一.產品介紹
神(shen)池(chi)胡(hu)麻(ma)產(chan)(chan)于山(shan)西省忻(xin)州(zhou)市神(shen)池(chi)縣,始種(zhong)于東漢年間(jian)。清道光(guang)年間(jian),兵部尚書祁(qi)雋澡《馬首(shou)農言》中(zhong)(zhong)“油(you)(you)(you)出(chu)神(shen)池(chi)、利民等(deng)處,每斤錢一百上(shang)(shang)(shang)下,濺至七十以上(shang)(shang)(shang)”。清光(guang)緒《神(shen)池(chi)縣志(zhi)》載(zai):“胡(hu)麻(ma),子肥大,其色紫黑,榨(zha)油(you)(you)(you)最多、甚佳。”《中(zhong)(zhong)國實業(ye)志(zhi).山(shan)西卷》載(zai):“民國二(er)十四年(1953年),全縣有46家油(you)(you)(you)坊,榨(zha)油(you)(you)(you)工人316人。資本3972萬元(yuan),年加(jia)(jia)工胡(hu)麻(ma)118.1萬公(gong)斤,產(chan)(chan)油(you)(you)(you)35.5萬公(gong)斤,產(chan)(chan)值9.12萬元(yuan)。” 目前,神(shen)池(chi)縣胡(hu)麻(ma)種(zhong)植(zhi)面積達(da)20萬畝(mu)左(zuo)右,年總產(chan)(chan)2.5萬噸(dun)左(zuo)右。神(shen)池(chi)胡(hu)麻(ma)特殊的產(chan)(chan)地環境,形成了獨特的品質(zhi),加(jia)(jia)工的神(shen)池(chi)胡(hu)麻(ma)油(you)(you)(you)被(bei)譽(yu)為“高山(shan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的深海魚油(you)(you)(you)”;有“天(tian)天(tian)吃胡(hu)油(you)(you)(you),賽如活神(shen)仙”、“裝滿(man)油(you)(you)(you)罐罐,不愁錢串串”等(deng)神(shen)池(chi)民謠。2014年神(shen)池(chi)縣被(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)國糧食行業(ye)協會(hui)授予“中(zhong)(zhong)國亞(ya)麻(ma)油(you)(you)(you)籽之(zhi)鄉”稱(cheng)號(hao)。
二.自然生(sheng)態環(huan)境和人文歷史因(yin)素
1、地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)和土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)情況神池(chi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)處黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)丘(qiu)陵區,山丘(qiu)起伏、溝壑縱(zong)橫,平(ping)均(jun)海(hai)(hai)拔在(zai)1500米(海(hai)(hai)拔范圍1200—2500米),洪濤(tao)山脈(mo)(mo)自西北向東南延伸,關涔山脈(mo)(mo)縱(zong)立南沿,兩(liang)大山脈(mo)(mo)形(xing)成中部小塊緩坡(po)平(ping)地(di)(di)(di)(di),全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)總(zong)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)特點(dian)是平(ping)川(chuan)少,山地(di)(di)(di)(di)丘(qiu)陵多(占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)國土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)面積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)88%),地(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)復雜。全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)可(ke)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面積(ji)(ji)84.69萬(wan)畝,人均(jun)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)近10畝,全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類型分為四個(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(棕壤(rang)、栗(li)褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、風砂土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)),主要土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類為栗(li)褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)面積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)98.08%,分布(bu)于海(hai)(hai)拔1600—2000米的(de)(de)(de)中低山和丘(qiu)陵地(di)(di)(di)(di)區;棕壤(rang)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)面積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)0.3%,主要分布(bu)在(zai)海(hai)(hai)拔2300米以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)山地(di)(di)(di)(di)上(shang)部,風砂土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)面積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)1.23%,主要分布(bu)在(zai)西部平(ping)川(chuan)局(ju)部地(di)(di)(di)(di)區,潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)面積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)0.39%,主要分布(bu)在(zai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)川(chuan)河源頭和海(hai)(hai)拔1500米左右的(de)(de)(de)山澗交(jiao)接洼地(di)(di)(di)(di)。按全(quan)國第二次土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普查,神池(chi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)總(zong)的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)是“缺磷(lin)少氮鉀有余”,全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)養(yang)份狀(zhuang)況是有機質(zhi)6.6-8.5g/kg、全(quan)氮0.4-0.5g/kg、有效磷(lin)3-5mg/kg、速效鉀100mg/kg以上(shang),屬三(san)級以上(shang)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di),非常適宜胡麻生長(chang)。?
