一.產品介紹
神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)胡(hu)麻(ma)(ma)產于山(shan)(shan)西省忻州市神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)縣(xian)(xian),始種于東(dong)漢年間。清道光(guang)年間,兵部(bu)尚書祁(qi)雋澡《馬首(shou)農言(yan)》中(zhong)“油(you)(you)出神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、利民(min)等處,每(mei)斤(jin)錢一百(bai)上(shang)下,濺至七(qi)十以上(shang)”。清光(guang)緒《神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)縣(xian)(xian)志》載:“胡(hu)麻(ma)(ma),子肥大,其色(se)紫黑,榨油(you)(you)最多、甚佳。”《中(zhong)國(guo)實業志.山(shan)(shan)西卷(juan)》載:“民(min)國(guo)二十四年(1953年),全縣(xian)(xian)有46家油(you)(you)坊,榨油(you)(you)工(gong)人(ren)316人(ren)。資本3972萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan),年加(jia)工(gong)胡(hu)麻(ma)(ma)118.1萬(wan)(wan)公(gong)斤(jin),產油(you)(you)35.5萬(wan)(wan)公(gong)斤(jin),產值9.12萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)。” 目(mu)前,神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)縣(xian)(xian)胡(hu)麻(ma)(ma)種植面積達(da)20萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)左(zuo)右,年總產2.5萬(wan)(wan)噸左(zuo)右。神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)胡(hu)麻(ma)(ma)特殊的產地環境(jing),形成了獨特的品質,加(jia)工(gong)的神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)胡(hu)麻(ma)(ma)油(you)(you)被(bei)譽為“高山(shan)(shan)上(shang)的深(shen)海魚油(you)(you)”;有“天天吃胡(hu)油(you)(you),賽如(ru)活神(shen)(shen)(shen)仙”、“裝滿油(you)(you)罐罐,不愁錢串串”等神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)民(min)謠。2014年神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)縣(xian)(xian)被(bei)中(zhong)國(guo)糧(liang)食行業協會授予“中(zhong)國(guo)亞(ya)麻(ma)(ma)油(you)(you)籽之鄉(xiang)”稱號。
二(er).自然生態環境和人(ren)文(wen)歷史因(yin)素
1、地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌和土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤情況神池(chi)縣(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)丘陵區,山丘起伏、溝壑縱(zong)橫,平均海拔(ba)在(zai)1500米(海拔(ba)范圍1200—2500米),洪濤山脈(mo)自西(xi)北向東南(nan)延(yan)伸,關涔山脈(mo)縱(zong)立(li)南(nan)沿,兩大山脈(mo)形(xing)成(cheng)中(zhong)部(bu)小(xiao)塊緩坡平地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)總(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌特(te)點是(shi)平川(chuan)少,山地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)丘陵多(占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)國土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)88%),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌復雜。全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)可耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)84.69萬畝,人均耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)近(jin)10畝,全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤類(lei)(lei)型分(fen)為四(si)個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)(lei)(棕(zong)壤、栗(li)褐(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、風(feng)砂土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、潮土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)),主(zhu)要(yao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)(lei)為栗(li)褐(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)98.08%,分(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)海拔(ba)1600—2000米的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)低(di)山和丘陵地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區;棕(zong)壤占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)0.3%,主(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)在(zai)海拔(ba)2300米以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)上(shang)部(bu),風(feng)砂土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1.23%,主(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)在(zai)西(xi)部(bu)平川(chuan)局部(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區,潮土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)0.39%,主(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)在(zai)縣(xian)(xian)川(chuan)河源(yuan)頭和海拔(ba)1500米左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山澗交(jiao)接洼地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。按全(quan)(quan)(quan)國第(di)二次土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤普查(cha),神池(chi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤總(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點是(shi)“缺(que)磷少氮鉀(jia)有(you)余”,全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)養份狀況是(shi)有(you)機質6.6-8.5g/kg、全(quan)(quan)(quan)氮0.4-0.5g/kg、有(you)效(xiao)磷3-5mg/kg、速效(xiao)鉀(jia)100mg/kg以(yi)上(shang),屬三級(ji)以(yi)上(shang)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),非常適(shi)宜胡麻(ma)生長。?
