一.產品介紹
長(chang)(chang)(chang)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)系姜科植物(wu)豆蔻屬(shu)陽(yang)春(chun)(chun)(chun)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(Amomum villosum Lour.)的(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)實(shi)。長(chang)(chang)(chang)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)國(guo)家級生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),是福建省砂(sha)(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)傳統產(chan)區(qu)。主產(chan)區(qu)海拔200-600m,屬(shu)南(nan)亞(ya)熱帶(dai)氣候,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)小氣候氣溫23-27℃之間;森林覆蓋率高(gao)(gao),陰濕多(duo)霧,土壤疏松肥(fei)沃,非常適(shi)(shi)宜陽(yang)春(chun)(chun)(chun)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)開花授粉(fen)(fen)及生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang),屬(shu)中(zhong)國(guo)陽(yang)春(chun)(chun)(chun)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)北緣區(qu)域。長(chang)(chang)(chang)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)素有“名貴南(nan)藥”美稱,有悠久的(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)培歷史(shi),早在公(gong)(gong)元1687年刊行的(de)(de)(de)(de)《長(chang)(chang)(chang)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)志土產(chan)藥屬(shu)》、清(qing)康熙、乾隆的(de)(de)(de)(de)《長(chang)(chang)(chang)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)志》均有長(chang)(chang)(chang)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)記載。另外,據科研(yan)部門測定,長(chang)(chang)(chang)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)果(guo)實(shi)含油(you)量3.2%,與(yu)著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)陽(yang)春(chun)(chun)(chun)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)相當,藥效(xiao)與(yu)陽(yang)春(chun)(chun)(chun)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)相似。長(chang)(chang)(chang)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)還具有果(guo)實(shi)大、品質好、自然傳粉(fen)(fen)率高(gao)(gao),適(shi)(shi)應性廣(guang)等特點。長(chang)(chang)(chang)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)蒴果(guo)橢圓形,長(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-2.0cm,寬1.2-2.0cm,成熟時呈紫紅色,干果(guo)呈褐(he)色,表面被柔刺,種子(zi)為(wei)(wei)多(duo)角(jiao)形,香氣濃郁,味苦辛(xin)。在砂(sha)(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)栽(zai)培方面,縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農業局組織(zhi)科研(yan)攻關,采用調控蔭蔽度(du)、施肥(fei)培土、人工授粉(fen)(fen)等新技術(shu),有效(xiao)提高(gao)(gao)了砂(sha)(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)產(chan)量和效(xiao)益,促進了長(chang)(chang)(chang)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)產(chan)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。 至2014年末,長(chang)(chang)(chang)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)面積(ji)達(da)300公(gong)(gong)頃,平(ping)均每公(gong)(gong)頃產(chan)鮮果(guo)可達(da)2250-3000公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(最高(gao)(gao)達(da)4500公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)以上),產(chan)值(zhi)每公(gong)(gong)頃達(da)數萬元。如今(jin),長(chang)(chang)(chang)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)已成為(wei)(wei)地方名產(chan),備受我(wo)國(guo)南(nan)方地區(qu)及東南(nan)亞(ya)國(guo)家消費者青(qing)睞。
