生理特性
落葉(xie)(xie)喬(qiao)木或小喬(qiao)木,高可達(da)30米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);枝灰(hui)色(se)(se)(se)(se)至深褐色(se)(se)(se)(se);刺粗壯,圓(yuan)(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),常分枝,多呈(cheng)圓(yuan)(yuan)錐(zhui)狀(zhuang),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)達(da)16厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。葉(xie)(xie)為(wei)一回羽狀(zhuang)復葉(xie)(xie),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)10-18(26)厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);小葉(xie)(xie)(2)3-9對(dui),紙質,卵狀(zhuang)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2-8.5 (12.5)厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)1-4(6)厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),先端急尖(jian)(jian)或漸尖(jian)(jian),頂端圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍(dun),具小尖(jian)(jian)頭,基部圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),有時稍歪斜,邊緣具細鋸齒,上(shang)面(mian)(mian)被(bei)短柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),下面(mian)(mian)中(zhong)脈上(shang)稍被(bei)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao);網脈明顯,在兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)凸(tu)起;小葉(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1-2(5)毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),被(bei)短柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)雜(za)性,黃白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)(se),組成總狀(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu);花(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)腋生(sheng)或頂生(sheng),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)5-14厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),被(bei)短柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao);雄花(hua)(hua)(hua):直(zhi)徑(jing)9-10毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2-8(10)毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)(hua)托長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2.5-3毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),深棕色(se)(se)(se)(se),外面(mian)(mian)被(bei)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao);萼片4,三角狀(zhuang)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)被(bei)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao);花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)4,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)4-5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),被(bei)微(wei)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao);雄蕊(rui)8(6);退化雌蕊(rui)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);兩(liang)性花(hua)(hua)(hua):直(zhi)徑(jing)10-12毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2-5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);萼、花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)與雄花(hua)(hua)(hua)的相似,惟萼片長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)4-5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)5-6毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);雄蕊(rui)8;子(zi)(zi)房縫線(xian)上(shang)及基部被(bei)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(偶有少數湖北(bei)標(biao)本(ben)子(zi)(zi)房全體被(bei)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)),柱(zhu)頭淺(qian)2裂(lie);胚珠多數。莢果(guo)(guo)帶狀(zhuang),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)12-37厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)2-4厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),勁直(zhi)或扭曲,果(guo)(guo)肉稍厚,兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)臌起,或有的莢果(guo)(guo)短小,多少呈(cheng)柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)5-13厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)1-1.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),彎曲作(zuo)新月形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),通常稱豬牙皂,內無種子(zi)(zi);果(guo)(guo)頸長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1-3.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);果(guo)(guo)瓣(ban)革質,褐棕色(se)(se)(se)(se)或紅褐色(se)(se)(se)(se),常被(bei)白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)(se)粉霜;種子(zi)(zi)多顆,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)11-13毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)8-9毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),棕色(se)(se)(se)(se),光亮。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)3-5月;果(guo)(guo)期(qi)5-12月。
生長環境
產于(yu)(yu)河北(bei)、山東(dong)(dong)、河南、山西、陜西、甘肅、江蘇、安徽、浙江、江西、湖南、湖北(bei)、福建、廣東(dong)(dong)、廣西、四川、貴州(zhou)、云南等省區。生于(yu)(yu)山坡林中或谷地(di)、路(lu)旁,海拔自(zi)平(ping)地(di)至2500米(mi)。常栽培于(yu)(yu)庭院(yuan)或宅(zhai)旁。
性狀鑒別
藥材性狀
為主(zhu)刺(ci)和1-2次分枝的棘刺(ci)。主(zhu)刺(ci)長(chang)圓錐形(xing),長(chang)3-15cm或更長(chang),直徑0.3-1cm;分枝刺(ci)長(chang)1-6cm,刺(ci)端銳尖(jian)。表面紫棕色(se)或棕褐色(se)。體(ti)輕,質(zhi)堅硬,不易折斷(duan)。切(qie)片(pian)厚0.1-0.3cm,常(chang)帶有尖(jian)細的刺(ci)端;木部黃白色(se),髓(sui)部疏松,淡紅棕色(se);質(zhi)脆,易折斷(duan)。氣微,味淡。
飲片性狀
為不規則(ze)的(de)厚片。表面木(mu)部黃白色(se),髓(sui)呈海綿狀淡紅棕(zong)色(se),周邊棕(zong)紫色(se)或棕(zong)褐(he)色(se),質脆,易(yi)折斷(duan)。無(wu)臭,味淡。
相關論述
1.《醫學入門》:“皂刺,凡癰疽未破(po)者,能(neng)開竅(qiao);已破(po)者能(neng)引藥達瘡所,乃諸惡瘡癬(xian)及癘(li)風要藥也。”
2.《本草綱目》:“皂莢(jia)刺治風殺(sha)蟲,功與莢(jia)同,但其銳利(li)直達病所為異耳(er)。”
3.《本草匯言》:“皂莢(jia)刺,拔毒(du)(du)祛風(feng)。凡癰疽(ju)未成(cheng)者,能引之以消散,將破者,能引之以出(chu)頭(tou),已潰者能引之以行膿。于(yu)瘍毒(du)(du)藥(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為第一要劑。又泄血中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)熱風(feng)毒(du)(du),故(gu)厲風(feng)藥(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亦(yi)推此(ci)藥(yao)為開導前(qian)鋒也。”