2、水文情況:全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)有四(si)條大的季節性(xing)河(he)流(liu),朱家(jia)川河(he)全(quan)(quan)(quan)長60公里(li),由本縣(xian)西(xi)部賀職鄉(xiang)出(chu)(chu)(chu)境(jing)(jing),經五(wu)寨、保德入黃河(he),流(liu)域面積(ji)163萬(wan)畝(mu);縣(xian)川河(he)全(quan)(quan)(quan)長35公里(li),由本縣(xian)西(xi)北(bei)長畛鄉(xiang)出(chu)(chu)(chu)境(jing)(jing),經偏關、保德入黃河(he),流(liu)域面積(ji)95萬(wan)畝(mu);野豬(zhu)口河(he)全(quan)(quan)(quan)長19公里(li),由本鄉(xiang)石湖村出(chu)(chu)(chu)境(jing)(jing),經朔(shuo)州入桑干(gan)河(he);澗口河(he)在(zai)(zai)境(jing)(jing)內東部,全(quan)(quan)(quan)長5公里(li),由龍泉鎮大溝兒澗出(chu)(chu)(chu)境(jing)(jing),經寧武縣(xian)入恢河(he),最后流(liu)入桑干(gan)河(he),流(liu)域面積(ji)10萬(wan)畝(mu)。四(si)條季節性(xing)河(he)流(liu),徑流(liu)多集中在(zai)(zai)雨(yu)季,7、8、9三個月的洪水流(liu)量(liang)占到全(quan)(quan)(quan)年徑流(liu)量(liang)的70%,各河(he)流(liu)總洪水量(liang)大1.15米(mi)3/秒(miao),因為是(shi)季節性(xing)河(he)流(liu),所以夏季出(chu)(chu)(chu)現洪水高峰(feng),河(he)床洪水濤(tao)濤(tao),當地(di)農民形象地(di)概括為“有雨(yu)山(shan)洪發(fa),雨(yu)過(guo)河(he)床干(gan)”。神池縣(xian)水資源十分貧乏,全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)地(di)下水靜儲量(liang)為6.16億噸,動(dong)儲量(liang)為5.9萬(wan)噸/晝(zhou)夜,埋(mai)深(shen)在(zai)(zai)100米(mi)左(zuo)右,且分布不(bu)均,多集中于朱家(jia)川河(he)和縣(xian)川河(he)兩河(he)流(liu)域,適合胡麻生長。?
3、氣候(hou)(hou)情況(kuang):神池縣(xian)屬大(da)陸季(ji)風(feng)氣候(hou)(hou),干旱、高寒、溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)大(da)、無霜(shuang)期(qi)短(duan),年(nian)平均氣溫(wen)(wen)4.7℃,平均無霜(shuang)期(qi)114天,平均降(jiang)雨量487.7毫(hao)米(mi),主要集中(zhong)在7—9月份(fen),年(nian)平均蒸發量1921.1毫(hao)米(mi),全(quan)年(nian)光(guang)照時數為2816.7小時,年(nian)太陽總(zong)輻(fu)射量144.03千卡/厘米(mi),≥10℃的總(zong)積溫(wen)(wen)為2300-2600℃,氣候(hou)(hou)以風(feng)大(da)、低溫(wen)(wen)、降(jiang)水變率(lv)大(da),春旱年(nian)份(fen)多(duo),無霜(shuang)期(qi)短(duan)為主要特點,總(zong)之氣候(hou)(hou)涼爽、降(jiang)雨集中(zhong)、西北風(feng)長年(nian)不(bu)斷、光(guang)照充足、晝(zhou)夜溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)大(da)這(zhe)樣的氣候(hou)(hou)條件正(zheng)好符合(he)胡麻的生產發育。
三.地域范圍
神池(chi)縣位于晉西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)黃(huang)土高原,地處(chu)管涔(cen)(cen)山西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)麓,東與朔州(zhou)(zhou)市接壤(rang),西(xi)(xi)與五(wu)寨縣毗連,南距管涔(cen)(cen)隔寧武,北(bei)(bei)負洪(hong)濤界偏關縣、平魯區。地理坐標(biao):東經(jing)111°42′—112°18′,北(bei)(bei)緯38°56′—39°24′,全縣總面(mian)積1472平方公(gong)里。神池(chi)胡(hu)麻地理標(biao)志(zhi)產品保護(hu)范圍(wei)為山西(xi)(xi)省忻州(zhou)(zhou)市神池(chi)縣境內的龍泉鎮(zhen)、義井鎮(zhen)、八角(jiao)鎮(zhen)、東湖鄉(xiang)、太平莊(zhuang)鄉(xiang)、虎北(bei)(bei)鄉(xiang)、賀(he)職鄉(xiang)、烈堡(bao)鄉(xiang)、長(chang)畛鄉(xiang)、大嚴備(bei)鄉(xiang)等10個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)241個行政村(cun)。近幾年(nian)胡(hu)麻年(nian)種植面(mian)積8500公(gong)頃,年(nian)總產2.5 -3萬噸(dun)。
四(si).產品品質特(te)性特(te)征
神池(chi)(chi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)籽(zi)粒扁平,前端鳥(niao)嘴狀,表面(mian)平滑,色(se)澤紫黑光亮、較(jiao)肥(fei)(fei)大(長3-5mm,千(qian)粒重6.8-7克,比(bi)異地(di)(di)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)高(gao)(gao)0.83g左右),耐貯(zhu)藏,脫水快,抗蟲蛀,出油(you)(you)率高(gao)(gao),所以(yi)神池(chi)(chi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)籽(zi)品質(zhi)獨特,清(qing)光緒《神池(chi)(chi)縣志》載:“胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma),子肥(fei)(fei)大,其色(se)紫黑,甚佳”。