2、水文情況:全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣有四條大的季(ji)(ji)(ji)節(jie)性河(he)(he)流(liu),朱家川河(he)(he)全(quan)(quan)(quan)長60公(gong)里(li),由(you)(you)(you)本(ben)縣西部(bu)賀職鄉(xiang)(xiang)出(chu)境(jing),經(jing)五寨(zhai)、保(bao)德入黃河(he)(he),流(liu)域(yu)面積163萬畝(mu);縣川河(he)(he)全(quan)(quan)(quan)長35公(gong)里(li),由(you)(you)(you)本(ben)縣西北長畛鄉(xiang)(xiang)出(chu)境(jing),經(jing)偏關、保(bao)德入黃河(he)(he),流(liu)域(yu)面積95萬畝(mu);野(ye)豬口河(he)(he)全(quan)(quan)(quan)長19公(gong)里(li),由(you)(you)(you)本(ben)鄉(xiang)(xiang)石(shi)湖村(cun)出(chu)境(jing),經(jing)朔州入桑干(gan)河(he)(he);澗口河(he)(he)在(zai)(zai)境(jing)內東部(bu),全(quan)(quan)(quan)長5公(gong)里(li),由(you)(you)(you)龍泉鎮大溝兒澗出(chu)境(jing),經(jing)寧武縣入恢河(he)(he),最(zui)后流(liu)入桑干(gan)河(he)(he),流(liu)域(yu)面積10萬畝(mu)。四條季(ji)(ji)(ji)節(jie)性河(he)(he)流(liu),徑(jing)流(liu)多(duo)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)雨(yu)季(ji)(ji)(ji),7、8、9三個月的洪水流(liu)量(liang)占到全(quan)(quan)(quan)年徑(jing)流(liu)量(liang)的70%,各河(he)(he)流(liu)總(zong)洪水量(liang)大1.15米(mi)3/秒(miao),因為(wei)(wei)是(shi)季(ji)(ji)(ji)節(jie)性河(he)(he)流(liu),所以(yi)夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)出(chu)現洪水高峰,河(he)(he)床洪水濤濤,當地農民形(xing)象地概括為(wei)(wei)“有雨(yu)山洪發,雨(yu)過河(he)(he)床干(gan)”。神池縣水資源(yuan)十分(fen)貧乏,全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣地下水靜儲(chu)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)6.16億噸,動儲(chu)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)5.9萬噸/晝夜,埋深在(zai)(zai)100米(mi)左右(you),且分(fen)布不(bu)均,多(duo)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)于朱家川河(he)(he)和縣川河(he)(he)兩河(he)(he)流(liu)域(yu),適(shi)合(he)胡麻生長。?
3、氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)情況:神池縣屬大陸季風氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou),干旱(han)、高寒(han)、溫(wen)差大、無(wu)(wu)霜(shuang)期(qi)短,年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)4.7℃,平均(jun)無(wu)(wu)霜(shuang)期(qi)114天(tian),平均(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)(yu)量(liang)487.7毫(hao)米(mi),主要集中在7—9月份,年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)蒸發量(liang)1921.1毫(hao)米(mi),全年(nian)(nian)光(guang)照時數為(wei)2816.7小時,年(nian)(nian)太陽總(zong)輻射(she)量(liang)144.03千卡/厘米(mi),≥10℃的總(zong)積溫(wen)為(wei)2300-2600℃,氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)以風大、低溫(wen)、降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水變率大,春(chun)旱(han)年(nian)(nian)份多,無(wu)(wu)霜(shuang)期(qi)短為(wei)主要特點,總(zong)之氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)涼爽、降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)(yu)集中、西北風長年(nian)(nian)不斷、光(guang)照充足、晝夜溫(wen)差大這樣(yang)的氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)條件正(zheng)好符合(he)胡麻(ma)的生產發育(yu)。
三.地域范圍
神池縣位于(yu)晉西(xi)北黃(huang)土(tu)高原(yuan),地處管(guan)涔(cen)山(shan)西(xi)北麓,東(dong)與朔州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)接壤,西(xi)與五寨縣毗連,南距管(guan)涔(cen)隔寧武,北負洪濤界(jie)偏關縣、平(ping)魯區。地理坐(zuo)標:東(dong)經111°42′—112°18′,北緯38°56′—39°24′,全縣總面積(ji)1472平(ping)方公里。神池胡麻地理標志(zhi)產品(pin)保(bao)護范圍為(wei)山(shan)西(xi)省忻州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)神池縣境內的龍泉鎮、義(yi)井鎮、八角鎮、東(dong)湖(hu)鄉(xiang)、太平(ping)莊鄉(xiang)、虎(hu)北鄉(xiang)、賀職(zhi)鄉(xiang)、烈(lie)堡鄉(xiang)、長畛(zhen)鄉(xiang)、大嚴備鄉(xiang)等10個鄉(xiang)鎮241個行(xing)政村。近幾年胡麻年種植面積(ji)8500公頃,年總產2.5 -3萬(wan)噸。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質(zhi)特性特征
