一(yi).自然生態(tai)環境(jing)和人文歷史因素
土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤地(di)貌情(qing)(qing)況:汾(fen)西(xi)縣地(di)處呂梁山南麓(lu),汾(fen)河西(xi)岸,屬(shu)黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)高(gao)(gao)原溝壑地(di)貌,全縣整體(ti)地(di)勢西(xi)北高(gao)(gao),東南低,是一(yi)張天(tian)然的大陽坡,天(tian)然的地(di)理條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)適(shi)宜梨的栽培(pei)。汾(fen)西(xi)梨產地(di)位于汾(fen)西(xi)縣東南部(bu),平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)海拔700—1200多米(mi)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤中(zhong)性,PH值(zhi)在8左(zuo)右,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層深厚、肥沃(wo),通透性好。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤養(yang)分狀況:有(you)(you)機質(zhi)含量(liang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)12.42g/kg,含氮約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)0.74g/kg,有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)磷(lin)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)14.54mg/kg,速效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鉀約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)160.50mg/kg,緩效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鉀約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)838.3mg/kg,有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)26.87mg/kg,有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鋅約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)1.27mg/kg,有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鐵約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)4.9g/kg。有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)硼約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)0.27g/kg,有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鉬約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)0.14g/kg。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤質(zhi)地(di)較粗,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層較厚,約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)150—250m,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤透水(shui)(shui)透氣(qi)(qi)性良(liang)好,排澇能力強。水(shui)(shui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)中(zhong)度流失,周圍無化工企業,無污染,以上條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)適(shi)宜梨栽培(pei)。 水(shui)(shui)文情(qing)(qing)況:水(shui)(shui)資源短缺,有(you)(you)灌溉條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)的地(di)區主(zhu)要采(cai)(cai)取管灌方式,水(shui)(shui)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)來自地(di)下水(shui)(shui),灌溉水(shui)(shui)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)符合(he)(he)無公害食(shi)品(pin)相(xiang)應標準(zhun)的要求(qiu),水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)質(zhi)量(liang)合(he)(he)格。其它地(di)區采(cai)(cai)取自然集雨(yu)澆灌,基本(ben)能滿足梨樹生長需求(qiu)。 氣(qi)(qi)候情(qing)(qing)況:氣(qi)(qi)候屬(shu)暖溫(wen)帶大陸性季(ji)風氣(qi)(qi)候,四季(ji)分明,年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)10.1℃,日照(zhao)(zhao)時(shi)數(shu)2615小時(shi),年降雨(yu)量(liang)486mm,無霜178天(tian),農作物平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)生長期242天(tian),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤凍結期115天(tian),年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)蒸發(fa)量(liang)1926mm,年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)光照(zhao)(zhao)2368.8小時(shi)。最高(gao)(gao)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)度24.6度,最低-16度,0-20cm年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)溫(wen)10度。晝(zhou)夜最大溫(wen)差18.2℃。
二.地域范圍
