一.產品介紹
芮(rui)城蘆(lu)筍主要(yao)分布在古魏(wei)鎮、東壚鄉兩個鄉鎮的(de)沿黃(huang)地帶,涉及12個行政村。地域保(bao)護范圍東經110°16′07″~110°56′43″,北(bei)緯34°37′29″~34°43′36″,認證面(mian)積(ji)1萬公頃(qing),年產量(liang)30萬噸。芮(rui)城蘆(lu)筍嫩(nen)莖肥大(da),質(zhi)地細嫩(nen)、清脆爽口、大(da)小整齊,莖頂(ding)鱗片包(bao)裹緊密(mi),圓鈍(dun),不易開(kai)散。芮(rui)城蘆(lu)筍含(han)(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)豐富的(de)營養成(cheng)分,其中(zhong)每100g產品(pin)中(zhong)碳(tan)水化合物(wu)(wu)2.0-4.9g,膳(shan)食(shi)纖維含(han)(han)(han)(han)量(liang)≥1.9g,水分≥90g,維生(sheng)素C含(han)(han)(han)(han)量(liang)≥5.0mg,鈉含(han)(han)(han)(han)量(liang)3.1-12mg,鉀(jia)含(han)(han)(han)(han)量(liang)≥260mg,鈣含(han)(han)(han)(han)量(liang)≥10mg。蘆(lu)筍中(zhong)含(han)(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)天門冬(dong)以及多種甾體皂甙物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)、蘆(lu)酊、甘(gan)露聚(ju)糖(tang)和膽堿等,對(dui)于(yu)高血壓(ya)、心(xin)率過速、疲(pi)勞癥、水腫、膀胱(guang)炎、排尿困難等癥狀均有(you)(you)一定的(de)療效。
二.自然生態環(huan)境和人文歷(li)史(shi)因(yin)素
土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)地貌情(qing)況(kuang)芮(rui)城縣北高南低,一(yi)面陽坡,最高海拔(ba)1993.8米(mi),最低海拔(ba)302米(mi),土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)深(shen)厚20—100米(mi)之間,年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)降雨(yu)量513毫米(mi)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)質主要(yao)為(wei)褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)和草甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)。芮(rui)城蘆(lu)筍(sun)種植(zhi)區域主要(yao)在地勢平(ping)(ping)坦的(de)河(he)灘地,以砂壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)主,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)質地多為(wei)輕(qing)壤(rang)(rang),耕(geng)性良(liang)好,PH值為(wei)7.8,特殊的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)適合(he)生長蘆(lu)筍(sun)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文情(qing)況(kuang)芮(rui)城蘆(lu)筍(sun)的(de)種植(zhi)區域水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)豐富,地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),符(fu)合(he)國家農用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)標準,且有配套(tao)深(shen)井。氣(qi)候情(qing)況(kuang)芮(rui)城蘆(lu)筍(sun)種植(zhi)區域的(de)氣(qi)候屬(shu)暖溫帶(dai)大(da)陸性氣(qi)候,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫12.8℃,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)日照為(wei)2366.2小(xiao)時(shi),≥10℃的(de)有效積溫為(wei)4223.9℃,全(quan)年(nian)(nian)無霜期平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)210天,全(quan)年(nian)(nian)降雨(yu)量平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)517.5mm,相對濕度65%,是蘆(lu)筍(sun)的(de)獨特生長氣(qi)候條件。
三.地域范圍
芮城縣位(wei)于運城市(shi)(shi)西(xi)南端,黃河中游,北(bei)(bei)依中條(tiao)山與永(yong)濟市(shi)(shi)、鹽(yan)湖區(qu)接壤,南臨(lin)黃河與河南省(sheng)靈(ling)寶市(shi)(shi)相望,西(xi)臨(lin)黃河與陜西(xi)省(sheng)大(da)荔縣、潼(tong)關縣相望,素(su)有“黃河金三(san)角洲”之譽(yu)。芮城蘆筍農產品地(di)理標志地(di)域(yu)保護范圍為風(feng)陵渡(du)鎮(zhen)、陽城鎮(zhen)、永(yong)樂(le)鎮(zhen)、古魏(wei)鎮(zhen)、南衛鄉(xiang)、東(dong)壚鄉(xiang)、陌南鎮(zhen)7個(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)的43個(ge)行政村,地(di)理坐標為東(dong)經110°16′7″~110°56′43″,北(bei)(bei)緯34°37′29″~34°,43′36″,之間,東(dong)西(xi)長(chang)12公里,南北(bei)(bei)寬3公里。生產面積10000公頃,年產量30萬(wan)噸。