神池(chi)(chi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)含(han)(han)(han)(han)油(you)(you)40.2 g/100g以(yi)上,是目前胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)中出油(you)(you)最(zui)高(gao)(gao)的,據當地(di)(di)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)油(you)(you)料加(jia)工作(zuo)坊和(he)現代(dai)油(you)(you)料加(jia)工企業測定,神池(chi)(chi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)加(jia)工出油(you)(you)率高(gao)(gao)達(da)(da)35%--40%,異地(di)(di)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)加(jia)工加(jia)工最(zui)高(gao)(gao)僅(jin)達(da)(da)33%,神池(chi)(chi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)含(han)(han)(han)(han)水分≤13.9%,含(han)(han)(han)(han)亞(ya)油(you)(you)酸≥1.38g/100g,含(han)(han)(han)(han)α-亞(ya)麻(ma)酸>4.01g/100g。
五.特定(ding)生產方式
1、加強(qiang)抗旱(han)耕(geng)作,保(bao)好(hao)墑情(qing)胡麻種子(zi)比(bi)較細小,幼苗頂(ding)土力(li)弱,因(yin)此(ci)需要精細整地,保(bao)持土壤(rang)疏(shu)松平整。在(zai)我縣各(ge)胡麻產區可以(yi)采取秋(qiu)深(shen)耕(geng),冬鎮壓,春季(ji)頂(ding)凌粑磨,播后(hou)根據晌情(qing)進行碾壓等蓄水保(bao)墑辦法(fa)。?
2、播(bo)前施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)足底肥,精選(xuan)種(zhong)子(zi)旱地(di)胡麻必須重施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)底肥,杜絕白茬下種(zhong),做到氮磷配合(he)。據測定(ding)胡麻對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)入土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)中的(de)養分吸收(shou)利用(yong)(yong)率(lv)很高,每生產100斤胡麻從土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)中吸收(shou)氮7.5斤、磷2.5斤、鉀5.5斤。因此為滿足其(qi)生長發(fa)育應增施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥料,一(yi)(yi)般保(bao)證畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)機肥500—1000公(gong)斤,畝(mu)基施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二銨(an)4—5公(gong)斤,磷肥10—15公(gong)斤。方(fang)法上采(cai)用(yong)(yong)集中溝施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。丘陵地(di)區(qu)隨同犁(li)種(zhong)一(yi)(yi)次施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)入,緩坡地(di)區(qu)在春(chun)季淺耕時施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在犁(li)溝內,隨后及時耙耱(mo)鎮(zhen)壓。根據不同的(de)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類型和氣候特點,選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)不同的(de)優種(zhong)。這里所說的(de)優種(zhong),不僅(jin)僅(jin)指優良品種(zhong),還包括(kuo)經過保(bao)純防雜的(de)優良品種(zhong)。只有(you)這樣才能減(jian)少(shao)病(bing)蟲害,減(jian)輕品種(zhong)的(de)退化(hua),一(yi)(yi)般2—3年應更換(huan)一(yi)(yi)次。在我省適宜種(zhong)植的(de)品種(zhong)有(you)晉亞7、9號,隴亞7號等。
?3、適時(shi)早播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo),保證質(zhi)量胡麻早播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)可以充分利用(yong)(yong)土壤解凍(dong)后(hou)的返(fan)漿水(shui),提高出苗率;早播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)還(huan)可以闖過(guo)最末一(yi)次晚(wan)霜(shuang)危害;早播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)可延長苗子(zi)生(sheng)長時(shi)間,使(shi)營(ying)養體生(sheng)長好,為后(hou)期開花結果(guo)創(chuang)造良好條件。一(yi)般(ban)我縣在(zai)5月上旬(xun)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種。播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種方式可采(cai)用(yong)(yong)耬播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)或機播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo),播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)深以1.5寸(cun)左右為宜。?