二.自然生態環境和(he)人文(wen)歷史因素
1、土壤地(di)(di)貌情況:長(chang)(chang)泰縣地(di)(di)處戴云山(shan)脈向(xiang)(xiang)南面的漳(zhang)州平(ping)原(yuan)和東南面的廈門沿海平(ping)原(yuan)過(guo)渡地(di)(di)帶,形如蒲扇(shan)狀(zhuang),地(di)(di)勢由東、北、西三面的中山(shan)向(xiang)(xiang)中部和南部的河(he)谷平(ping)原(yuan)呈層(ceng)狀(zhuang)逐級(ji)降低,從而構成(cheng)北高南低向(xiang)(xiang)南開口的馬(ma)蹄狀(zhuang)地(di)(di)貌特征,同時,長(chang)(chang)泰砂仁生長(chang)(chang)區(qu)域多為丘陵臺地(di)(di)、山(shan)間(jian)谷盆,土壤為磚紅壤性(xing)紅壤,風化層(ceng)深厚,蓄水力強,土壤pH值(zhi)在5-6之間(jian),有機質含(han)量為1-2%,自然肥力高,疏松濕潤,對于長(chang)(chang)泰砂仁生長(chang)(chang)發育十分有利。
2、水(shui)文情(qing)況(kuang):由(you)于(yu)長(chang)(chang)泰(tai)(tai)縣(xian)馬蹄狀(zhuang)地(di)貌特征,可有效削弱冬季北方冷空氣的入(ru)侵并有利于(yu)南面(mian)的暖濕(shi)海(hai)洋(yang)氣流長(chang)(chang)驅直入(ru),形成了較為(wei)典型的南亞熱帶海(hai)洋(yang)性(xing)季風氣候。特別是(shi)長(chang)(chang)泰(tai)(tai)砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)主產地(di)為(wei)縣(xian)域(yu)東部(bu)山區,有“閩(min)南第一(yi)峰”之稱的吳田山(主峰海(hai)拔1129米),國家森林公園——天柱山,活盤(pan)水(shui)庫、紅巖(yan)水(shui)庫蓄水(shui)量近(jin)3000萬立方米,水(shui)資源豐富。此外,長(chang)(chang)泰(tai)(tai)縣(xian)雨(yu)量充沛(pei),年平均降雨(yu)量為(wei)1680mm,平均相對濕(shi)度為(wei)82%,長(chang)(chang)泰(tai)(tai)砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)生(sheng)產區域(yu)內(nei)無工業污染(ran),森林植被(bei)茂盛(sheng),生(sheng)態環境(jing)良好,水(shui)資源保(bao)持良好,是(shi)理想的農業用水(shui)。
3、氣候情況:長泰(tai)縣屬南亞熱帶海(hai)洋(yang)性季風氣候, 年平均氣溫21℃,冬(dong)無(wu)嚴寒,夏無(wu)酷(ku)暑,無(wu)霜期328天,形成光照適(shi)(shi)中,溫暖濕潤(run)、多(duo)霧的(de)小(xiao)氣候。長泰(tai)砂(sha)仁(ren)主(zhu)產區海(hai)拔多(duo)在200-600m,加上樹林蔭蔽,小(xiao)氣候環境氣溫為23-27℃之(zhi)間,適(shi)(shi)宜砂(sha)仁(ren)的(de)開花及授粉。長泰(tai)縣獨特的(de)氣候條件,非常適(shi)(shi)合砂(sha)仁(ren)的(de)生長。
三.地域范圍
長(chang)(chang)泰砂仁(ren)地(di)(di)理(li)保護范(fan)圍位于長(chang)(chang)泰縣(xian)東部山區,距縣(xian)城14公(gong)里,距廈門口(kou)岸52公(gong)里,距漳(zhang)州市(shi)區30公(gong)里,廈成(cheng)高(gao)速(su)、福廣(guang)高(gao)速(su)公(gong)路穿(chuan)境而過,設有互通口(kou),交(jiao)通便捷(jie)。該(gai)區域生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境優越,地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)貌獨特(te),特(te)別適宜砂仁(ren)的生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)育。主(zhu)產(chan)地(di)(di)為(wei)長(chang)(chang)泰縣(xian)陳(chen)巷鎮新吳村(cun)(cun)、吳田村(cun)(cun)、祖地(di)(di)村(cun)(cun)、美彭村(cun)(cun),坂(ban)里鄉(xiang)高(gao)層村(cun)(cun)、正達村(cun)(cun)以及(ji)馬洋溪生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)旅游區山重村(cun)(cun)、后(hou)坊村(cun)(cun)等8個行政村(cun)(cun),地(di)(di)理(li)坐標為(wei)東經117°38′-117°56′,北緯24°39′-24°47′之間(jian)。總保護面積1300公(gong)頃,現有生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)面積300公(gong)頃,年(nian)產(chan)量450噸。