四.產(chan)品(pin)品(pin)質特性(xing)特征
1.外在感(gan)官特征:芮(rui)城蘆筍嫩(nen)莖(jing)肥大,質(zhi)地細(xi)嫩(nen)、清脆爽口、大小整齊,莖(jing)頂鱗片包裹(guo)緊密,圓(yuan)鈍,不易開散。
2.內在品(pin)質:芮(rui)城蘆筍含(han)(han)有(you)豐富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)營養(yang)成分,其中(zhong)每100g產品(pin)中(zhong)碳水(shui)化(hua)合物2.0-4.9g,膳食(shi)纖(xian)維含(han)(han)量≥1.9g,水(shui)分≥90g,維生素C含(han)(han)量≥5.0mg,鈉含(han)(han)量3.1-12mg,鉀(jia)含(han)(han)量≥260mg,鈣含(han)(han)量≥10mg。另外,蘆筍還(huan)(huan)有(you)很(hen)高的(de)(de)(de)藥用價值,蘆筍中(zhong)含(han)(han)有(you)大量的(de)(de)(de)發天門(men)冬酰胺(an)為主體的(de)(de)(de)非(fei)蛋白質含(han)(han)氧物質和天門(men)冬、以及多種(zhong)甾(zai)體皂甙物質、蘆酊、甘露聚糖和膽堿等,對于高血(xue)壓、心率過速、疲勞(lao)癥(zheng)、水(shui)腫、膀胱炎、排尿(niao)困難等癥(zheng)勻有(you)一定的(de)(de)(de)療(liao)效。天門(men)冬酰胺(an)酶,還(huan)(huan)能(neng)治療(liao)白血(xue)病。
3.安全要求:嚴格執行(xing)《無(wu)公害農產品(pin)生產規程》確保產地環(huan)境達到NY5010-2002無(wu)公害食品(pin)蔬菜產地環(huan)境條件規定(ding)的大氣、水層、土壤質量標(biao)準,確保芮城蘆筍質量。。
五.特定生產方式(shi)
1.產地(di)選擇(ze)與(yu)特(te)殊內容規定選擇(ze)地(di)勢平坦(tan)、灌溉方便、土(tu)(tu)層深(shen)厚、土(tu)(tu)質疏松、富(fu)含有機質、保(bao)水(shui)、保(bao)肥性(xing)好的壤土(tu)(tu)或沙壤土(tu)(tu)。
2.品(pin)種選(xuan)擇與特定要求芮城蘆筍(sun)品(pin)種以“UC800、UC157”等為主,近年(nian)推(tui)廣的有“冠軍(jun)、阿波羅、格蘭德”等品(pin)種。
3.生產過程(cheng)管理
(1)因地(di)制宜(yi)播種(zhong)。開溝(gou)(gou)前種(zhong)植地(di)應(ying)深(shen)耕整平。按(an)5.4.2行距開40cm寬、40cm深(shen)種(zhong)植溝(gou)(gou)。種(zhong)植溝(gou)(gou)宜(yi)南(nan)北向(xiang)開挖,挖溝(gou)(gou)時上、下層泥土(tu)應(ying)分(fen)(fen)開,回填(tian)時將上層熟(shu)土(tu)與基肥分(fen)(fen)層填(tian)人種(zhong)植溝(gou)(gou)。種(zhong)植溝(gou)(gou)整成中間(jian)高、兩邊(bian)挖的小拱形,移栽(zai)前澆水沉實,以備定植。多雨地(di)方應(ying)以起壟為主,大田四周(zhou)開50cm深(shen)圍溝(gou)(gou),防止汛期日間(jian)積水,干旱地(di)區可采取保(bao)墑措施。
(2)合(he)理確定種植密(mi)度。蘆筍行(xing)距(ju)130Cm~140cm或寬窄行(xing)種植 (寬行(xing)140cm~150cm、窄行(xing)50cm~60cm),株(zhu)距(ju)25cm~30cm;蘆筍每667平方(fang)米(mi)用苗1500株(zhu)~2500株(zhu)。
(3)適時(shi)中耕(geng)(geng)除草。結合追(zhui)肥中耕(geng)(geng)除草,保持土壤疏(shu)松(song)。中耕(geng)(geng)時(shi)應避(bi)免傷及地(di)下嫩莖和(he)根系,適量(liang)覆土。
(4)適(shi)時水(shui)分(fen)管理(li)。澆水(shui)應根據作物生育期、降雨、土質、地下水(shui)位、空氣(qi)和土壤濕度狀況而定。
(5)科學配方施肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。每667平方米(mi)在種植溝(gou)內施無害(hai)化達(da)標腐(fu)熟(shu)農家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)3000kg~5000kg和(he)氮、磷、鉀復合肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)50kg左右作(zuo)基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)根據土(tu)壤肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)力(li)、生育時(shi)期和(he)生長狀況而定,苗期注意(yi)平衡施肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),采筍(sun)期不應使用速效(xiao)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。每年冬季采筍(sun)結束(shu)后(hou),應及時(shi)追(zhui)施基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),每667平方米(mi)施腐(fu)熟(shu)農家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)3000kg~4000kg和(he)氮、磷、鉀復合肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)50kg左右。
