一.產品介紹
上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)梨(li)(li)外果大端正,果形(xing)圓(yuan)形(xing)或(huo)近圓(yuan)形(xing),果皮(pi)青(qing)綠光(guang)滑(hua),肉(rou)質細嫩,汁多(duo)渣少,甜酸適中,酥脆(cui)可口。 上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)梨(li)(li)是我國(guo)著名的地方(fang)良(liang)種梨(li)(li)樹,據(ju)《廣(guang)(guang)信區志》記(ji)載(zai),“縣人栽梨(li)(li)已有300多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史(shi)(shi)”,“上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)梨(li)(li)可與宣城和玉山(shan)(shan)消梨(li)(li)相媲(pi)美”。據(ju)《上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)饒(rao)(rao)市農業志》記(ji)載(zai),“康熙二(er)十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1684)《廣(guang)(guang)信區志》載(zai),‘梨(li)(li),近人頗知(zhi)種植,收(shou)蓄之(zhi)法,風味雖(sui)不(bu)逮(dai)宣城(安徽),與玉山(shan)(shan)青(qing)消可相頡(jie)。’”據(ju)《廣(guang)(guang)信府(fu)志》物產篇略載(zai),“梨(li)(li)為玉山(shan)(shan)青(qing)消,頗稱甘脆(cui),近來上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)梨(li)(li)亦佳。”《廣(guang)(guang)信府(fu)志》編(bian)修(xiu)始于清同治十二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元1873年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),可見上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)梨(li)(li)栽培至少有300余年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史(shi)(shi)。每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)梨(li)(li)成(cheng)熟(shu)季節(jie),全國(guo)各地水果商販絡繹不(bu)絕云(yun)集上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)饒(rao)(rao),上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)梨(li)(li)供不(bu)應求,享譽(yu)大江南北。
二.自然生(sheng)態環境和人文歷史因素
上(shang)饒境(jing)內中(zhong)山、低山、丘陵與(yu)河(he)谷平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)原從南(nan)北(bei)兩端(duan)向中(zhong)部(bu)呈階(jie)梯狀(zhuang)(zhuang)遞降,大(da)致平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)行于信江對稱(cheng)分(fen)(fen)布,明(ming)顯(xian)構成南(nan)北(bei)高、中(zhong)部(bu)低的(de)(de)馬鞍狀(zhuang)(zhuang)地(di)勢(shi)。山地(di)丘陵旱地(di)土壤多屬黃紅壤,PH值在5.5—6.5之間,有效(xiao)土層(ceng)厚至00厘米以上(shang),土質肥(fei)沃、透氣、保水(shui)、保肥(fei),有機質含(han)量(liang)高,富含(han)硅、鉀、鈣、鎂、鐵等(deng)大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)有益(yi)元素。信江、饒北(bei)瀘溪(xi)、丁溪(xi)、櫧(zhu)溪(xi)等(deng)大(da)小(xiao)河(he)流(liu)5條貫穿全(quan)境(jing),年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)經流(liu)量(liang)8.6億(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米;大(da)、中(zhong)、小(xiao)型水(shui)庫星羅(luo)棋布,有效(xiao)庫容達.77億(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米;地(di)下水(shui)蓄量(liang)充沛,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)總(zong)儲量(liang)為(wei)4.76億(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米。屬亞熱帶季風(feng)(feng)性濕潤氣候,四季分(fen)(fen)明(ming),雨水(shui)充沛,光(guang)照充足,但(dan)受季風(feng)(feng)影響(xiang),溫度和降水(shui)變化(hua)幅較(jiao)大(da),干濕比較(jiao)明(ming)顯(xian)。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣溫為(wei)7.8℃,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)日照時數為(wei)79小(xiao)時,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)降水(shui)量(liang)為(wei)777毫(hao)米,無(wu)霜(shuang)期平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)84天,形成了上(shang)饒早梨獨特的(de)(de)自然生態環境(jing)。
三.地域范圍
上饒(rao)位于江西東北部,信江上游,地(di)(di)(di)處贛、浙、閩、皖四省要沖,交(jiao)通便利(li),四通八達。上饒(rao)早梨農(nong)產品地(di)(di)(di)理標(biao)志地(di)(di)(di)域保(bao)護范圍包括(kuo)花廳鎮(zhen)、田墩(dun)鎮(zhen)、五府山鎮(zhen)、四十八鎮(zhen)、應家鄉、尊橋鄉、皂頭(tou)(tou)鎮(zhen)、楓(feng)嶺(ling)頭(tou)(tou)鎮(zhen) 、華壇山鎮(zhen)、石人鄉、清水鄉共11個鄉(鎮(zhen));保(bao)護范圍為東經117°41′18〞-118°14′23〞,北緯27°58′58〞-28°50′15〞之間。保(bao)護面積1200公頃,年產量(liang)1.2萬噸。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質特性(xing)特征
1、外(wai)在感(gan)官特(te)征:上饒(rao)早梨果(guo)大端正,果(guo)形(xing)(xing)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)或近圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing);果(guo)皮青(qing)綠(lv)光滑(套袋后黃(huang)白色);肉質細嫩,汁(zhi)多渣少(shao),甜酸適中,酥脆可口。
