形態特征
建甌(ou)錐(zhui)栗主要優良品(pin)種有(you)烏殼長芒、黃榛、白露(lu)仔、油榛等,經(jing)測定,建甌(ou)錐(zhui)栗蛋(dan)白質含量在7.6%以上、脂肪含量在2.0%以下(xia)、水溶性總糖含量在13.1%以上,含有(you)人體需(xu)要的多種氨基酸和微量元素。具(ju)有(you)口感香、甜而(er)不膩、營養(yang)豐富(fu)、鍵胃補腎等特點(dian)。產區群(qun)眾(zhong)習慣用(yong)錐(zhui)栗粉代米(mi)給兒童食用(yong),是老少皆宜地(di)天然木本糧食。
錐(zhui)栗(li)(li),俗稱榛子、殼斗(dou)科栗(li)(li)屬落葉樹種(zhong)。是一年種(zhong)百(bai)年收果樹,盛果期50-80年,種(zhong)植喜光、耐寒、耐旱、耐瘠薄,適應性強,嫁接(jie)錐(zhui)栗(li)(li)3-4年后投產、栽種(zhong)省工(gong)、成本低(di)、產量穩定,我省閩(min)東、閩(min)西北海拔300-1000米的(de)半山(shan)區(qu)均可栽植,適合山(shan)區(qu)發展。
落葉(xie)喬木(mu),高達30米,胸徑(jing)達1米。葉(xie)互生(sheng),卵(luan)(luan)狀披針(zhen)形(xing),長(chang)8-17厘米,寬(kuan)2-5厘米,頂端長(chang)漸尖(jian),基圓(yuan)形(xing),葉(xie)緣鋸齒具芒尖(jian)。雄花(hua)(hua)序生(sheng)小枝下部葉(xie)腋(ye),雌花(hua)(hua)序生(sheng)小枝上部葉(xie)腋(ye)。殼(ke)斗(dou)球形(xing),帶刺直(zhi)徑(jing)2-3.5厘米;堅果單(dan)生(sheng)于殼(ke)斗(dou),卵(luan)(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing)。種子含有淀粉,屬淀粉植物(wu)。
生長環境
建(jian)甌市(shi)位于福建(jian)省武(wu)夷山脈東南麓。是中國南方重(zhong)點集(ji)體林(lin)區,素有綠(lv)色(se)金庫之稱。這里氣候(hou)溫(wen)和(he),雨量充(chong)沛,土壤(rang)肥沃,年平均(jun)溫(wen)度18.7℃,年降雨量1670mm。非常適宜(yi)錐栗、杉(shan)木(mu)、毛竹(zhu)等樹種生長。
建(jian)(jian)甌(ou)錐栗種植在建(jian)(jian)甌(ou)市海(hai)拔300-1000米(mi)山地范圍內,由于晝夜溫差大、雨量充足、溫度(du)適宜,促進了碳水化合物(wu)的積聚(ju),使堅果(guo)蛋白質、糖類化合物(wu)、淀粉、氨基酸和維(wei)生素含量增加,再(zai)加上建(jian)(jian)甌(ou)人民長期選擇確定(ding)的12個優(you)質高產品(pin)種以及傳統(tong)的栽培技術、采收和貯藏工藝,使生產的錐栗堅果(guo)產品(pin),果(guo)粒較(jiao)大、均勻、外觀(guan)亮澤、種仁飽滿、富有(you)糯性,具有(you)獨特(te)的“糯、甜、香”品(pin)質特(te)征。
經濟價值
建甌(ou)錐栗有(you)較高經濟價值,是綠色食(shi)品,營養(yang)(yang)成份高,果實含(han)淀粉(fen)64.22%、蛋白質7.63%、脂肪2.33%、水溶(rong)性總糖12.57%。還含(han)有(you)人體營養(yang)(yang)所需的胡蘿卜素(su)、微(wei)量元素(su)、維(wei)(wei)生素(su)和17種(zhong)(zhong)氨基酸,其中維(wei)(wei)生素(su)含(han)量30.2-40.8毫克/百克。其營養(yang)(yang)價值高于(yu)面粉(fen)、大(da)米和薯類。可以生吃、炒食(shi)、煮食(shi)、清(qing)燉食(shi),還可加工制成糕(gao)點、代乳(ru)粉(fen)、巧(qiao)克力糖、各種(zhong)(zhong)罐頭、栗干等食(shi)品。
錐栗(li)木材質堅(jian)硬(ying)、紋理細(xi)膩(ni)、耐(nai)水濕(shi)、可作枕木、建筑、家(jia)具等用材。
藥用價值
錐栗藥用價值高(gao)。栗果有養胃、健脾、補腎(shen)、強筋、活血等功(gong)能(neng),葉、皮、根均可藥用,老根是(shi)治療風濕病良藥。
栽培歷史
建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)甌(ou)錐栗(li)(li)(li)(li)人工栽培始于漢代,栽培歷史悠久。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)甌(ou)錐栗(li)(li)(li)(li)早有聲譽。據資料記(ji)載,歷史上的“貢(gong)閩榛”錐栗(li)(li)(li)(li)就產于建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)甌(ou)“西鄉(xiang)”(今龍村(cun)鄉(xiang))。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)甌(ou)錐栗(li)(li)(li)(li)系中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)栗(li)(li)(li)(li)子之(zhi)主要品種,有10多個品種載入(ru)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)木志(zhi)-栗(li)(li)(li)(li)樹(shu)(shu)志(zhi)》。1996年(nian)(nian)被(bei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家林(lin)業部列入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)名(ming)(ming)特(te)(te)優經濟(ji)(ji)林(lin)樹(shu)(shu)種500縣(xian)之(zhi)一(yi);1997年(nian)(nian),“源香”牌(pai)(pai)“擎龍”牌(pai)(pai)錐栗(li)(li)(li)(li)獲中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)“綠(lv)色(se)食品”標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)使用權;1999年(nian)(nian)12月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),福建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)(sheng)地方(fang)(fang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)甌(ou)錐栗(li)(li)(li)(li)》獲省(sheng)(sheng)質(zhi)量(liang)技術監(jian)督(du)局批(pi)(pi)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)頒(ban)布(bu)實施;2000年(nian