形態特征
“雅(ya)連”,是三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)葉(xie)(xie)黃(huang)(huang)連(C.deltoidea C.Y.Cheng et Hsiao)的(de)干(gan)燥根(gen)莖。三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)葉(xie)(xie)黃(huang)(huang)連,毛茛科(RANUNCULACEAE)黃(huang)(huang)連屬(Coptis Salisb.),根(gen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)莖黃(huang)(huang)色,不(bu)分枝或少分枝,節間(jian)明(ming)顯,密生多數細根(gen),具橫(heng)走的(de)匍匐莖。葉(xie)(xie)3-11枚;葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)(pian)輪廓卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),稍(shao)帶革質,長(chang)(chang)達(da)(da)16厘(li)米(mi),寬達(da)(da)15厘(li)米(mi),三(san)全裂(lie),裂(lie)片(pian)(pian)均具明(ming)顯的(de)柄(bing);中央全裂(lie)片(pian)(pian)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)3-12厘(li)米(mi),寬3-10厘(li)米(mi),頂端(duan)急尖(jian)或漸(jian)尖(jian),4-6對羽(yu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)深(shen)裂(lie),深(shen)裂(lie)片(pian)(pian)彼(bi)此(ci)多少鄰接,邊緣具極(ji)尖(jian)的(de)鋸齒;側全裂(lie)片(pian)(pian)斜卵(luan)(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)3-8厘(li)米(mi),不(bu)等(deng)二裂(lie),表面沿(yan)脈被(bei)短柔(rou)毛或近(jin)無毛,背面無毛,兩面的(de)葉(xie)(xie)脈均隆(long)起(qi);葉(xie)(xie)柄(bing)長(chang)(chang)6-18厘(li)米(mi),無毛。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)葶1-2,比葉(xie)(xie)稍(shao)長(chang)(chang);多歧聚傘花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序,有花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)4-8朵;苞片(pian)(pian)線(xian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing),三(san)深(shen)裂(lie)或櫛狀(zhuang)(zhuang)羽(yu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)深(shen)裂(lie);萼片(pian)(pian)黃(huang)(huang)綠色,狹卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)8-12.5毫米(mi),寬2-2.5毫米(mi),頂端(duan)漸(jian)尖(jian);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣約(yue)10枚,近(jin)披(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)3-6毫米(mi),寬0.7-1毫米(mi),頂端(duan)漸(jian)尖(jian),中部微(wei)變寬,具蜜槽;雄(xiong)蕊約(yue)20,長(chang)(chang)僅為花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣長(chang)(chang)的(de)1/2左右;花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)藥黃(huang)(huang)色,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)絲狹線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing);心皮9-12,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)柱微(wei)彎。蓇(gu)葖(tu)長(chang)(chang)圓狀(zhuang)(zhuang)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)6-7毫米(mi),心皮柄(bing)長(chang)(chang)7-8毫米(mi),被(bei)微(wei)柔(rou)毛。3-4月開花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),4-6月結果。
特產四川峨(e)眉及洪(hong)雅一帶。生海拔1600-2200米間的山地林(lin)下,常栽培,野(ye)生的已不多見(jian)。
生長環境
生海拔(ba)1600-2200米間的山地林下,常(chang)栽培,野生的已不(bu)多見。
主要價值
中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)地(di)理標(biao)志產(chan)品(pin)(pin),為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)四川(chuan)省(sheng)洪(hong)雅縣、峨嵋一帶特產(chan),由于對地(di)理條(tiao)件要求非常苛(ke)刻,所以是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)草藥(yao)黃連(lian)(lian)中(zhong)的(de)(de)珍品(pin)(pin),藥(yao)效為(wei)(wei)(wei)“味蓮”“雅連(lian)(lian)”“云(yun)連(lian)(lian)”三個品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)之最(zui),歷朝均將雅連(lian)(lian)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)貢品(pin)(pin),上繳于朝廷太醫院,因此又稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)“貢連(lian)(lian)”。洪(hong)雅縣是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)歷史(shi)上貢連(lian)(lian)產(chan)區,據有(you)史(shi)可(ke)考已達(da)1300多(duo)年(nian)(nian),洪(hong)雅縣將雅連(lian)(lian)馴化為(wei)(wei)(wei)家(jia)種(zhong)(zhong)連(lian)(lian)也達(da)500多(duo)年(nian)(nian)。《本草綱(gang)目》、《現代(dai)中(zhong)醫藥(yao)典》記載,洪(hong)雅瓦(wa)屋(wu)山一帶種(zhong)(zhong)植的(de)(de)黃連(lian)(lian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“雅連(lian)(lian)”或(huo)“川(chuan)雅”,尤以高廟、瓦(wa)屋(wu)山等鄉(xiang)鎮的(de)(de)出產(chan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)正(zheng)宗,質量上乘,名響中(zhong)外,暢銷(xiao)東南(nan)亞和非洲(zhou)等地(di),洪(hong)雅被譽為(wei)(wei)(wei)“雅連(lian)(lian)之鄉(xiang)”。