四.產品品質特(te)性特(te)征
1、外在感(gan)官特征:長泰砂仁蒴果(guo)橢圓形(xing),長1.5-2.0cm,寬1.2-2.0cm,成熟時呈(cheng)紫紅色,干(gan)果(guo)呈(cheng)褐色,表面被柔(rou)刺,種子(zi)為多(duo)角(jiao)形(xing),香氣濃郁,味苦辛。
2、內在品質指標:砂仁種(zhong)子含揮發油(you),種(zhong)子團(tuan)含揮發油(you)3.15%-3.80%(ml/g),乙酸(suan)龍腦酯的含量為0.95%-1.35%。
3、安全(quan)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu):長(chang)泰(tai)砂(sha)仁(ren)產(chan)地符合NY/T391《綠(lv)色食品產(chan)地環境技(ji)術條件》的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu),生產(chan)管(guan)理(li)過程及(ji)產(chan)品品質安全(quan)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)符合國(guo)家藥(yao)品監督管(guan)理(li)局審議(yi)通過的(de)《中藥(yao)材生產(chan)質量(liang)管(guan)理(li)規范(fan)(試行)》中相關規定(ding)。
五.特定生產方(fang)式
1、產地(di)選擇(ze):根據(ju)砂仁生態條(tiao)件及昆(kun)蟲傳粉所需條(tiao)件,種植(zhi)地(di)選擇(ze)濕(shi)度大有水源的(de)常綠林地(di)和排灌(guan)方(fang)便(bian)的(de)丘陵臺地(di)、山間(jian)谷盆、緩(huan)坡地(di)、平地(di),土(tu)壤以(yi)肥沃(wo)、疏松保水、保肥力強的(de)砂壤土(tu)或輕黏壤土(tu)為好。產地(di)要遠(yuan)離工業(ye)“三廢(fei)”等污染源,土(tu)壤環境(jing)、灌(guan)溉水質和空氣(qi)環境(jing)質量應符合NY/T391《綠色食品產地(di)環境(jing)技術條(tiao)件》的(de)要求。種植(zhi)前進行(xing)墾荒整地(di),除凈雜(za)草和砍(kan)除過多蔭蔽(bi)樹;蔭蔽(bi)樹不夠的(de)地(di)方(fang)應注意補種蔭蔽(bi)植(zhi)物,短期見(jian)效的(de)可(ke)以(yi)間(jian)種香蕉(jiao),長(chang)遠(yuan)的(de)要營造常綠闊葉林,使蔭蔽(bi)度保持50%-70%之間(jian)。園區開挖(wa)環山排灌(guan)水溝(gou),以(yi)防旱排澇。
2、品種(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze):選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)優質、抗性強、適應當地氣候條件的長泰砂(sha)仁品種(zhong)(zhong),用粒大飽滿的成熟果實留種(zhong)(zhong)育(yu)苗,或(huo)者選(xuan)(xuan)當年生(sheng)植株分株育(yu)苗,苗種(zhong)(zhong)規格整(zheng)齊,健壯無(wu)病。
3、生產(chan)過程管理(li)與控制(zhi)技術:長泰(tai)砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)栽種(zhong)以(yi)分(fen)(fen)株繁殖為主(zhu),剪取(qu)當年(nian)(nian)生植株作種(zhong)苗,于春分(fen)(fen)、秋分(fen)(fen)前后(hou)雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)充(chong)足時(shi)定(ding)植。種(zhong)植后(hou)第1、2年(nian)(nian),要(yao)經常除(chu)草,進入(ru)(ru)開(kai)花(hua)(hua)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)年(nian)(nian)齡后(hou),每年(nian)(nian)除(chu)草2次(ci),分(fen)(fen)別在(zai)2月和(he)采果(guo)后(hou)進行(xing)。砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)園要(yao)調控蔭蔽度(du)(du),新種(zhong)植砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)未達開(kai)花(hua)(hua)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)年(nian)(nian)限之前,要(yao)求有較(jiao)(jiao)大蔭蔽度(du)(du),以(yi)保持70%-80%為宜(yi),進入(ru)(ru)開(kai)花(hua)(hua)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)年(nian)(nian)限后(hou),在(zai)花(hua)(hua)芽分(fen)(fen)化期,需(xu)要(yao)較(jiao)(jiao)多的(de)陽光(guang),保持50%-60%蔭蔽度(du)(du)較(jiao)(jiao)適宜(yi)。水(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)管理(li)上(shang)要(yao)經常澆水(shui)(shui),保持土(tu)壤(rang)濕潤(run),如雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)多土(tu)壤(rang)積水(shui)(shui),濕度(du)(du)過大,必須及時(shi)排水(shui)(shui)。