)(nian)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家林(lin)業局公布(bu)命名(ming)(ming)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)甌(ou)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)首(shou)批(pi)(pi)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)名(ming)(ming)特(te)(te)優經濟(ji)(ji)林(lin)錐栗(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)鄉(xiang)”;5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)被(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)政(zheng)府評為(wei)“福建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)(sheng)名(ming)(ming)牌(pai)(pai)農產品”;12月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)被(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)果品流通協會(hui)評為(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華名(ming)(ming)果”;2004年(nian)(nian)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家質(zhi)量(liang)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)檢(jian)疫(yi)總局批(pi)(pi)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)為(wei)原產地域(yu)產品;2006年(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)《地理(li)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)產品建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)甌(ou)錐栗(li)(li)(li)(li)》獲國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)督(du)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)檢(jian)疫(yi)總局、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化管理(li)委員會(hui)批(pi)(pi)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)頒(ban)布(bu)實施。2010年(nian)(nian)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),“建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)甌(ou)錐栗(li)(li)(li)(li)”地理(li)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)證明商標(biao)(biao)注(zhu)冊(ce)成功。福建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)農林(lin)大學教授江由說:“世界錐栗(li)(li)(li)(li)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)錐栗(li)(li)(li)(li)在(zai)(zai)福建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、福建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)錐栗(li)(li)(li)(li)在(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)甌(ou)”。
生產情況
建甌是錐(zhui)栗(li)(li)(li)的原產(chan)地和主產(chan)區,20世紀80年(nian)(nian)代(dai)初(chu),林(lin)業(ye)(ye)部門對錐(zhui)栗(li)(li)(li)的品種選育、嫁接技術(shu)、栽培(pei)方法、病蟲害防治等(deng)進行系(xi)統(tong)研究(jiu)。培(pei)育出(chu)白露仔、處暑紅(hong)、溫(wen)洋紅(hong)、油榛、黃(huang)榛等(deng)12個優良(liang)品種。2010年(nian)(nian)建甌市(shi)有(you)錐(zhui)林(lin)面(mian)積42萬畝(mu),盛產(chan)面(mian)積30萬畝(mu),年(nian)(nian)產(chan)量2.55萬噸(dun)(dun),產(chan)值達(da)1.616億元。錐(zhui)栗(li)(li)(li)冷(leng)藏(zang)(zang)、加工(gong)企業(ye)(ye)有(you)16家(jia)。其中(zhong):即(ji)食(shi)4家(jia),帶殼即(ji)食(shi)1家(jia)、脫(tuo)殼2家(jia)、糖(tang)炒3家(jia)、冷(leng)藏(zang)(zang)6家(jia)。加工(gong)總(zong)量達(da)到3450噸(dun)(dun),加工(gong)總(zong)產(chan)值5520萬元。市(shi)、鄉(鎮(zhen))、村、錐(zhui)栗(li)(li)(li)流通協會、合作社等(deng)30多個。從事錐(zhui)栗(li)(li)(li)流通的人員達(da)3000多人,流通數量18000噸(dun)(dun);全(quan)市(shi)有(you)錐(zhui)栗(li)(li)(li)保鮮(xian)庫66家(jia),年(nian)(nian)保鮮(xian)量6453噸(dun)(dun)。
建甌錐栗以(yi)上市(shi)直接鮮銷和冷藏保鮮銷售為主(zhu),約(yue)占(zhan)總產量80%,加工(gong)銷售約(yue)占(zhan)20%。主(zhu)要銷往上海、南京、無錫、蘇(su)州、深(shen)圳、東莞、福州、廈門等(deng)大(da)中城市(shi),因品質(zhi)比北方板(ban)栗好(hao),外觀更(geng)亮澤(ze)、風味更(geng)鮮美可口、生(sheng)食更(geng)感清香、脆甜、糯性(xing)好(hao),市(shi)場批發價每(mei)公(gong)斤比板(ban)栗高出1.00元左右。隨(sui)著栗子(zi)種植業(ye)的發展,產量增加,市(shi)場供求趨于飽和,錐栗旺產期統貨收購價每(mei)公(gong)斤黃榛4.80-5.20元,油榛6.00-6.40元。