(6)病蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。蘆筍病蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)較(jiao)多,主(zhu)要有莖(jing)枯(ku)(ku)病、立枯(ku)(ku)病、炭疽(ju)病、莖(jing)腐病、夜蛾類(lei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、薊馬(ma)等。在(zai)(zai)栽培管理(li)上(shang)要重點做好(hao)這(zhe)些病蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工作。夜蛾類(lei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方法:誘殺成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),可用(yong)(yong)黑光(guang)燈(deng)或(huo)糖醋液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)誘殺;藥(yao)劑(ji)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)應在(zai)(zai)初齡(ling)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)未分散或(huo)未入土(tu)躲藏時(shi)噴(pen)(pen)藥(yao),成(cheng)齡(ling)后抗藥(yao)性很(hen)強,往往難以(yi)殺滅。一般根據預測,產卵高峰后4~5天噴(pen)(pen)藥(yao)效果(guo)最(zui)佳(jia)(jia)。傍晚(wan)噴(pen)(pen)藥(yao)比(bi)白天好(hao),可選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)藥(yao)劑(ji)有:90%敵(di)百蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)晶體1000倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、40%樂斯本1000倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、5%抑太保1000倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、薊馬(ma)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方法:清(qing)潔田園,勤除(chu)(chu)草,及時(shi)灌(guan)水(shui);藥(yao)劑(ji)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可用(yong)(yong)25%菊樂合劑(ji)2000倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、50%敵(di)敵(di)畏1000倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、10%吡(bi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)啉1000~1500倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)噴(pen)(pen)霧。甜(tian)菜夜蛾、棉鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方法:人工摘(zhai)卵:結(jie)合蘆筍整(zheng)枝打杈,摘(zhai)除(chu)(chu)甜(tian)菜夜蛾卵塊;藥(yao)劑(ji)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):在(zai)(zai)甜(tian)菜夜蛾和棉鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)二齡(ling)盛(sheng)期,結(jie)合莖(jing)枯(ku)(ku)病的(de)(de)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),在(zai)(zai)上(shang)述殺菌(jun)劑(ji)中輪流選(xuan)加(jia)下(xia)述殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)中的(de)(de)一種:31%久靈50~75毫(hao)(hao)(hao)升/畝;(48%樂斯本50毫(hao)(hao)(hao)升+5%高效氯氰(qing)菊酯50毫(hao)(hao)(hao)升)/畝或(huo)52.5%農地(di)樂50~75毫(hao)(hao)(hao)升/畝;奧綠一號70~100毫(hao)(hao)(hao)升/畝,隔7~10天噴(pen)(pen)施一次,連防(fang)2~3次,當日(ri)噴(pen)(pen)施時(shi)間以(yi)下(xia)午(wu)6時(shi)以(yi)后為宜;人工捉(zhuo)(zhuo)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong):對漏冶高齡(ling)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),可采取拍打法,將其震落在(zai)(zai)預先鋪好(hao)的(de)(de)塑(su)料薄(bo)膜上(shang),集中滅殺,也(ye)可在(zai)(zai)清(qing)晨人工捕捉(zhuo)(zhuo)。螻蛄防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方法:用(yong)(yong)90%敵(di)百蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)30倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)攪拌,適(shi)量加(jia)水(shui),拌潮為度(du),每畝施用(yong)(yong)1.2~2.5千克,在(zai)(zai)無(wu)風悶(men)熱(re)的(de)(de)傍晚(wan)撒(sa)施效果(guo)最(zui)佳(jia)(jia)。用(yong)(yong)3%辛硫磷顆(ke)粒劑(ji)1千克,拌細沙(sha)3千克撒(sa)施在(zai)(zai)苗床內。
4.產品收獲及產后處理規(gui)定
