歷史淵源
中(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)古籍中(zhong)(zhong)荔(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)最初稱作“離枝(zhi)(zhi)”。據(ju)考(kao)證,一般(ban)認為荔(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)是源自(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)國南(nan)部的(de)(de)(de)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)森林。廣東、廣西及(ji)海南(nan)的(de)(de)(de)原始森林中(zhong)(zhong)仍然(ran)可以(yi)找到野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)荔(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)樹。在靈山(shan)(shan)縣伯(bo)勞鎮有兩(liang)棵野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)荔(li)枝(zhi)(zhi),當地人(ren)叫山(shan)(shan)荔(li)或酸枝(zhi)(zhi),志書(shu)又稱其為火山(shan)(shan)荔(li)。從植株形(xing)態、果(guo)(guo)皮龜(gui)裂片形(xing)狀、果(guo)(guo)實肉薄且(qie)包不(bu)過核、肉核難分離以(yi)及(ji)味酸等(deng)特征來看,它們是原生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de),是栽培(pei)荔(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)原種。
又有(you)史料記(ji)載,公元前(qian)二世紀漢朝劉(liu)邦稱(cheng)帝時,南(nan)(nan)海尉趙佗以荔枝進奉。公元一世紀的(de)(de)《民物志(zhi)》、三世紀的(de)(de)《廣志(zhi)》中,荔枝都(dou)是作為嶺南(nan)(nan)物產登(deng)錄在(zai)冊。由此(ci)可見,荔枝在(zai)中國南(nan)(nan)部的(de)(de)栽種(zhong)和生產已有(you)兩千年的(de)(de)歷史。
在(zai)宋(song)朝,靈山(shan)香荔(li)在(zai)中國物產和文(wen)(wen)學史上曾兩度(du)閃射耀眼的(de)光彩。著名文(wen)(wen)學家蘇東坡(po)從(cong)海南島的(de)儋州流放地北歸(gui)逗留(liu)合浦期(qi)間,品(pin)嘗了從(cong)靈山(shan)送去(qu)的(de)這一佳果后,留(liu)下了膾(kuai)炙人口的(de)“日啖荔(li)枝三百(bai)顆,不辭長作嶺南人”的(de)千古佳句。宋(song)神宗皇帝(di)吃過大(da)理(li)寺丞梁(liang)世(shi)基(ji)從(cong)西江南岸(an)老家送去(qu)的(de)這一珍品(pin)后,欣然(ran)賜詩:“橫浦江南岸(an),梁(liang)家間世(shi)賢。一株連理(li)木,五月荔(li)枝天。”
產地環境
靈山(shan)縣(xian)位于廣西(xi)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)沿海環北(bei)部(bu)灣經濟(ji)區(qu)的(de)腹地(di),東鄰浦北(bei),南(nan)(nan)接合浦,西(xi)連(lian)欽北(bei),西(xi)北(bei)及北(bei)部(bu)與邕寧、橫(heng)縣(xian)交界,地(di)處北(bei)回歸線以南(nan)(nan),屬南(nan)(nan)亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)季風(feng)氣候。縣(xian)內以丘陵(ling)、平原為主,土(tu)地(di)肥沃(wo),河流縱橫(heng),山(shan)川(chuan)秀麗。靈山(shan)大部(bu)分的(de)土(tu)地(di)是花崗巖赤紅(hong)壤(rang)和沙頁(ye)巖赤紅(hong)壤(rang),土(tu)層(ceng)厚度在(zai)1米(mi)以上的(de)占90%以上,PH值、有(you)機質(zhi)含量(liang)、含氮量(liang)、含磷(lin)量(liang)、含鉀量(liang)都很適(shi)宜(yi)荔(li)(li)枝生(sheng)長(chang),是栽種(zhong)荔(li)(li)枝比較理想的(de)土(tu)壤(rang)。一年(nian)中太陽(yang)輻射(she)強(qiang),日(ri)照充足(zu),氣候溫和,無霜期長(chang),雨量(liang)充足(zu),十分適(shi)宜(yi)各種(zhong)亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)水果(guo)的(de)生(sheng)長(chang)。由于得天(tian)獨厚的(de)水土(tu)和氣候條(tiao)件,靈山(shan)是最(zui)適(shi)宜(yi)荔(li)(li)枝生(sheng)長(chang)的(de)黃(huang)金地(di)帶(dai),出(chu)產的(de)荔(li)(li)枝風(feng)味品質(zhi)特別優良。
種植品種
靈(ling)山(shan)(shan)縣荔(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)種(zhong)類繁多,品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)齊全(quan),有(you)(you)(you)35個品(pin)(pin)種(zhong),高、中、低(di)檔產品(pin)(pin),早、中、遲(chi)熟(shu)(shu)搭(da)配,成熟(shu)(shu)期長達(da)兩個多月。靈(ling)山(shan)(shan)荔(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)主要(yao)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)三月紅(hong)(hong)、香(xiang)荔(li)(li)、桂味、妃子笑、糯(nuo)米糍(ci)、黑葉荔(li)(li)、雞嘴(zui)荔(li)(li)等(deng)(deng),其中桂味、靈(ling)山(shan)(shan)香(xiang)荔(li)(li)、糯(nuo)米糍(ci)等(deng)(deng)尤(you)為荔(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)珍品(pin)(pin)。靈(ling)山(shan)(shan)荔(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)目前主栽的早熟(shu)(shu)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)三月紅(hong)(hong)、白臘、白糖(tang)罌(ying)等(deng)(deng);中熟(shu)(shu)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)妃子笑、黑葉、大(da)造、進奉、水(shui)荔(li)(li)等(deng)(deng);遲(chi)熟(shu)(shu)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)靈(ling)山(shan)(shan)香(xiang)荔(li)(li)、桂味、糯(nuo)米糍(ci)、禾荔(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)。
