一.產品介紹
官(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)是襄(xiang)(xiang)汾縣(xian)的(de)農業(ye)三大(da)品牌(官(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)、太(tai)平米(mi)醋、連村(cun)粉條)之一,因其(qi)(qi)原產(chan)(chan)地在(zai)襄(xiang)(xiang)汾縣(xian)官(guan)灘(tan)(tan)村(cun)而(er)得名,官(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)的(de)栽培距今已有(you)800年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)歷(li)史,據道(dao)光五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)太(tai)平縣(xian)志(zhi)記載(zai):“棗(zao)(zao),有(you)晉棗(zao)(zao)之名,多食易齒(chi)黃(huang),舊志(zhi),太(tai)平宜棗(zao)(zao),其(qi)(qi)樹盈野,居人有(you)半年(nian)(nian)(nian)糧(liang)之謠”。官(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)果(guo)實(shi)中大(da),長柱(zhu)圓形,平均單果(guo)重11克;果(guo)皮深紅(hong)色,肉(rou)厚、肉(rou)粘、油性大(da),耐貯藏。1997年(nian)(nian)(nian),山西省(sheng)首屆干果(guo)經(jing)濟林產(chan)(chan)品評獎展銷會上(shang),被認定為“山西省(sheng)十(shi)大(da)名棗(zao)(zao)”;2001年(nian)(nian)(nian),臨汾市(shi)啟動平川“121”工程(cheng)后,襄(xiang)(xiang)汾縣(xian)縣(xian)委、縣(xian)政府(fu)抓住有(you)利時機,掀起大(da)種棗(zao)(zao)的(de)熱潮,截止2008年(nian)(nian)(nian),全(quan)縣(xian)適宜官(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)生(sheng)長的(de)鄉(xiang)村(cun),保(bao)有(you)棗(zao)(zao)樹達(da)15萬(wan)株,年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)量達(da)到1500噸。
二.自然生態(tai)環境和人文歷史因素
1、自然(ran)生態環(huan)境(jing):官灘棗(zao)產地自然(ran)條件(jian)優越(yue),土(tu)壤主要(yao)為(wei)(wei)沙(sha)壤土(tu),土(tu)層(ceng)深(shen)厚、肥沃,排水透氣性良好,pH值6.8-7.5,表(biao)層(ceng)有機質(zhi)含(han)量7.12g/㎏,全氮平均為(wei)(wei)0.85g/㎏,有效磷(lin)平均為(wei)(wei)11.82㎎/㎏,速(su)效鉀(jia)平均為(wei)(wei)175.5㎎/㎏,地形為(wei)(wei)中間低向東(dong)西兩側呈階梯(ti)狀排列(lie)。氣候(hou)(hou)屬暖溫(wen)帶(dai)大陸型氣候(hou)(hou),年(nian)均氣溫(wen)12.4℃,年(nian)平均降雨量550mm,年(nian)無霜期(qi)205天,年(nian)平均日(ri)照時數2397小時以上(shang),十分適宜官灘棗(zao)的(de)生長發育(yu)。
2、人文(wen)歷(li)史(shi):官(guan)灘棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)是襄(xiang)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)農業三大(da)(da)品牌(官(guan)灘棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、太(tai)平(ping)米醋、連村(cun)粉條)之(zhi)一,因其原產(chan)地(di)在襄(xiang)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)官(guan)灘村(cun)而得名(ming),該村(cun)位于(yu)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)河下游(you)東岸,古(gu)為(wei)鎮(zhen)守汾(fen)(fen)(fen)河官(guan)員居住(zhu)地(di)之(zhi)一,故有此(ci)村(cun)名(ming);歷(li)代鎮(zhen)守官(guan)兵為(wei)應災(zai)年(nian)(nian)(nian)所需,連年(nian)(nian)(nian)栽(zai)植棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)樹,形成了棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)林(lin)(lin);官(guan)灘棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)培距今已有800年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi),據道(dao)光五年(nian)(nian)(nian)太(tai)平(ping)(襄(xiang)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)由汾(fen)(fen)(fen)城縣(xian)(xian)(xian)〈歷(li)史(shi)上