1.產地環境
臨縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)處(chu)黃(huang)河(he)中(zhong)游(you)山(shan)(shan)(shan)西西部,東屏(ping)呂梁山(shan)(shan)(shan)連(lian)接方(fang)(fang)山(shan)(shan)(shan),西臨黃(huang)河(he)與陜西佳(jia)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、吳(wu)堡縣(xian)(xian)(xian)隔河(he)相(xiang)(xiang)望,北(bei)(bei)靠興(xing)縣(xian)(xian)(xian),南接離(li)石、柳林。地(di)理坐(zuo)標為(wei)(wei)北(bei)(bei)緯37°35′52″一38°14′19″,東經(jing)100°39′40″一111°18′02″。全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)國(guo)土總(zong)面積(ji)(ji)2979平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)公里,耕地(di)面積(ji)(ji)163萬畝,屬(shu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)西第二大縣(xian)(xian)(xian)。臨縣(xian)(xian)(xian)屬(shu)黃(huang)士丘(qiu)陵溝(gou)窒(zhi)區,她勢東北(bei)(bei)高西南低,地(di)貌比例大致是(shi)“五(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)四(si)溝(gou)一分平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)”。中(zhong)部大面積(ji)(ji)黃(huang)土丘(qiu)陵溝(gou)壑區,面積(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)1933.3平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)公里,西部黃(huang)河(he)沿岸(an)丘(qiu)陵基巖裸露區,面積(ji)(ji)830.37平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)公里,湫水(shui)河(he)兩(liang)岸(an)山(shan)(shan)(shan)間河(he)谷區,面積(ji)(ji)66.69平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)公里,占(zhan)全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)總(zong)面積(ji)(ji)的2%。適于(yu)(yu)棗(zao)樹(shu)種植(zhi)。臨縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)處(chu)中(zhong)緯度地(di)區,屬(shu)暖溫(wen)(wen)帶大陸性氣(qi)候,四(si)季(ji)分明:冬季(ji)寒冷干燥少雪,春季(ji)干旱多(duo)風少雨(yu)(yu),夏(xia)季(ji)炎熱(re)雨(yu)(yu)量(liang)集(ji)中(zhong),秋季(ji)較為(wei)(wei)溫(wen)(wen)涼(liang)濕潤(run)。氣(qi)候溫(wen)(wen)和,熱(re)量(liang)豐富,光照(zhao)充足(zu),降雨(yu)(yu)較少,且時空分配(pei)極不(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡。其中(zhong):多(duo)年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)大陽總(zong)輻射量(liang)為(wei)(wei)140.7千卡/平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)厘米(mi),年(nian)均(jun)日照(zhao)時數2807小(xiao)時,日均(jun)7.7小(xiao)時,年(nian)日照(zhao)百分率為(wei)(wei)63%;多(duo)年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)8.8℃,年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)介于(yu)(yu)6.5℃一11.3℃之間;全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)無霜(shuang)期平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)160天(tian)左右,由東北(bei)(bei)向西南延(yan)長(chang),相(xiang)(xiang)差30天(tian)左右;多(duo)年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)降水(shui)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)518.8毫米(mi),在全(quan)年(nian)降水(shui)中(zhong),季(ji)節差異很大,春季(ji)占(zhan)14.4%,夏(xia)季(ji)占(zhan)58.2%,秋季(ji)占(zhan)24.7%,冬季(ji)占(zhan)2.7%。而7、8、9三個月總(zong)降水(shui)量(liang)323.9毫米(mi),占(zhan)全(quan)年(nian)降水(shui)量(liang)的62.5%,為(wei)(wei)雨(yu)(yu)量(liang)集(ji)中(zhong)期,正是(shi)棗(zao)樹(shu)發育旺盛(sheng)的時期,因(yin)而紅(hong)棗(zao)生(sheng)產往(wang)往(wang)有“十年(nian)九收”。
2.生產情況
近(jin)年來,臨(lin)縣(xian)確(que)立了紅(hong)棗(zao)(zao)產業在縣(xian)域經(jing)濟發展(zhan)中的主導地位,認(ren)真落(luo)實(shi)土地、林(lin)業政策,大力發展(zhan)以紅(hong)棗(zao)(zao)為(wei)主的經(jing)濟林(lin),全縣(xian)棗(zao)(zao)林(lin)面積達到63萬畝(mu),掛果35萬畝(mu),年產量6000萬公(gong)斤,成為(wei)全國紅(hong)棗(zao)(zao)之鄉。
臨縣紅棗栽培可以上溯到西漢年間,具有2000多年的歷史。據縣志記載,早在西漢時期,臨縣就有人栽培棗樹,“索達干棗園子一帶,棗居多數,而開陽較為馳名”。多少年來,全縣已經形成了一定的管理種植經驗,近年來,加大了紅棗的高科技管理力度,在紅棗的綜合管理、良種培育、豐產栽培等方面取得了許多成功經驗,廣大棗農普遍掌握了擴穴施肥、炮震松土、整形修剪、花期管理、病蟲害防治、高接換優、防雹增雨等綜合豐產技術,有效地提高了紅棗的產量和品質。
3.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