汾西(xi)縣(xian)(xian)位于(yu)山(shan)西(xi)省中南部,臨汾市北(bei)(bei)部,東鄰霍州,西(xi)倚隰縣(xian)(xian),南接(jie)洪洞,北(bei)(bei)與晉(jin)中市靈石(shi)縣(xian)(xian)接(jie)壤,轄5鎮3鄉(xiang)(xiang)。“汾西(xi)梨”地理標志地域保護范圍劃定為:團柏鄉(xiang)(xiang)、永安鎮、對(dui)竹鎮、佃坪(ping)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、和平鎮、邢家要鄉(xiang)(xiang)、僧(seng)念鎮所屬的(de)37個行政村(cun)(cun)(cun)。東到(dao)(dao)永安鎮的(de)神符村(cun)(cun)(cun),西(xi)到(dao)(dao)佃坪(ping)鄉(xiang)(xiang)山(shan)云村(cun)(cun)(cun),南到(dao)(dao)和平鎮的(de)申村(cun)(cun)(cun),北(bei)(bei)到(dao)(dao)對(dui)竹鎮的(de)后王堤村(cun)(cun)(cun),經度(du)111°63'—111°33',緯度(du)36°76'—36°47',產地面積800公(gong)頃,年(nian)產梨12000噸(dun)。
三.產品(pin)品(pin)質特性特征
(1)外在感官。汾西梨多(duo)為錐桶狀圓形,果肉細膩(ni),核小,酥(su)脆甜爽(shuang),汁(zhi)液多(duo),酸甜可(ke)口(kou),芳香味濃。果型端正,品相好。色澤微(wei)黃或(huo)黃中帶綠,果面光(guang)澤細膩(ni),平均單果重200-400克(ke)(ke),最大單果重500克(ke)(ke)以上。
(2)內在品(pin)質。汾西梨(li)營(ying)養豐富,其(qi)蛋(dan)白質0.30—0.5g/100g,鉀90—95mg/100g,磷12.2—15.5mg/100g,鎂(Mg)6.0—8.6mg/100g,鋅(Zn)0.4—0.9mg/100g,鈉(Na)1.8—3.9mg/100g,鐵(Fe)0.4—1.4mg/100g,鈣(Ca)7.7—9.8mg/100g,可(ke)溶性(xing)固形(xing)物10.5—13.1g/100g,總酸0.08—0.15g/100g,總糖9.0—13.0g/100g,硬度4—7kg/cm2。
四(si).特(te)定(ding)生(sheng)產方式
(1)產地選擇與特殊內(nei)容規定 汾西(xi)縣地處臨汾市北部,汾西(xi)梨(li)的(de)主(zhu)產區,四季(ji)分明,光照充足(zu),晝夜溫差大,平均海拔高度(du)700—1200米(mi),栽培地排水好,對梨(li)產量的(de)形成和品質的(de)提(ti)高有(you)著非常重(zhong)要的(de)作用。
(2)品種選擇與(yu)特定(ding)要求 品種為(wei)金(jin)梨(li)(li)、黃(huang)冠梨(li)(li)、玉露香梨(li)(li)、紅(hong)香酥(su)(su)梨(li)(li)、桶子梨(li)(li)等品種,果(guo)品要求果(guo)面光潔,色(se)澤微黃(huang),或黃(huang)中帶綠,品相(xiang)好(hao)新鮮干凈、無(wu)(wu)果(guo)銹。肉質(zhi)細(xi)嫩(nen)酥(su)(su)脆(cui),果(guo)汁(zhi)多,含糖(tang)高,酸甜適度(du)(du),耐儲運。苗木要求無(wu)(wu)毒無(wu)(wu)菌無(wu)(wu)凍(dong)害的(de)良種,一般粗度(du)(du)達到(dao)1cm,高度(du)(du)達到(dao)100cm以上(shang)。
(3)生(sheng)產過(guo)程管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li) 土(tu)(tu)肥水管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li):果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)土(tu)(tu)地平整,土(tu)(tu)層深厚,活土(tu)(tu)層60厘米以(yi)上。每畝施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)無害化(hua)處理(li)(li)的(de)(de)有機肥3000公(gong)(gong)斤以(yi)上,其他(ta)肥料(liao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)有機復(fu)混(hun)肥補(bu)充。以(yi)秋施(shi)(shi)基肥為主(zhu)(zhu),其余按照花(hua)(hua)(hua)前、花(hua)(hua)(hua)后(hou)、幼(you)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)膨大期等(deng)物(wu)侯期結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)降雨施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。氮、磷(lin)、鉀比例按每生(sheng)產100公(gong)(gong)斤梨,施(shi)(shi)N(1.0-1.2kg)、P205(0.5-0.75kg)、K20(1.0-1.2kg)。根據(ju)樹體營養診(zhen)斷(duan)適量(liang)施(shi)(shi)入微量(liang)元(yuan)素(su)。行間(jian)種(zhong)植三(san)葉(xie)(xie)草(cao)、苜蓿草(cao)或大豆苗等(deng),以(yi)提高土(tu)(tu)壤有機質含(han)量(liang),減少土(tu)(tu)壤水分(fen)(fen)蒸發。 花(hua)(hua)(hua)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li):對花(hua)(hua)(hua)芽(ya)多的(de)(de)樹進(jin)行花(hua)(hua)(hua)前復(fu)剪(jian)(jian),調(diao)節(jie)花(hua)(hua)(hua)、葉(xie)(xie)芽(ya)比例至1:3-4,從(cong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)序分(fen)(fen)離開(kai)始(shi),每間(jian)隔20厘米左右,選(xuan)留一(yi)個(ge)粗壯花(hua)(hua)(hua)序,其它多余花(hua)(hua)(hua)序全部疏(shu)(shu)掉。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期采用(yong)(yong)(yong)蜜(mi)蜂(feng)、壁蜂(feng)和(he)(he)人工授粉,謝花(hua)(hua)(hua)后(hou)10天開(kai)始(shi)疏(shu)(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),一(yi)個(ge)月內結(jie)(jie)束。根據(ju)樹勢強弱,坐果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)多少,確定適宜的(de)(de)留果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)間(jian)距(ju),一(yi)般為20-25厘米,選(xuan)留一(yi)個(ge)坐果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)壯花(hua)(hua)(hua)序,留一(yi)個(ge)中心果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),把多余的(de)(de)幼(you)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)全部疏(shu)(shu)除。謝花(hua)(hua)(hua)后(hou)30-40天開(kai)始(shi)套袋,6月中旬(xun)結(jie)(jie)束。套袋前進(jin)行疏(shu)(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)噴施(shi)(shi)2-3次殺(sha)菌(jun)(jun)殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑并補(bu)鈣。