為(wei)太(tai)平(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)〉與(yu)襄(xiang)陵(ling)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)合并而成)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)志記載:“棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao),有晉棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)之(zhi)名(ming),多食易齒(chi)黃,舊志,太(tai)平(ping)宜(yi)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao),其樹盈野,居人有半年(nian)(nian)(nian)糧之(zhi)謠”。棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao),民間稱其為(wei)鐵桿莊稼(jia)。官(guan)灘棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)鮮棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)果實中(zhong)大(da)(da),長(chang)柱圓形,平(ping)均單果重11克;果皮深紅色,肉(rou)厚、果核小(xiao),味甜、汁少(shao);制干棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)果肉(rou)呈紅糖(tang)色,油性(xing)大(da)(da),肉(rou)粘(zhan)、拉開可見糖(tang)絲多,耐貯藏(zang)。 1997年(nian)(nian)(nian),山西省首屆(jie)干果經濟林(lin)(lin)產(chan)品評獎展銷會上,被認定為(wei)“山西省十大(da)(da)名(ming)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)”;2001年(nian)(nian)(nian),臨汾(fen)(fen)(fen)市啟動平(ping)川“121”工程后,襄(xiang)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)委(wei)、縣(xian)(xian)(xian)政府抓住(zhu)有利時機,掀起大(da)(da)種官(guan)灘棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)熱潮,截止2008年(nian)(nian)(nian),全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)適宜(yi)官(guan)灘棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)生長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)鄉村(cun),保有棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)樹達(da)15萬株,年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)量(liang)達(da)到1500噸。
三.地域范圍
官灘棗(zao)產地位于于山西(xi)省襄汾(fen)(fen)縣東南角的汾(fen)(fen)河下(xia)游兩岸,介于東經(jing)111°21′-115°55′,北緯35°56′-37°18′之間,海拔(ba)420-550米(mi)。地域(yu)保護(hu)涉及襄汾(fen)(fen)縣2個鄉鎮(zhen)18個行政村(cun)(cun),具體是(shi)新城(cheng)鎮(zhen):官灘村(cun)(cun)、柴莊村(cun)(cun)、蒙亨村(cun)(cun)、伯玉村(cun)(cun)、伯社村(cun)(cun)、曲里村(cun)(cun)、丁(ding)村(cun)(cun)、敬村(cun)(cun)、柴寺(si)村(cun)(cun)、陳郭村(cun)(cun),南賈(jia)鎮(zhen):萬王村(cun)(cun)、裴村(cun)(cun)、蒼頭村(cun)(cun)、下(xia)魯(lu)村(cun)(cun)、上魯(lu)村(cun)(cun)、東劉(liu)村(cun)(cun)、下(xia)尉(wei)村(cun)(cun)、大柴村(cun)(cun)。
四.產品品質特(te)性(xing)特(te)征
1、外在感(gan)官:果(guo)面潔凈,無機械損傷、病蟲(chong)果(guo)和霉(mei)爛,無不正常(chang)異(yi)味,平均果(guo)重(zhong)11克。鮮棗長柱圓形,干棗深紅色,有亮光(guang),果(guo)肉拉開可見糖絲。
2、內在(zai)品質(zhi):鮮棗(zao),果肉厚,綠白色,肉質(zhi)致密,味甜(tian)、汁少(shao);干棗(zao)含糖65.%以上,肉質(zhi)金黃(huang),拉開可見糖絲(si)、絲(si)長不易(yi)斷(duan),有糖香味者(zhe),品質(zhi)上等。
3、安(an)全(quan)要求:棗產(chan)品符合中華(hua)人(ren)民共和國農(nong)(nong)(nong)業行(xing)業標(biao)準《無公害食品 棗》的安(an)全(quan)指標(biao),在包(bao)裝,標(biao)識(shi)上(shang)須符合農(nong)(nong)(nong)業部(bu)《農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品包(bao)裝和標(biao)識(shi)管(guan)理辦法(fa)》,進(jin)入市場的必須遵守《農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品質量安(an)全(quan)法(fa)》及其它法(fa)律(lv)法(fa)規的有關(guan)規定。