三月紅
在靈山又(you)稱“四(si)月荔(li)”,即農(nong)歷(li)三月開始(shi)曬(shai)麻(ma)泛紅(hong),農(nong)歷(li)四(si)月普遍成熟,為早熟品(pin)種(zhong)。果(guo)實(shi)較(jiao)大,果(guo)皮鮮紅(hong),肉(rou)厚,肉(rou)白臘色,肉(rou)質稍粗韌、汁(zhi)多,味甜帶酸,品(pin)質中等。適宜(yi)鮮食,是早爭上市的(de)荔(li)枝品(pin)種(zhong)。
妃子笑
為中(zhong)熟(shu)品(pin)種,6月上(shang)中(zhong)旬成熟(shu)。果實大,果皮薄,淡紅色,果肉厚,白臘質,細(xi)嫩爽脆,清(qing)甜帶微(wei)香,品(pin)質優(you)良,最宜鮮(xian)食。
黑葉荔
為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)熟(shu)品(pin)種(zhong),6月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬成熟(shu)。果(guo)(guo)實中(zhong)(zhong)等至大,果(guo)(guo)皮薄且暗(an)紅色(se),果(guo)(guo)肉乳白色(se),味甜帶微(wei)香,品(pin)質中(zhong)(zhong)上。適宜(yi)鮮食、曬(shai)干及加工罐頭(tou)。
桂味
屬于遲熟(shu)品(pin)種,6月下旬成熟(shu)。果(guo)實中等大,近似園球形,果(guo)皮鮮紅,薄且脆(cui),果(guo)肉乳白色(se),細嫩爽脆(cui),汁多、清甜,核(he)小,有桂(gui)花香,品(pin)質極優。宜鮮食、加工(gong)。
靈山香荔
是靈山荔(li)枝的當家品種(zhong)(zhong),遲(chi)熟,7月上旬成(cheng)熟。果(guo)(guo)實中等大,果(guo)(guo)核小,果(guo)(guo)卵園形,略扁,果(guo)(guo)皮(pi)厚(hou)韌,表皮(pi)面突(tu)角較大,深紅(hong)色略帶紫,果(guo)(guo)肉白臘色,清甜爽脆,有香氣(qi),品質(zhi)上乘。該(gai)品種(zhong)(zhong)荔(li)枝樹(shu)壽命極長(chang),數(shu)百(bai)(bai)年乃至(zhi)千(qian)年的古樹(shu)比(bi)比(bi)皆是。但由(you)于對(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)地域要求較高,該(gai)品種(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)建國后均不再種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),現有果(guo)(guo)實全部采自百(bai)(bai)年以上的古荔(li)枝樹(shu),是能吃的古董。鮮(xian)食、制(zhi)干、制(zhi)罐(guan)頭均可(ke)。
糯米糍
屬于遲熟品種(zhong),7月上旬成熟。果(guo)實(shi)中等至大,果(guo)扁心形(xing),果(guo)皮鮮(xian)紅,較韌,核小,肉厚,軟滑(hua)多汁,濃甜微帶(dai)香氣,品質風味極(ji)優(you)。鮮(xian)食、制干(gan)均(jun)可。
千年古荔
靈(ling)(ling)山(shan)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)枝歷史(shi)悠久。據史(shi)料(liao)記載(zai),靈(ling)(ling)山(shan)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)枝種植始于漢朝(chao),到宋朝(chao)有較大(da)發展。在靈(ling)(ling)山(shan)縣城南郊7公(gong)里處的(de)(de)新圩鎮鄧(deng)家(jia)村,一棵(ke)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠如蓋(gai)、果滿(man)枝頭(tou)的(de)(de)古(gu)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)十分顯眼。該樹(shu)(shu)(shu)被稱為(wei)“南元宗”,品種為(wei)靈(ling)(ling)山(shan)香(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干最(zui)大(da)周長6米多,樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠15米高。古(gu)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)長勢茂盛,隔年(nian)掛果,果實卵(luan)圓(yuan)形,略扁,果皮(pi)深紅(hong)色,核小,肉厚香(xiang)甜爽(shuang)脆有香(xiang)氣,品質上(shang)乘。1963年(nian),著(zhu)名生物學家(jia)蒲蟄(zhe)龍(long)教授帶(dai)領廣東(dong)省(當時靈(ling)(ling)山(shan)屬廣東(dong)省管轄)果樹(shu)(shu)(shu)研究(jiu)所專家(jia)組(zu)前來考(kao)察,認定這棵(ke)古(gu)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)齡(ling)超過1460年(nian),是中國發現的(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)齡(ling)最(zui)長的(de)(de)“靈(ling)(ling)山(shan)香(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”母樹(shu)(shu)(shu),《靈(ling)(ling)山(shan)縣志》、《廣東(dong)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)枝志》均(jun)(jun)有記載(zai)。此外村中千(qian)年(nian)香(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)園(yuan)的(de)(de)一眾古(gu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)“千(qian)年(nian)眾”、平(ping)王村的(de)(de)山(shan)頂古(gu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)“平(ping)王”、橋梓村的(de)(de)“橋梓四仙”等,均(jun)(jun)為(wei)千(qian)年(nian)以(yi)上(shang)古(gu)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)枝樹(shu)(shu)(shu)。
產品榮譽
