》操作。
4、產品(pin)后(hou)期處理(li)規(gui)定:原料的來源與驗收(shou):果(guo)品(pin)要(yao)適期采(cai)收(shou),采(cai)果(guo)時(shi)要(yao)輕(qing)拿、輕(qing)放、輕(qing)裝、輕(qing)御、防止(zhi)指(zhi)甲傷(shang)、碰壓傷(shang)、磨擦傷(shang),隨采(cai)隨將病蟲果(guo)、傷(shang)果(guo)等殘次果(guo)剔除(chu)。采(cai)收(shou)后(hou)入冷(leng)(leng)庫(ku)前要(yao)經過預冷(leng)(leng)處理(li)、消毒處理(li),然后(hou)再進入機(ji)械冷(leng)(leng)庫(ku)儲存。
5、生產記錄要求(qiu):要有完善(shan)的生產記錄。