五.特定生產方式
1、產地選(xuan)擇:棗樹園地宜選(xuan)擇生態環境良好,遠離污染源,土壤土層深厚、肥沃(wo)、排水透氣性良好,pH值(zhi)6.8-7.5的沙(sha)壤土或壤土,平(ping)地或坡度小于10°的陽坡,生態環境符(fu)合NY/5013-2006《無(wu)公害食品 林果(guo)類產品產地環境條件》。
2、品(pin)種選擇:官灘棗適應性(xing)廣,抗逆性(xing)好,較耐干旱,適宜(yi)栽植在灘涂地和沿河流域(yu)階地。
3、生產過(guo)程管(guan)理(li)(li)(li):生產過(guo)程要采(cai)取多項(xiang)技術,如(ru)園地(di)選(xuan)擇、栽植、栽培管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)、科學施(shi)肥、合理(li)(li)(li)間(jian)作(以棗(zao)-麥(mai)間(jian)作為主)、適度密植(成片棗(zao)園采(cai)用)、整形修剪、花期化(hua)控(kong)、病蟲害綜合防治、果(guo)實采(cai)收、人工(gong)烘干、貯(zhu)藏等(deng)。
(1)生(sheng)(sheng)產基(ji)(ji)地的選擇要求:要有(you)良好的生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境,生(sheng)(sheng)產基(ji)(ji)地必須遠離污(wu)染源,該(gai)地域的大氣、土壤(rang)(rang)、灌溉(gai)水等應該(gai)經(jing)檢(jian)測符(fu)合國家(jia)標準,土壤(rang)(rang)質(zhi)地適合棗(zao)樹(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)長,有(you)灌溉(gai)條件,有(you)機肥料來源充足,農民(min)群眾栽培管理技術比較(jiao)先進(jin),生(sheng)(sheng)產積極性高。
(2)有(you)懂技術(shu)的(de)管理人員(yuan)(yuan):棗(zao)樹豐產(chan)生(sheng)產(chan)是(shi)(shi)一項技術(shu)性較強的(de)工作,管理人員(yuan)(yuan)要(yao)具有(you)一定(ding)文化水平(ping),特別是(shi)(shi)基地負(fu)責(ze)人和(he)技術(shu)人員(yuan)(yuan)要(yao)鉆研業務,有(you)豐富(fu)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)實(shi)踐(jian)經(jing)驗。
(3)生(sheng)產管(guan)理(li)(li):首先是(shi)土壤管(guan)理(li)(li),在(zai)秋季棗(zao)果采收(shou)后至(zhi)土壤封凍(dong)前(qian),棗(zao)園(yuan)行間(jian)和(he)(he)樹盤要(yao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行耕(geng)(geng)翻,深度為(wei)20厘米左右(you),目的(de)是(shi)使(shi)土壤疏松(song)(song)(song)和(he)(he)熟(shu)化(hua),改(gai)善(shan)土壤理(li)(li)化(hua)性(xing)狀,提高(gao)(gao)土壤吸水和(he)(he)保(bao)水能力,有(you)利于冬季積雪,減少(shao)和(he)(he)消滅部分土壤中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)越冬害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)。其次(ci)(ci)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)除草,在(zai)棗(zao)樹生(sheng)長期(qi)(qi)間(jian),降雨和(he)(he)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)以后,要(yao)及時中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)松(song)(song)(song)土保(bao)墑和(he)(he)清除雜草,一(yi)般全(quan)年中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)除草4-5次(ci)(ci),使(shi)土壤經常保(bao)持疏松(song)(song)(song)和(he)(he)無雜草狀態。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三是(shi)澆(jiao)水,根(gen)據棗(zao)樹生(sheng)育規律,有(you)澆(jiao)水條件的(de)棗(zao)園(yuan)一(yi)般年份應(ying)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行四(si)次(ci)(ci)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水,第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)在(zai)萌(meng)芽前(qian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行,第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二次(ci)(ci)在(zai)盛(sheng)花(hua)期(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行,第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