靈山(shan)荔枝(zhi)(zhi)馳名省內(nei)外,1996年(nian)3月被中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特產(chan)之鄉(xiang)命名宣傳活動組委會(hui)命名為(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)荔枝(zhi)(zhi)之鄉(xiang)”。靈山(shan)所產(chan)的桂(gui)味荔枝(zhi)(zhi)曾獲首屆農(nong)業(ye)(ye)博(bo)覽會(hui)金質(zhi)獎(jiang);靈山(shan)香荔分別獲一、二、三屆中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)博(bo)覽會(hui)銀獎(jiang)、金獎(jiang)和名牌(pai)產(chan)品稱(cheng)號及2003年(nian)廣西名牌(pai)產(chan)品稱(cheng)號;黑(hei)葉荔枝(zhi)(zhi)罐頭(tou)曾獲國(guo)際巴黎美食(shi)節金質(zhi)獎(jiang);三月紅荔枝(zhi)(zhi)獲“七(qi)·五”全(quan)國(guo)星火計劃成果博(bo)覽會(hui)銀獎(jiang);“龍(long)武(wu)牌(pai)”鮮食(shi)荔枝(zhi)(zhi)于2002年(nian)通(tong)過(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)綠(lv)色食(shi)品發展中(zhong)(zhong)心審核,被認定為(wei)綠(lv)色食(shi)品A級產(chan)品,獲得綠(lv)色食(shi)品使用標(biao)(biao)志;“靈龍(long)”牌(pai)鮮食(shi)荔枝(zhi)(zhi)于2006年(nian)通(tong)過(guo)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)部質(zhi)量(liang)安(an)全(quan)中(zhong)(zhong)心審定,符合無(wu)公害農(nong)產(chan)品標(biao)(biao)準,準予使用無(wu)公害農(nong)產(chan)品標(biao)(biao)志。
種植情況
1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),靈山(shan)荔(li)(li)枝(zhi)種植(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.46萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu),產(chan)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.053萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun);1960年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)種植(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.7797萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu),產(chan)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.122萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun);20世(shi)紀六十(shi)代(dai)中(zhong)期到七(qi)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)中(zhong)期,由于受“左”的(de)生產(chan)方針影(ying)響,“學大寨”搞人(ren)造(zao)小平原把山(shan)坡上正當齡的(de)荔(li)(li)枝(zhi)樹連(lian)根(gen)拔掉,“割資本主義尾(wei)巴”使得許多滴水為(wei)(wei)(wei)檐為(wei)(wei)(wei)界外的(de)“彭祖”級荔(li)(li)枝(zhi)樹淪為(wei)(wei)(wei)柴火、門頭板。1970年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全縣荔(li)(li)枝(zhi)種植(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)下降為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.82萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu),產(chan)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.173萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun),直到1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)才(cai)恢復到面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.0033萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu),產(chan)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.244萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun);1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)3.9473萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu),產(chan)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.2263萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun);1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)22.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu),產(chan)量(liang)超萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun);1999年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)55.3萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu),產(chan)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)4.46萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun),產(chan)值為(wei)(wei)(wei)2.14億元;2002年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)60萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu),產(chan)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)5.1萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)。
截至2002年,全縣沿有坡(po)度(du)(du)在25度(du)(du)以下的荒(huang)山約87萬畝,大部分是花崗巖赤紅(hong)壤(rang)和(he)沙頁巖赤子之心紅(hong)壤(rang),土層(ceng)厚度(du)(du)在1米以上的占(zhan)92%,PH值在4.2~5.2之間,有機質含量(liang)0.42~1.58%,含氮0.03~0.05%,含磷0.016~0.023%,含鉀0.34~0.057%,是荔枝生(sheng)長(chang)比較(jiao)理(li)想的土壤(rang)。