一.產品介紹
均(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)名(ming)(ming)曬(shai)(shai)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)屬于地(di)方性(xing)淡(dan)色(se)曬(shai)(shai)黃煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),采用(yong)繩索串曬(shai)(shai)架晾凋萎(wei)變(bian)黃、地(di)曬(shai)(shai)干(gan)燥定色(se)、白(bai)曬(shai)(shai)夜堆(dui)上汗(han)、室外堆(dui)積發酵(jiao)(jiao)、分級打捆后二次發酵(jiao)(jiao)的(de)傳統調(diao)制(zhi)方法。煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)色(se)澤鮮明(ming)純正,煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)味(wei)純和(he),香氣濃郁(yu),油分足,彈性(xing)好(hao),燃燒(shao)性(xing)強,有(you)“吃不(bu)過的(de)均(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)”之(zhi)佳評(ping)(丹(dan)(dan)江(jiang)口(kou)市志(zhi)第118頁)。 均(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)名(ming)(ming)曬(shai)(shai)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是我國(guo)名(ming)(ming)曬(shai)(shai)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)一種,屬香料(liao)型(xing)(xing)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie),是配制(zhi)混合型(xing)(xing)卷煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)可缺少的(de)優質調(diao)料(liao),產于丹(dan)(dan)江(jiang)口(kou)市(古稱均(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou))。據《丹(dan)(dan)江(jiang)口(kou)市志(zhi)》記載,明(ming)崇禎三年(nian)(1630年(nian))前后,從(cong)美(mei)洲傳入并種植(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)功,有(you)“均(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)名(ming)(ming)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)”之(zhi)稱。清代被作為(wei)(wei)“貢品”敬(jing)獻皇帝,民國(guo)年(nian)間,在巴拿(na)馬國(guo)際博覽會上獲得銀質獎(jiang),由此名(ming)(ming)揚(yang)天下(xia),具今(jin)有(you)380多年(nian)的(de)生產歷史。均(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)名(ming)(ming)曬(shai)(shai)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)香型(xing)(xing)獨特,似烤煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),可廣泛應(ying)用(yong)于烤煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)型(xing)(xing)、混合型(xing)(xing)、雪茄型(xing)(xing)等各類產品配方中(zhong),對于提(ti)高煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)香豐富性(xing)、增加香氣濃度和(he)“減害降焦”具有(you)積極的(de)作用(yong)。1983年(nian)被確(que)定為(wei)(wei)全(quan)國(guo)名(ming)(ming)曬(shai)(shai)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)生產基地(di),1984年(nian)“均(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)名(ming)(ming)曬(shai)(shai)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)”列入《全(quan)國(guo)名(ming)(ming)晾曬(shai)(shai)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)名(ming)(ming)錄》。其地(di)域保(bao)護范圍為(wei)(wei)東經110°08'~111°34'、北緯(wei)32°14'~32°58'之(zhi)間;產區位于湖(hu)北省(sheng)丹(dan)(dan)江(jiang)口(kou)市所轄(xia)的(de)均(jun)縣鎮、習家店鎮、蒿坪鎮、石鼓鎮4個鎮,共46個行政村;總種植(zhi)(zhi)面積3.5萬畝。丹(dan)(dan)江(jiang)口(kou)市委、市政府高度重視均(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)曬(shai)(shai)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)品牌(pai)打造工作,成(cheng)立了品牌(pai)創建工作領導(dao)小(xiao)組,以(yi)此助(zhu)推均(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)名(ming)(ming)曬(shai)(shai)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)健康和(he)持續(xu)發展,提(ti)升(sheng)均(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)名(ming)(ming)曬(shai)(shai)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)知(zhi)名(ming)(ming)度和(he)美(mei)譽度。