神(shen)池(chi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)籽粒(li)扁平,前端鳥嘴狀(zhuang),表(biao)面平滑,色(se)澤紫黑光亮、較肥大(da)(da)(長3-5mm,千(qian)粒(li)重(zhong)6.8-7克,比(bi)異地胡(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)高(gao)(gao)0.83g左右),耐貯(zhu)藏,脫水快,抗蟲蛀,出油率高(gao)(gao),所(suo)以(yi)神(shen)池(chi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)籽品質獨特,清(qing)光緒《神(shen)池(chi)縣志》載:“胡(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma),子(zi)肥大(da)(da),其色(se)紫黑,甚佳(jia)”。神(shen)池(chi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)含油40.2 g/100g以(yi)上,是目(mu)前胡(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)中出油最(zui)高(gao)(gao)的,據當地胡(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)油料(liao)加工作坊(fang)和(he)現代油料(liao)加工企業測(ce)定,神(shen)池(chi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)加工出油率高(gao)(gao)達(da)35%--40%,異地胡(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)加工加工最(zui)高(gao)(gao)僅達(da)33%,神(shen)池(chi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)含水分≤13.9%,含亞油酸≥1.38g/100g,含α-亞麻(ma)(ma)(ma)酸>4.01g/100g。
五.特定(ding)生(sheng)產方式
1、加強抗(kang)旱(han)耕作(zuo),保(bao)好(hao)墑(di)情(qing)胡(hu)麻(ma)(ma)種子(zi)比較(jiao)細(xi)小(xiao),幼苗頂土力弱,因此需要精細(xi)整(zheng)地,保(bao)持(chi)土壤(rang)疏松平整(zheng)。在(zai)我縣各胡(hu)麻(ma)(ma)產區可以(yi)采取秋深耕,冬鎮壓,春季(ji)頂凌粑磨,播(bo)后根(gen)據晌情(qing)進行碾壓等蓄水保(bao)墑(di)辦法(fa)。?
2、播前施(shi)(shi)足(zu)底(di)肥(fei)(fei),精選種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)旱(han)地(di)胡(hu)(hu)麻必須重施(shi)(shi)底(di)肥(fei)(fei),杜(du)絕白茬下種(zhong)(zhong),做到氮(dan)磷配合。據測(ce)定胡(hu)(hu)麻對施(shi)(shi)入土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)中的(de)養分吸收利(li)用(yong)(yong)率很高(gao),每生(sheng)產100斤胡(hu)(hu)麻從土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)中吸收氮(dan)7.5斤、磷2.5斤、鉀5.5斤。因(yin)此為滿足(zu)其(qi)生(sheng)長發育應(ying)增施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)料,一般(ban)保(bao)(bao)證畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)500—1000公斤,畝(mu)基施(shi)(shi)二銨4—5公斤,磷肥(fei)(fei)10—15公斤。方法上采用(yong)(yong)集(ji)中溝(gou)施(shi)(shi)。丘陵地(di)區隨同(tong)犁種(zhong)(zhong)一次(ci)施(shi)(shi)入,緩坡地(di)區在春季淺耕時(shi)施(shi)(shi)在犁溝(gou)內,隨后及時(shi)耙耱(mo)鎮(zhen)壓。根據不同(tong)的(de)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類(lei)型(xing)和(he)氣候特點(dian),選用(yong)(yong)不同(tong)的(de)優(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)。這里所說(shuo)的(de)優(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong),不僅(jin)僅(jin)指優(you)(you)良品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),還包(bao)括經過保(bao)(bao)純防(fang)雜的(de)優(you)(you)良品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。只有(you)這樣才能減少病(bing)蟲害,減輕品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)退化,一般(ban)2—3年(nian)應(ying)更換一次(ci)。在我省(sheng)適宜(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)植的(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)晉亞7、9號(hao),隴(long)亞7號(hao)等。
?3、適時早播(bo),保證質量(liang)胡麻早播(bo)可以充(chong)分利用土壤解凍后的返漿水,提高出(chu)苗(miao)率;早播(bo)還可以闖過最末(mo)一(yi)次晚霜(shuang)危害;早播(bo)可延長苗(miao)子生(sheng)長時間,使營(ying)養體生(sheng)長好,為后期開花結果創造(zao)良好條件。一(yi)般我(wo)縣(xian)在5月上(shang)旬播(bo)種。播(bo)種方式(shi)可采用耬播(bo)或機(ji)播(bo),播(bo)深以1.5寸左右為宜。?
