形態特征
崇慶枇(pi)杷茶(cha)(Camelia sinensis cv.Chongqingpipacha ),茶(cha)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)有(you)性體品種之一崇慶枇(pi)杷茶(cha)茶(cha)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)。喬木型、大葉(xie)類,樹(shu)(shu)(shu)姿直立(li),樹(shu)(shu)(shu)高(gao)3-10m,葉(xie)長(chang)橢(tuo)圓形(xing),葉(xie)柄特長(chang),葉(xie)色綠,富(fu)光澤,葉(xie)面(mian)微隆起,葉(xie)片著生呈水平或下垂。發芽早(zao),比當地一般品種早(zao)半個月左右,芽葉(xie)少毛,花(hua)冠(guan)直徑41mm,花(hua)瓣8-10片,花(hua)萼無毛。制成紅茶(cha),香高(gao)色紅,有(you)滇(dian)紅風格,但(dan)味欠濃;制成邊茶(cha),品質較佳。抗(kang)旱、抗(kang)病較強,但(dan)抗(kang)寒性較弱,扦(qian)插困難,結實(shi)少。適于在四(si)川省南部茶(cha)區栽培。
地域范圍
崇慶枇(pi)杷茶農產品地(di)理標志地(di)域保護范圍包括(kuo)崇州市懷遠鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、三郎鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、街子鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、文井江(jiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、雞(ji)冠(guan)(guan)山(shan)鄉(xiang)一(yi)帶的龍(long)門山(shan)脈,轄山(shan)區(qu)5個(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)23村(cun),東到街子鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)古寺村(cun),南到雞(ji)冠(guan)(guan)山(shan)鄉(xiang)周家山(shan),西(xi)到雞(ji)冠(guan)(guan)山(shan)鄉(xiang)巖峰村(cun),北到三郎鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)紅紙村(cun),地(di)理坐標為東經103°19′24.1″-103°28′1.8″,北緯30°44′49″-30°47′16″。
自然(ran)生態(tai)環(huan)境和(he)人文(wen)歷史因(yin)素
(1)土壤(rang)地貌情況(kuang):崇(chong)慶枇(pi)杷茶樹種(zhong)植于崇(chong)州市西北部(bu)的山(shan)區,屬龍門山(shan)脈(mo),山(shan)巒重疊,谷狹壑深,海(hai)拔700-3868米,崇(chong)慶枇(pi)杷茶樹最適生(sheng)長高度(du)為(wei)海(hai)拔1000米左右。山(shan)區土壤(rang)為(wei)白堊(e)紀酸性紫(zi)色土和侏羅紀酸性黃壤(rang),PH為(wei)4.5-6.5,偏酸性。
(2)水(shui)文情況:崇州市(shi)位(wei)于(yu)岷(min)江流(liu)域,主要河(he)流(liu)有三條:一是(shi)(shi)(shi)西河(he),二是(shi)(shi)(shi)黑石河(he),三是(shi)(shi)(shi)金馬(ma)河(he),均屬岷(min)江水(shui)系,它(ta)們連接(jie)大小支(zhi)流(liu)180多條,在全(quan)市(shi)構成水(shui)道(dao)網(wang)。根(gen)據國(guo)家(jia)農(nong)業行(xing)業標準(zhun)《農(nong)用水(shui)源環境質(zhi)量監測(ce)技(ji)術規(gui)范(fan)》(NY/T396-2000)判(pan)定,崇慶枇杷茶樹種植范(fan)圍水(shui)質(zhi)的(de)綜(zong)合(he)污染數為1級,屬清潔水(shui)平(ping),適宜生(sheng)產優質(zhi)的(de)崇慶枇杷茶農(nong)產品。
(3)氣候情況:崇(chong)慶(qing)枇(pi)杷(pa)茶(cha)樹種植(zhi)區域屬四川盆(pen)地亞熱帶濕潤(run)季(ji)風氣候,年(nian)平均氣溫(wen)15℃,年(nian)降雨量1200mm,相對濕度84%,山間(jian)云霧繚繞,這是崇(chong)慶(qing)枇(pi)杷(pa)茶(cha)樹獨特(te)的生長氣候條(tiao)件(jian)。