二.自然生態環境(jing)和人文歷史因素
1、土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤地(di)(di)貌情況:均州(zhou)名(ming)(ming)曬煙(yan)地(di)(di)處漢(han)江中(zhong)上游,位居南水(shui)(shui)北調(diao)中(zhong)線(xian)工程核心水(shui)(shui)源區腹地(di)(di),境內有(you)(you)(you)(you)全國著名(ming)(ming)的(de)“一山(shan)(shan)(shan)一水(shui)(shui)”即道教(jiao)圣地(di)(di)“武當山(shan)(shan)(shan)”和(he)(he)亞洲(zhou)最(zui)大人(ren)工淡水(shui)(shui)湖(hu)“丹(dan)江口(kou)水(shui)(shui)庫”。南有(you)(you)(you)(you)巴山(shan)(shan)(shan)雄峙(zhi),北有(you)(you)(you)(you)秦嶺余脈屏障(zhang),八百里武當居中(zhong),東連(lian)老河口(kou)市(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)河南省淅川縣(xian),西(xi)接(jie)十堰市(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)鄖縣(xian)。地(di)(di)形(xing)呈心臟(zang)形(xing),地(di)(di)勢西(xi)高東低,漢(han)江自(zi)西(xi)向東貫(guan)穿,將全境陸地(di)(di)分(fen)(fen)割成(cheng)“江南”、“江北”兩個自(zi)然(ran)板塊,俗稱江南江北。國土(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)“七山(shan)(shan)(shan)二水(shui)(shui)一分(fen)(fen)田”自(zi)然(ran)格局。產地(di)(di)山(shan)(shan)(shan)清水(shui)(shui)秀,景(jing)色(se)宜人(ren),平(ping)均海(hai)拔在350m;土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤以(yi)黃棕(zong)壤為(wei)主(zhu),夾有(you)(you)(you)(you)紫(zi)色(se)土(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)石灰土(tu)(tu)(tu)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤中(zhong)性至酸(suan)性,質(zhi)地(di)(di)輕壤至中(zhong)壤,土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)深厚,保水(shui)(shui)保肥能力較強,改良后活(huo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)厚度50cm以(yi)上,地(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)位80㎝以(yi)下(xia);有(you)(you)(you)(you)機質(zhi)含量(liang)(liang)0.52%~2.7%,全氮0.03%~0.15%,有(you)(you)(you)(you)效磷0.06%~0.14%,含鉀在0.5%~2.5%,PH值6.4~7.8,養分(fen)(fen)含量(liang)(liang)較高,為(wei)均州(zhou)名(ming)(ming)曬煙(yan)的(de)生長(chang)提供了天(tian)然(ran)的(de)礦物質(zhi)和(he)(he)有(you)(you)(you)(you)機質(zhi)營養成(cheng)份,這是形(xing)成(cheng)均州(zhou)名(ming)(ming)曬煙(yan)“高糖、高蛋白、適煙(yan)堿(jian),油分(fen)(fen)足、煙(yan)氣柔和(he)(he)、細膩(ni),”特點的(de)必要條件(jian)。
2、水(shui)(shui)文情況:均(jun)州名曬(shai)煙(yan)產區主要分布在丹江口庫(ku)區沿岸間的(de)(de)(de)山地丘陵、低(di)山河谷環(huan)(huan)境(jing)。產地南北物種交(jiao)匯,環(huan)(huan)境(jing)優越,植(zhi)被(bei)覆(fu)蓋率達64.5%。產地平均(jun)海拔400m,背山面水(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)資源豐富(fu)(fu),境(jing)內的(de)(de)(de)丹江口水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)是亞洲最大的(de)(de)(de)人工(gong)淡(dan)水(shui)(shui)湖,是舉世矚目的(de)(de)(de)南水(shui)(shui)北調中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)線工(gong)程調水(shui)(shui)源頭,水(shui)(shui)資源約有275.46億立方米(mi),絕大部分由(you)漢、丹二江帶來(lai),加上本地地表徑(jing)流(liu)資源,河川(chuan)徑(jing)流(liu)資源為285.12億立方米(mi)。