臨(lin)(lin)縣屬(shu)黃(huang)土(tu)丘陵溝壑區(qu),地(di)勢(shi)由東北(bei)向(xiang)西(xi)南傾斜(xie),是呂(lv)梁山地(di)向(xiang)黃(huang)河峽谷的延(yan)續,西(xi)部黃(huang)河沿岸是丘陵基巖裸露區(qu)。具有獨(du)特(te)的地(di)形特(te)征:境內(nei)山高溝深(shen),溝壑縱橫,土(tu)壤以沙性土(tu)壤為主,PH值在7.2-8.0之間,經(jing)譜尼測試,該(gai)區(qu)域(yu)土(tu)壤適(shi)于有機紅(hong)(hong)棗(zao)(zao)的生產。境內(nei)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)18℃,無霜期180天(tian),日照(zhao)充足,晝夜(ye)溫(wen)差大(da)(da),所產紅(hong)(hong)棗(zao)(zao)、瓜果含糖高,形成了臨(lin)(lin)縣開陽大(da)(da)棗(zao)(zao)獨(du)特(te)的品質。該(gai)區(qu)域(yu)地(di)處(chu)臨(lin)(lin)縣西(xi)南,晉陜兩省交(jiao)界的黃(huang)河之濱。水(shui)源充足,無工(gong)業排水(shui)污(wu)染、大(da)(da)氣(qi)污(wu)染,有利于有機紅(hong)(hong)棗(zao)(zao)的生長。臨(lin)(lin)縣地(di)處(chu)中緯度地(di)區(qu),屬(shu)暖溫(wen)帶大(da)(da)陸性氣(qi)候,四季(ji)(ji)分明:冬季(ji)(ji)寒冷干(gan)燥少雪,春季(ji)(ji)干(gan)旱多風少雨(yu)(yu),夏季(ji)(ji)炎(yan)熱雨(yu)(yu)量集中,秋季(ji)(ji)較為溫(wen)涼(liang)濕潤(run)。多年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)太陽總輻射量數2807小時(shi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)日照(zhao)百分率為63%。年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)11.3℃,年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為140.7千卡/平(ping)(ping)(ping)方厘(li)米,年(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日照(zhao)時(shi)降水(shui)量為454.4毫米,特(te)別適(shi)合紅(hong)(hong)棗(zao)(zao)的生長,因此該(gai)區(qu)域(yu)所產紅(hong)(hong)棗(zao)(zao)色澤深(shen)紅(hong)(hong)、含糖量高。
4.地域范圍
山西省呂梁(liang)市臨縣開(kai)陽大(da)棗(zao)的地(di)(di)域保護(hu)范圍為:東經110°35'—111°44',北(bei)緯37°46'—37°40'之間,南(nan)北(bei)長36公里,東西長8.8公里,總(zong)面積14467公頃,轄曲峪鎮(zhen)、叢(cong)羅峪鎮(zhen)、磧口(kou)鎮(zhen)的索(suo)達干村(cun)(cun)、高(gao)(gao)家(jia)(jia)塔村(cun)(cun)、馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)塔村(cun)(cun)、馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)圪(ge)垛(duo)村(cun)(cun)、上咀(ju)頭村(cun)(cun)、黑(hei)水溝村(cun)(cun)、馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)洼村(cun)(cun)、馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)莊村(cun)(cun),共3個鎮(zhen),65個行政村(cun)(cun),年(nian)產(chan)紅棗(zao)9580噸。該(gai)區域東鄰(lin)石白(bai)頭鄉、劉(liu)家(jia)(jia)會鎮(zhen),西接黃(huang)河,南(nan)鄰(lin)磧口(kou)鎮(zhen)的高(gao)(gao)家(jia)(jia)山村(cun)(cun)、大(da)峁上村(cun)(cun)、后山村(cun)(cun),北(bei)鄰(lin)兔坂鎮(zhen),地(di)(di)貌屬黃(huang)土高(gao)(gao)原地(di)(di)形(xing)特征,海拔高(gao)(gao)度700-1057米。開(kai)陽大(da)棗(zao)地(di)(di)理標志保護(hu)范圍是14467公頃,總(zong)產(chan)量(liang)9580噸。
5.產品(pin)品(pin)質特(te)性特(te)征
外在感官特征方面,臨縣開陽大棗顏色深紅、個大、皮(pi)薄(bo)、肉厚、核小(xiao)、含(han)糖量(liang)高(gao)、掰開拉絲長(chang)達60cm左右,有“開陽尺八大姆棗”之(zhi)稱;鮮棗皮(pi)薄(bo)肉厚、質(zhi)地酥脆、味(wei)甜(tian)多(duo)汁、清香怡(yi)人(ren)。內在品質(zhi)方面,每百克干棗中(zhong)(zhong)含(han)氨(an)基(ji)酸≥2.87克、總(zong)(zong)糖在56.6克—58.3克之(zhi)間、脂(zhi)肪約0.4毫克、維生素C ≥149.1毫克、胡(hu)蘿卜(bu)素約0.01毫克、18種氨(an)基(ji)酸總(zong)(zong)量(liang)約為(wei)2014mg。產(chan)品安全(quan)要求:參照(zhao)中(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)民共和(he)國國家食品衛生標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)GB2762-81《食品中(zhong)(zhong)汞允許(xu)量(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》、GB5127《食品中(zhong)(zhong)敵敵畏、樂果、馬拉硫(liu)磷、對(dui)硫(liu)磷允許(xu)殘留(liu)量(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》、GB-4788-84《食品中(zhong)(zhong)甲(jia)拌磷、殺螟(ming)硫(liu)磷、倍硫(liu)磷殘留(liu)量(liang)衛生標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》、GB4810-84《食品中(zhong)(zhong)總(zong)(zong)砷允許(xu)量(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》、GB4809-84《食品中(zhong)(zhong)氟允許(xu)限量(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》有關(guan)規定執行。