三次(ci)(ci)在(zai)果實膨(peng)大期(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行,第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)四(si)次(ci)(ci)在(zai)土壤封凍(dong)前(qian)完成,如7—8月份遇到干旱天氣時,可適當增加(jia)澆(jiao)水次(ci)(ci)數(shu);灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水量以浸透(tou)根(gen)系分布層(ceng)40—60厘米為(wei)準,達(da)到田間(jian)最大持水量的(de)60%-70%,灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水方法盡量采用(yong)地下輸水管(guan)道等節水灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi),灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)水的(de)標(biao)準一(yi)定要(yao)符合GB5084-92《農(nong)田灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)水質(zhi)量標(biao)準》。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)四(si)是(shi)整(zheng)形(xing)修(xiu)剪(jian),適宜豐(feng)產栽培的(de)樹形(xing)為(wei)小冠(guan)疏層(ceng)形(xing)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)五是(shi)嚴(yan)格執行無公(gong)害(hai)(hai)農(nong)產品(pin)生(sheng)產規程(cheng),在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)中(zhong)(zhong),采取以施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)腐熟(shu)有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)為(wei)主,復合肥(fei)(fei)為(wei)輔的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)原則;在(zai)病蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)防治(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),采取以人工防治(zhi)和(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)防治(zhi)為(wei)基礎,生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)防治(zhi)為(wei)核心,科(ke)學合理(li)(li)綜合應(ying)用(yong)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)、物(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)、化(hua)學等防治(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi),杜絕(jue)使(shi)用(yong)高(gao)(gao)毒、劇毒、高(gao)(gao)殘(can)留農(nong)藥,嚴(yan)格規定化(hua)學農(nong)藥使(shi)用(yong)劑量、使(shi)用(yong)品(pin)種、使(shi)用(yong)次(ci)(ci)數(shu),嚴(yan)禁安全(quan)間(jian)隔期(qi)(qi)內(nei)用(yong)藥;在(zai)全(quan)生(sheng)產過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),嚴(yan)格執行NY5252-2004《無公(gong)害(hai)(hai)食(shi)品(pin) 棗(zao)生(sheng)產技術規程(cheng)》。
4、產品采(cai)收與保(bao)存(cun):9月中下旬,當果實已(yi)充分發(fa)育成(cheng)熟,果皮呈品種特有深紅色時(shi),采(cai)用(yong)人工(gong)竹竿(gan)震落(luo)或手工(gong)采(cai)摘方式采(cai)收;需要制干(gan)(gan)的,采(cai)后(hou),立即于(yu)陰(yin)涼(liang)(liang)處(chu)攤(tan)開,隨后(hou)分批進(jin)入(ru)烤房,輕烤20-24小時(shi),再置(zhi)(zhi)陰(yin)涼(liang)(liang)處(chu)攤(tan)開陰(yin)干(gan)(gan),可保(bao)存(cun)1年(nian)以上(shang);需要做酒棗的,手工(gong)采(cai)摘后(hou),剔除破損、有蟲及不規格的,隨后(hou)于(yu)酒中速蘸1-2分鐘(zhong),取(qu)出置(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)磁壇(tan)或其它(ta)容器中,密閉(bi)保(bao)存(cun),可保(bao)鮮存(cun)放至來年(nian)2-3月份。
5.生(sheng)產記錄(lu)(lu)要求:在棗生(sheng)產過程中,嚴格記錄(lu)(lu)生(sheng)產的(de)各(ge)環節,各(ge)項(xiang)農事操作,重點(dian)記錄(lu)(lu)農業投入品如化肥、農藥等(deng)的(de)使(shi)用時(shi)期、用量、次數,建立健全完整的(de)田間檔(dang)案。