產地內水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)良(liang)好,礦化度低(di),ph、總硬度適中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),水(shui)(shui)體中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主要離(li)子含(han)量一般都在正(zheng)常范圍內,主要水(shui)(shui)系河床落差大、水(shui)(shui)能蘊藏量累計(ji)5.5萬千瓦,水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)達國(guo)家Ⅱ類水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)以上標(biao)準。豐富(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)資源為均(jun)州名曬(shai)煙(yan)“色澤黃(huang)亮、葉片較大、厚薄適中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”的(de)(de)(de)外觀特征形成,提(ti)供了(le)得天獨厚的(de)(de)(de)自然條(tiao)件(jian)。
3、氣侯(hou)特(te)點(dian):均州(zhou)名曬(shai)煙產(chan)地處于(yu)南(nan)北氣候過渡帶(dai),屬亞熱帶(dai)半濕潤季風(feng)氣候區,由于(yu)秦嶺(ling)山脈的(de)屏障作用(yong),加(jia)之丹(dan)江口(kou)水(shui)(shui)庫的(de)“湖(hu)泊(bo)熱效應”及垂(chui)直(zhi)地貌(mao)影響(xiang),構(gou)成(cheng)了優(you)越(yue)的(de)“四(si)季分(fen)明、光照充(chong)足(zu)、熱量(liang)豐富(fu)、雨熱同季,無(wu)(wu)霜期長(chang),相對濕度(du)大”的(de)山地氣候特(te)點(dian)。產(chan)地內無(wu)(wu)大型工礦企(qi)業,大氣清新無(wu)(wu)污染,符合(he)(he)GB3095—2012的(de)Ⅰ級標準;年(nian)均氣溫7.7℃~16℃,>10℃的(de)活動積溫為2200℃~5100℃,無(wu)(wu)霜期180~250天,日(ri)(ri)照時數1950小時,年(nian)均日(ri)(ri)照率(lv)(lv)為44%,年(nian)降雨量(liang)750~900毫米,干、雨季分(fen)明,雨季從(cong)5月(yue)至6月(yue)初開始,10月(yue)結(jie)束,降水(shui)(shui)占(zhan)全年(nian)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)80%~90%,夜雨率(lv)(lv)占(zhan)70%~80%,十分(fen)利(li)(li)于(yu)均州(zhou)名曬(shai)煙的(de)生(sheng)長(chang)。種植(zhi)區氣候溫和,夏無(wu)(wu)酷署,冬無(wu)(wu)嚴寒,光照充(chong)足(zu),雨水(shui)(shui)充(chong)沛,氣溫年(nian)較(jiao)差(cha)小,日(ri)(ri)較(jiao)差(cha)大,光合(he)(he)效率(lv)(lv)高,葉片的(de)光合(he)(he)能力較(jiao)強,十分(fen)有利(li)(li)煙葉光合(he)(he)作用(yong)的(de)高積累,形(xing)成(cheng)“香氣充(chong)足(zu)”的(de)優(you)質曬(shai)煙風(feng)格特(te)征。
三.地域范圍
均(jun)州名(ming)(ming)曬煙(yan)產(chan)地范圍(wei)為湖北(bei)省丹江口市所轄的(de)均(jun)縣(xian)鎮、習家店鎮、蒿坪鎮、石鼓(gu)鎮等4個(ge)鎮、計46個(ge)行政村。其地理位置位于(yu)東經110°08'—111°34'、北(bei)緯32°14'—32°58'之間(jian)。均(jun)州名(ming)(ming)曬煙(yan)種(zhong)植面(mian)積(ji)733公頃(qing),年產(chan)量1000噸,產(chan)值0.18億元。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質(zhi)特(te)性特(te)征
1、外(wai)觀感官(guan)特(te)征:生煙外(wai)觀:莖葉(xie)(xie)角度(du)較小,著(zhu)葉(xie)(xie)28~34片,葉(xie)(xie)片較窄而厚(hou),筋脈細(xi),呈(cheng)(cheng)闊橢圓形;葉(xie)(xie)柄生毛,露浸(jin)不拖頭;易退青變黃,水分含(han)量(liang)少(shao);顏色深黃,色度(du)飽(bao)滿,油(you)分充足(zu),組織(zhi)細(xi)致,厚(hou)薄適(shi)中(zhong),成熟度(du)好(hao),填充力強,彈性好(hao),香味(wei)(wei)充足(zu)。成品煙葉(xie)(xie):香氣濃郁,手揉葉(xie)(xie)呈(cheng)(cheng)麩片狀(zhuang),燃(ran)燒性好(hao),燃(ran)燒后灰 呈(cheng)(cheng)潔白(bai);吸味(wei)(wei)飽(bao)滿,勁頭足(zu),刺激性小;含(han)糖量(liang)適(shi)中(zhong),化學成分協(xie)調;煙氣柔和、細(xi)膩,余味(wei)(wei)舒(shu)適(shi)純凈,濃勁比協(xie)調,配伍性好(hao),工業可用性強。
2、內(nei)在品質指標(biao): 煙(yan)葉安全性高,無(wu)殘毒,無(wu)農藥殘留;煙(yan)葉中“高糖(tang)、適煙(yan)堿、富鉀、蛋白(bai)質”是形(xing)成均(jun)州(zhou)名曬煙(yan)的重要化學物質基礎。蛋白(bai)質6%~8%,總糖(tang)12%~16%,總氮2.2%~2.8%,煙(yan)堿3%~3.8%,鉀1.2%~1.7%,氯0.6%~1.2%。
3、安全要求(qiu)(qiu):產地環境要求(qiu)(qiu)執行(xing)(xing)NY/T852煙草(cao)產地環境技術(shu)條件(jian);農藥使用符合《煙草(cao)農藥使用推薦意見(jian)》(中國(guo)煙葉公(gong)司發布);質量要求(qiu)(qiu)按(an)DB42/T225—2002《均(jun)縣名曬煙》標準執行(xing)(xing)。