4、因地(di)(di)制宜(yi),合理密(mi)植要按照地(di)(di)力條件和品種特(te)性確定合理密(mi)度,一般(ban)下等(deng)地(di)(di)播量6—7斤(jin),畝(mu)(mu)保苗20—25萬(wan)株;中等(deng)地(di)(di)播7—8斤(jin),畝(mu)(mu)保苗25—30萬(wan)株;上(shang)等(deng)地(di)(di)播9—10斤(jin)畝(mu)(mu)留(liu)苗30—40萬(wan)株。?
5、加(jia)強田間管理我縣種胡(hu)麻的地(di),土壤養份含量均不(bu)高。特別是稍粘(zhan)重土壤在(zai)(zai)播(bo)后(hou)遇(yu)雨時(shi)(shi)就會形成(cheng)板積層(ceng),要(yao)及時(shi)(shi)破(po)除(chu)以利(li)出(chu)苗(miao),防(fang)止(zhi)造成(cheng)嚴(yan)重的缺苗(miao)斷(duan)壟。胡(hu)麻出(chu)苗(miao)到(dao)現蕾前30天內地(di)表(biao)未被覆(fu)蓋,此時(shi)(shi)氣(qi)候干燥,雜(za)(za)草(cao)(cao)也正是盛發時(shi)(shi)期(qi),胡(hu)麻此時(shi)(shi)根(gen)(gen)系生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)較強,地(di)上部分卻生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)緩慢,這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)應抓緊時(shi)(shi)間中耕除(chu)草(cao)(cao),防(fang)止(zhi)雜(za)(za)草(cao)(cao)和幼苗(miao)爭奪(duo)養分,抑制幼苗(miao)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。據考察,胡(hu)麻出(chu)土后(hou)根(gen)(gen)系生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)很快(kuai),因此早鋤(chu)細鋤(chu)對胡(hu)麻生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)很重要(yao),可(ke)在(zai)(zai)苗(miao)高2寸時(shi)(shi)淺鋤(chu)第(di)一次。現蕾前遇(yu)雨可(ke)趁(chen)雨追尿(niao)素4—5公(gong)斤(jin),并配合第(di)二(er)次深(shen)中耕,以促進根(gen)(gen)系發育保蓄水份。?
6、提高認(ren)識,防(fang)病防(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)目前(qian)(qian),由(you)于抗(kang)病品種(zhong)的(de)推廣,胡麻枯萎病得以有效控(kong)制(zhi)。但對于立枯病和炭疽病,仍(reng)需采用(yong)種(zhong)子量0.3%的(de)多菌(jun)靈或拌種(zhong)雙進行(xing)拌種(zhong)加以防(fang)治(zhi)。地下害蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)防(fang)治(zhi),可(ke)在春季淺耕前(qian)(qian)撒施毒餌誘殺。現(xian)蕾前(qian)(qian)應特(te)別注意(yi)對牧(mu)草盲蝽(chun)蟓(xiang)的(de)防(fang)治(zhi)。每畝用(yong)20%的(de)速(su)滅(mie)殺丁乳油25—50ml兌水80—100公斤噴霧即可(ke),后期應注意(yi)對蚜蟲(chong)(chong)、漏油蟲(chong)(chong)、粘蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)防(fang)治(zhi)。?
7、適期早(zao)收,防(fang)止返青胡麻適時(shi)早(zao)收有一定增(zeng)產作(zuo)用(yong),一般(ban)可增(zeng)產5%,而且胡麻后期雨多(duo)時(shi),往往發生返青現(xian)象,造成減產。因此在(zai)胡麻莖下部葉變黃,部分脫落,有75%的(de)蒴果發白變黃,子(zi)粒多(duo)數搖動(dong)時(shi)沙(sha)沙(sha)作(zuo)響,只有少數籽粒微有粘(zhan)感時(shi)及時(shi)受獲。