藥材性狀
雅連(lian)(lian)(《本(ben)草從新》),又(you)名(ming):峨嵋連(lian)(lian)、嘉定連(lian)(lian)、刺蓋連(lian)(lian)。為植物三角(jiao)葉黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)的干(gan)燥根莖。多為單枝(zhi),少(shao)有(you)分枝(zhi),略呈圓柱形,微彎曲呈蠶狀,長約(yue)4~8厘米(mi),直(zhi)徑約(yue)3~9毫米(mi)。外表褐色或黃(huang)棕色,間斷(duan)(duan)橫紋多,結節明顯,有(you)多數須根殘(can)痕(hen)、葉柄殘(can)基(ji)及鱗片(pian),“過江(jiang)枝(zhi)”較味連(lian)(lian)為少(shao)。質堅實,斷(duan)(duan)面不齊,皮部暗棕色,木部深黃(huang)色,射線明顯,髓部時有(you)空心。無臭,味極苦。以條肥壯、連(lian)(lian)珠形、質堅實、斷(duan)(duan)面黃(huang)色、無殘(can)莖及須根者為佳(jia)。
藥用特性
雅(ya)連(lian)(lian)含小檗堿(jian)(jian)(jian)、黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)、甲基黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)、掌葉防己堿(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)生(sheng)物(wu)堿(jian)(jian)(jian),可治急性(xing)(xing)結膜炎、急性(xing)(xing)細菌性(xing)(xing)痢疾、急性(xing)(xing)腸胃炎、吐血、癰癤瘡瘍等(deng)(deng)癥。
清熱燥濕功(gong)效(xiao):用于濕熱泄瀉、痢疾等(deng),可單用或為香(xiang)連丸;治療(liao)濕熱黃疸如茵陳蒿湯。
瀉(xie)火(huo)功效(xiao):用于(yu)心火(huo)亢盛之(zhi)(zhi)煩躁不眠或(huo)溫熱病(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)高熱心煩、神昏譫語(yu),如黃(huang)連(lian)解(jie)毒(du)湯;若治療陰(yin)虛(xu)、血虛(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)心煩不眠,如黃(huang)連(lian)阿膠湯;治療血熱妄行之(zhi)(zhi)吐(tu)血、衄血,如瀉(xie)心湯;胃熱嘔吐(tu),如左金丸。
解毒功效:用于治療(liao)瘡瘍(yang)、口(kou)舌生瘡、咽喉腫痛(tong),內(nei)服、外用均可(ke);煎汁點眼(yan)還可(ke)治療(liao)目赤(chi)腫痛(tong)等。
地理條件
洪(hong)雅(ya)縣地處四川盆(pen)地西南邊(bian)緣,位(wei)于成都、樂山(shan)(shan)、雅(ya)安(an)三角地帶,地貌以山(shan)(shan)地丘陵為(wei)主,素有“七山(shan)(shan)二水一(yi)分(fen)田(tian)”之稱。良(liang)好的自然地理條件和悠久的雅(ya)連種植歷史,為(wei)雅(ya)連的生產發(fa)展提供了(le)優越條件。
2008年,洪雅縣雅連(lian)(lian)種植面積(ji)不(bu)足5畝,年產(chan)值不(bu)足萬(wan)元,是中國(guo)的雅連(lian)(lian)保(bao)護性種植基地。洪雅縣在雅連(lian)(lian)栽(zai)培上大(da)力(li)推進無(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)害(hai)栽(zai)培技術,制(zhi)定了一(yi)套完(wan)整的《無(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)害(hai)農產(chan)品標準(zhun)雅連(lian)(lian)》和《無(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)害(hai)農產(chan)品生產(chan)技術規程雅連(lian)(lian)》農業(ye)地方標準(zhun)。
栽培歷史
歷史上(shang)洪(hong)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)”銷量曾獨占鰲頭,長(chang)期占了全國黃(huang)連(lian)銷售市場總(zong)額的四成以上(shang)。據1939年(民國28年)縣政府上(shang)報資料,年產(chan)(chan)(chan)“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)”2500公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),次(ci)年產(chan)(chan)(chan)量達5000公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)。解放前(qian)夕民生凋敝,“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)”產(chan)(chan)(chan)量降到1000公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)。解放后,人民政府重視“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)”生產(chan)(chan)(chan),將適宜“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)”生長(chang)的瓦屋山區的高廟鄉(xiang)黑(hei)林村和黑(hei)山村劃為“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)”種(zhong)植區,給藥農許(xu)多優惠政策,使“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)”產(chan)(chan)(chan)量逐年上(shang)升,到1978年產(chan)(chan)(chan)量達2.90萬公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)。