對影響(xiang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實著(zhu)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)枝(zhi)、葉(xie)(xie)全部剪(jian)(jian)掉,待果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實向陽面著(zhu)色(se)(se)后(hou)進(jin)行轉果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),使(shi)(shi)(shi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實背陰面盡(jin)可能多著(zhu)色(se)(se)。 病蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害防(fang)治(zhi):采取預(yu)防(fang)為主(zhu)(zhu)、綜合(he)(he)防(fang)治(zhi)的(de)(de)原(yuan)則。物(wu)理(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)包(bao)括(kuo):采用(yong)(yong)(yong)糖(tang)醋液(ye)、黃(huang)色(se)(se)粘(zhan)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)膠帶、頻振(zhen)式(shi)殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)燈、性誘(you)劑、黃(huang)色(se)(se)誘(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)板(ban)、瓦棱紙誘(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)帶等(deng)物(wu)理(li)(li)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。生(sheng)物(wu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)包(bao)括(kuo):使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)治(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、以(yi)菌(jun)(jun)治(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、以(yi)菌(jun)(jun)治(zhi)菌(jun)(jun)等(deng)生(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)治(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi),即使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)BT菌(jun)(jun)劑和(he)(he)撲食螨。化(hua)學(xue)防(fang)治(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)包(bao)括(kuo):針對性的(de)(de)選(xuan)擇使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)物(wu)源、礦物(wu)源農(nong)藥(yao)和(he)(he)低毒(du)、低殘留有機合(he)(he)成農(nong)藥(yao),如選(xuan)擇BT菌(jun)(jun)劑、滅幼(you)脲、苦參素(su)等(deng)。不使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)國家禁用(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)藥(yao)。 整形(xing)(xing)(xing)修剪(jian)(jian):主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)樹形(xing)(xing)(xing)為自由(you)紡(fang)綞形(xing)(xing)(xing),樹高3米左右,冠(guan)(guan)徑2-3米,主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)4-10個(ge),樹冠(guan)(guan)扁圓形(xing)(xing)(xing),適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于株距(ju)3-4米的(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)。紡(fang)錘形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)角度(du)(du)80度(du)(du)左右,小冠(guan)(guan)疏(shu)(shu)層形(xing)(xing)(xing)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)角度(du)(du)70度(du)(du)左右。采取以(yi)疏(shu)(shu)剪(jian)(jian)為主(zhu)(zhu),緩、疏(shu)(shu)、縮(suo)相結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)的(de)(de)修剪(jian)(jian)方法,紡(fang)錘形(xing)(xing)(xing)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)過(guo)長的(de)(de)適時縮(suo)剪(jian)(jian),小冠(guan)(guan)疏(shu)(shu)層形(xing)(xing)(xing)樹頭過(guo)高的(de)(de)及時落頭。盛果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)期樹畝枝(zhi)量(liang)5—6萬條,內膛枝(zhi)葉(xie)(xie)透光率30%以(yi)上。
(4)產品收獲及產后處理規(gui)(gui)定(ding) 適時采收,采摘時輕(qing)拿輕(qing)放,避(bi)免碰壓刺(ci)傷(shang)。采收后分級:指標參照GB/T10651。包裝:選用鈣塑瓦(wa)楞(leng)箱和瓦(wa)楞(leng)紙箱為(wei)包裝容器(qi),其(qi)技術要求(qiu)應符合GB/T13607的規(gui)(gui)定(ding)。貯存:采收后及時入庫保存,冷藏按GB/T8559規(gui)(gui)定(ding)執(zhi)行(xing);氣調(diao)貯藏按ISO8682規(gui)(gui)定(ding)執(zhi)行(xing)。庫房無(wu)異味。并觀(guan)察庫內溫度、濕度,保證儲存安(an)全。不與有(you)毒、有(you)害物品混合存放。不得使(shi)用有(you)損“汾西梨”質量的保鮮試劑和材料(liao)。
(5)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)記(ji)錄要求(qiu):詳細(xi)記(ji)錄生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)操作(zuo)日期,病蟲害情況,技術(shu)措施,建立生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程記(ji)錄檔案,記(ji)載投入品的(de)名稱、作(zuo)用(yong)時間、使(shi)用(yong)目(mu)的(de)、使(shi)用(yong)方法、使(shi)用(yong)量、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)廠家(jia)等。