4、因地(di)(di)制宜(yi),合理(li)密(mi)植要按照地(di)(di)力條件(jian)和品種特性確定合理(li)密(mi)度,一般下(xia)等地(di)(di)播(bo)(bo)量6—7斤,畝保(bao)苗20—25萬株(zhu);中等地(di)(di)播(bo)(bo)7—8斤,畝保(bao)苗25—30萬株(zhu);上(shang)等地(di)(di)播(bo)(bo)9—10斤畝留苗30—40萬株(zhu)。?
5、加強(qiang)田(tian)間管理我縣種胡麻(ma)的地(di)(di),土(tu)壤養份含量均不高。特(te)別是稍(shao)粘重土(tu)壤在播(bo)后(hou)遇(yu)(yu)雨(yu)(yu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)就會形成板(ban)積層,要及時(shi)(shi)(shi)破除(chu)以利出苗,防(fang)止(zhi)造成嚴(yan)重的缺苗斷壟(long)。胡麻(ma)出苗到現蕾前(qian)30天內地(di)(di)表(biao)未被覆蓋,此(ci)時(shi)(shi)(shi)氣(qi)候干燥,雜草(cao)也正是盛發(fa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期,胡麻(ma)此(ci)時(shi)(shi)(shi)根系(xi)生(sheng)(sheng)長較(jiao)強(qiang),地(di)(di)上部分卻生(sheng)(sheng)長緩(huan)慢,這時(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)抓緊時(shi)(shi)(shi)間中(zhong)耕除(chu)草(cao),防(fang)止(zhi)雜草(cao)和幼苗爭奪養分,抑制幼苗生(sheng)(sheng)長。據考察,胡麻(ma)出土(tu)后(hou)根系(xi)生(sheng)(sheng)長很快,因(yin)此(ci)早鋤(chu)細鋤(chu)對胡麻(ma)生(sheng)(sheng)長很重要,可在苗高2寸時(shi)(shi)(shi)淺鋤(chu)第一次。現蕾前(qian)遇(yu)(yu)雨(yu)(yu)可趁雨(yu)(yu)追尿素4—5公斤(jin),并配合第二(er)次深中(zhong)耕,以促進(jin)根系(xi)發(fa)育保蓄水份。?
6、提高認識,防病(bing)防蟲(chong)(chong)目前,由(you)于抗病(bing)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)推廣(guang),胡麻枯萎病(bing)得以有效控制。但對(dui)于立(li)枯病(bing)和炭疽病(bing),仍需采用種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)量0.3%的(de)多菌靈或(huo)拌種(zhong)(zhong)雙(shuang)進行拌種(zhong)(zhong)加以防治。地(di)下害蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)防治,可在春季(ji)淺耕(geng)前撒施毒餌誘(you)殺(sha)。現蕾前應特別(bie)注意對(dui)牧草盲蝽蟓的(de)防治。每畝用20%的(de)速滅殺(sha)丁乳油25—50ml兌水80—100公斤噴霧即可,后期應注意對(dui)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)、漏油蟲(chong)(chong)、粘(zhan)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)防治。?
7、適期(qi)早收,防止返青胡(hu)麻(ma)適時(shi)(shi)(shi)早收有(you)一定(ding)增(zeng)產作用,一般可增(zeng)產5%,而且胡(hu)麻(ma)后期(qi)雨多時(shi)(shi)(shi),往往發生返青現象,造成(cheng)減產。因此(ci)在(zai)胡(hu)麻(ma)莖(jing)下部葉(xie)變黃,部分脫落,有(you)75%的蒴果發白變黃,子粒多數搖動時(shi)(shi)(shi)沙沙作響,只(zhi)有(you)少數籽(zi)粒微有(you)粘感(gan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)受獲。