(1)采(cai)(cai)摘:手握(wo)采(cai)(cai)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)鏟(chan)刀(dao)(dao),發現有(you)裂(lie)紋(wen)或頂突或干燥(zao)尖,再(zai)往下(xia)扒些(xie)土,使(shi)嫩(nen)(nen)(nen)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)露出(chu)(chu)5-7厘米的(de)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)尖端時,一(yi)手捏住嫩(nen)(nen)(nen)筍(sun)(sun)(sun),另一(yi)只手持(chi)(chi)采(cai)(cai)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)鏟(chan)刀(dao)(dao)從嫩(nen)(nen)(nen)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)側成45度(du)斜(xie)插(cha)向下(xia)到嫩(nen)(nen)(nen)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)基部切(qie)(qie)取拔(ba)出(chu)(chu)。采(cai)(cai)切(qie)(qie)嫩(nen)(nen)(nen)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)時,除要(yao)求采(cai)(cai)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)刀(dao)(dao)(鏟(chan))的(de)刀(dao)(dao)刃(ren)較鋒利外,還要(yao)把(ba)握(wo):一(yi)是采(cai)(cai)下(xia)的(de)嫩(nen)(nen)(nen)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)長度(du)掌握(wo)在(zai)18-20厘米,采(cai)(cai)切(qie)(qie)過(guo)短的(de)嫩(nen)(nen)(nen)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)不符(fu)合(he)收購標準(zhun),采(cai)(cai)切(qie)(qie)過(guo)長不但浪(lang)費根(gen)盤的(de)養分,也易(yi)損傷附近的(de)鱗芽(ya);二是采(cai)(cai)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)鏟(chan)刀(dao)(dao)的(de)切(qie)(qie)割(ge)部位(wei)需距(ju)離鱗芽(ya)盤2-3厘米,避(bi)免(mian)損傷附近的(de)鱗芽(ya)及嫩(nen)(nen)(nen)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)。切(qie)(qie)割(ge)后抽提嫩(nen)(nen)(nen)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)時要(yao)防(fang)(fang)止把(ba)嫩(nen)(nen)(nen)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)尖端部折斷,保持(chi)(chi)嫩(nen)(nen)(nen)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)條的(de)完(wan)整性。嫩(nen)(nen)(nen)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)采(cai)(cai)下(xia)后水平(ping)堆放在(zai)采(cai)(cai)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)籃(lan)或提筐中,上(shang)面用(yong)一(yi)塊深顏色(se)布遮(zhe)蓋,防(fang)(fang)止嫩(nen)(nen)(nen)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)過(guo)長時間見(jian)光變色(se)。同時用(yong)手將(jiang)扒開的(de)細土填(tian)回采(cai)(cai)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)坑,拍實(shi)抹(mo)平(ping),讓(rang)壟(long)保持(chi)(chi)采(cai)(cai)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)前的(de)原樣(yang)。采(cai)(cai)收蘆(lu)筍(sun)(sun)(sun)時,土壤(rang)相(xiang)對濕度(du)宜在(zai)60%左(zuo)右。
(2)包(bao)裝:嚴格按(an)照GB/T13607的規(gui)定執行。
(3)標(biao)識:銷售和運輸包裝物(wu)應(ying)標(biao)有“芮(rui)城蘆筍”地理標(biao)志及地理標(biao)志圖案(an),并標(biao)明產(chan)(chan)品名(ming)稱、數量、產(chan)(chan)地、包裝日期、生產(chan)(chan)單位、保質(zhi)期、產(chan)(chan)品質(zhi)量以(yi)及執行標(biao)準等內容(rong)。
(4)貯藏:芮(rui)城蘆(lu)筍的冷(leng)藏嚴格執行GB/T8559,氣(qi)調(diao)貯藏按照IS08682執行;冷(leng)庫無異味,不與有(you)毒(du)、有(you)害物(wu)品混放,不得使用保鮮試劑。
(5)運(yun)(yun)輸:運(yun)(yun)輸工具(ju)清(qing)潔衛生,裝卸時輕拿輕放,待運(yun)(yun)時,應批次分明、堆碼整齊、環(huan)(huan)境清(qing)潔、通風良(liang)好。嚴禁烈日(ri)暴(bao)曬,注意防(fang)凍、防(fang)熱,縮短待運(yun)(yun)時間。5.生產記(ji)錄要求(qiu)建(jian)立芮城蘆筍農產品地理標志生產檔案(an),詳細記(ji)載產地環(huan)(huan)境、生產技術、病(bing)蟲害防(fang)治和(he)采收各環(huan)(huan)節所采取(qu)的具(ju)體(ti)措施(shi)。