人工授(shou)粉可大幅(fu)度(du)(du)提高(gao)砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)產(chan)量,在(zai)砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)盛花(hua)(hua)期每天上(shang)午(wu)8時(shi)至(zhi)下(xia)午(wu)4時(shi)采用(yong)推拉法(fa)人工授(shou)粉,開(kai)花(hua)(hua)期間(jian)不能噴藥(yao),以(yi)免影響昆(kun)蟲傳花(hua)(hua)授(shou)粉。砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)園使(shi)(shi)用(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業投入(ru)(ru)品(pin)要(yao)嚴(yan)格(ge)按(an)照NY/T394《綠色食品(pin)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料使(shi)(shi)用(yong)準則(ze)》、NY/T393《綠色食品(pin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)準則(ze)》執行(xing),肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料使(shi)(shi)用(yong)上(shang),實行(xing)配(pei)方施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei),以(yi)有機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu),化肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為輔,適當增施(shi)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)。砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)病蟲害主(zhu)要(yao)有立(li)枯病、葉(xie)斑病、果(guo)腐病等,要(yao)以(yi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業和(he)物理(li)防治為主(zhu),化學防治為輔,杜絕使(shi)(shi)用(yong)禁用(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao),控制(zhi)化學農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)劑量、使(shi)(shi)用(yong)次(ci)數,采用(yong)生物農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)和(he)低毒低殘留農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao),嚴(yan)格(ge)執行(xing)安全間(jian)隔期,確保長泰(tai)砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生產(chan)安全。制(zhi)定(ding)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業各項(xiang)管理(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du),采取(qu)源頭控制(zhi),全程跟蹤(zong),做好生產(chan)過程記錄(lu)檔案,建立(li)長泰(tai)砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)質量可追溯制(zhi)度(du)(du)。
4、產(chan)品儲藏:貯(zhu)存產(chan)品的(de)倉(cang)(cang)庫必須(xu)符(fu)合通風(feng)、干燥(zao)、清潔(jie)、陰涼、無陽光直接照射的(de)要求,嚴(yan)禁(jin)(jin)與有毒(du)、有異味(wei)、潮(chao)(chao)濕、易生蟲、易污(wu)染(ran)的(de)物品同倉(cang)(cang)貯(zhu)存。運輸時應放在干凈(jing)、無異味(wei)、無污(wu)染(ran)的(de)專(zhuan)用包裝(zhuang)(zhuang)箱內(nei),并嚴(yan)禁(jin)(jin)與有毒(du)、有異味(wei)、潮(chao)(chao)濕、易污(wu)染(ran)的(de)物品混(hun)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)混(hun)運。運轉(zhuan)過程中,必須(xu)有防(fang)潮(chao)(chao)、防(fang)雨的(de)設施,不得與潮(chao)(chao)濕地面接觸。裝(zhuang)(zhuang)卸時,應輕搬、輕放,防(fang)止包裝(zhuang)(zhuang)破損。 5、生產(chan)記錄(lu)要求:長泰砂仁(ren)生產(chan)的(de)全(quan)過程要建(jian)生產(chan)記錄(lu)檔案,對生產(chan)情況(kuang)、病蟲害發生情況(kuang)、技術措施、農(nong)藥肥料的(de)使(shi)用情況(kuang)以(yi)及收(shou)獲日期、質(zhi)量檢測情況(kuang)、銷售情況(kuang)等進行全(quan)面記錄(lu),生產(chan)記錄(lu)應當保存兩(liang)年以(yi)上,以(yi)備查詢。