(4)人(ren)文歷史(shi):崇(chong)州市(shi)種植茶(cha)(cha)(cha)葉歷史(shi)悠(you)久,是唐(tang)宋八大(da)名茶(cha)(cha)(cha)產地(di)之(zhi)一。相傳(chuan)“崇(chong)慶枇杷(pa)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)”曾為(wei)貢(gong)品,進貢(gong)朝(chao)廷(ting),稱為(wei)“龍門貢(gong)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)”。據清朝(chao)光緒版《崇(chong)慶州志》(光緒版)物產篇記:“枇杷(pa)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)高一丈,二(er)丈,葉粗(cu)大(da)、名粗(cu)毛茶(cha)(cha)(cha)……”,清代即以(yi)此茶(cha)(cha)(cha)為(wei)原料(liao)制作“龍門茶(cha)(cha)(cha)”入(ru)貢(gong),頗受稱贊(zan),“貢(gong)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)之(zhi)譽”流傳(chuan)至今,并留(liu)下了唐(tang)代詩(shi)人(ren)薛(xue)能(neng)《蜀(shu)州鄭史(shi)君寄鳥觜茶(cha)(cha)(cha),因(yin)以(yi)贈答八韻》的(de)美麗詩(shi)句:鳥觜擷渾牙,精靈勝鏌铘。烹嘗方帶酒,滋味更(geng)無茶(cha)(cha)(cha)。拒碾乾聲細,撐封(feng)利穎斜(xie)。銜蘆齊勁實,啄木聚菁(jing)華。鹽損添常誡,姜宜(yi)著(zhu)更(geng)夸。得來拋道藥(yao),攜去(qu)就僧家。旋覺(jue)前甌淺,還愁后信賒。千慚故(gu)人(ren)意(yi),此惠敵丹(dan)砂。
1970年(nian),崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)慶(qing)(qing)枇(pi)杷茶樹(shu)被(bei)引種(zhong)至永川(chuan)進行育(yu)(yu)種(zhong)研究,經過8年(nian)時間培(pei)育(yu)(yu)出崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)枇(pi)71-1。1993年(nian)我(wo)市將崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)枇(pi)71-1從雅安引回(hui)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)州,經過3年(nian)的品比觀(guan)察,發現崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)枇(pi)71-1發芽比崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)慶(qing)(qing)枇(pi)杷茶樹(shu)遲10-15天(tian),耐沖泡次(ci)數比崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)慶(qing)(qing)枇(pi)杷茶農產(chan)品少2-3次(ci),發枝能力(li)也較弱(ruo)。因此崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)慶(qing)(qing)枇(pi)杷茶農產(chan)品必須(xu)在崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)州市特(te)有的生態條件下才能形成其獨特(te)的優良品質,它的唯(wei)一(yi)性使(shi)其更(geng)加彌足(zu)珍貴。崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)慶(qing)(qing)枇(pi)杷茶樹(shu)是全國珍貴而(er)又稀少的茶樹(shu)品種(zhong)資源,是經過長期(qi)自(zi)然演化(hua)和勞動(dong)人民長期(qi)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)形成的一(yi)個茶樹(shu)群體品種(zhong),因起源于崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)慶(qing)(qing)縣(今崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)州市),葉似枇(pi)杷葉而(er)得名(ming),唯(wei)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)州獨有,現境內有1292棵(ke)喬(qiao)木型(xing)老茶樹(shu)。
1965年(nian)(nian)(nian)崇慶(qing)枇(pi)杷(pa)茶(cha)(cha)樹(shu)被評為全國21個優(you)(you)良茶(cha)(cha)樹(shu)品種(zhong)之一,1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)被四川(chuan)(chuan)省(sheng)茶(cha)(cha)樹(shu)品種(zhong)審定委員會(hui)認定為四川(chuan)(chuan)省(sheng)五(wu)大(da)地方良種(zhong)茶(cha)(cha)樹(shu)之一。1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)崇州市用崇慶(qing)枇(pi)杷(pa)茶(cha)(cha)樹(shu)的一芽一葉為原(yuan)料研制的“枇(pi)杷(pa)仙茗(ming)”在成都市第二屆(jie)“甘露杯(bei)”和四川(chuan)(chuan)省(sheng)第三屆(jie)“甘露杯(bei)”名優(you)(you)茶(cha)(cha)評選活動中(zhong)榮獲省(sheng)、市“優(you)(you)質名茶(cha)(cha)”稱號。
崇慶枇(pi)杷茶(cha)為農產品地理標志產品。