2、內(nei)在品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)指標:可溶性固(gu)形物15.5%—16.6%,總酸0.10%—0.12%,固(gu)酸比(bi)142—151,維(wei)生素C8.1mg/100g—9.2mg/100g,總糖8.56%—9.24%,蛋(dan)白質(zhi)0.23%—0.28%,粗纖維(wei)0.41%—0.46%,銅0.62mg/kg —0.73mg/kg,鐵0.85mg/kg—0.95mg/kg,磷(lin)1.1×102mg/kg—1.3×102mg/kg,鈣2.11mg/100g—3.55mg/100g。 3、質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)安全要求(qiu)(qiu): ①產(chan)地(di)環境質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)符(fu)合(he)(he)NY5013-2006 《無公害(hai)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)林果(guo)(guo)類產(chan)品(pin)(pin)產(chan)地(di)環境技術條件》要求(qiu)(qiu)。 ②產(chan)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)符(fu)合(he)(he)NY 5011-2006《無公害(hai)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)仁(ren)果(guo)(guo)類水果(guo)(guo)》要求(qiu)(qiu)。
五.特(te)定生(sheng)產方式
1、園地選擇:排(pai)灌(guan)暢(chang)通(tong),土(tu)層深厚、通(tong)透性(xing)好、保水保肥(fei)力(li)強(qiang)、植(zhi)被豐富、地勢相對平坦,生態環(huan)境優越,土(tu)壤。
2、品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)擇:上饒(rao)早(zao)梨(li)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)當(dang)地傳統(tong)優(you)質(zhi)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)。上饒(rao)早(zao)梨(li)(又稱六月雪)為主栽品(pin)(pin)種(zhong),搭(da)配(pei)授粉品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)有甫梨(li)、平(ping)頭青,主栽品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)與授粉品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)搭(da)配(pei)比例為3:1。
3、關(guan)鍵技術措施(shi)(shi)(shi):為(wei)保證上(shang)(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早梨(li)(li)的(de)(de)品質特(te)色,要(yao)加強(qiang)以下環節的(de)(de)生(sheng)產技術措施(shi)(shi)(shi): ①定(ding)植:按株行3m×5m或4m×4m挖定(ding)植穴(xue),定(ding)植穴(xue)內重(zhong)施(shi)(shi)(shi) 基(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),先填(tian)入稻草、雜草等(deng)粗有機質,加蓋(gai)表土(tu);每株再施(shi)(shi)(shi)腐熟(shu)豬牛欄堆(dui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)或沼(zhao)渣肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)50-60千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)、菜子餅2-3千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)、磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)1-2千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)、石灰2千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)并與表土(tu)混合填(tian)入。填(tian)土(tu)需高(gao)(gao)出(chu)地面30厘(li)米(mi)(mi)-40厘(li)米(mi)(mi),做(zuo)成(cheng)(cheng)饅(man)頭(tou)形(xing)。栽前(qian)(qian)梨(li)(li)樹(shu)(shu)苗的(de)(de)粗根需剪(jian)截2厘(li)米(mi)(mi)-3厘(li)米(mi)(mi),解除(chu)嫁接處薄膜,嫁接口露出(chu)地面5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)-10厘(li)米(mi)(mi),踏(ta)實根際土(tu)壤,澆足(zu)定(ding)根水。 ②整形(xing):采(cai)用拉枝(zhi)(zhi)、輕剪(jian)、緩放等(deng)方(fang)法修剪(jian)。定(ding)植生(sheng)長5年(nian)梨(li)(li)樹(shu)(shu)達(da)到(dao)高(gao)(gao)2.5米(mi)(mi)左右,冠徑3.5米(mi)(mi)-4米(mi)(mi),主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)5個,副(fu)枝(zhi)(zhi)3個,結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)部均(jun)勻合理(li)(li)。成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)樹(shu)(shu)從(cong)4月(yue)中旬開(kai)始抹(mo)除(chu)枝(zhi)(zhi)、干和鋸口上(shang)(shang)直立(li)的(de)(de)背上(shang)(shang)新梢,對生(sheng)長過旺的(de)(de)新梢應在6-7片葉時(shi)摘心,及時(shi)疏(shu)(shu)除(chu)病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)枝(zhi)(zhi)、弱枝(zhi)(zhi)、重(zhong)疊枝(zhi)(zhi),改善通風條件,促(cu)進(jin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實膨(peng)大。 ③定(ding)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo):因樹(shu)(shu)疏(shu)(shu)花(hua)疏(shu)(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)套袋,提(ti)高(gao)(gao)好(hao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)率。疏(shu)(shu)花(hua)疏(shu)(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),從(cong)抑制(zhi)花(hua)芽形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)始,到(dao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實負載量達(da)到(dao)要(yao)求為(wei)止(zhi)。做(zuo)到(dao)疏(shu)(shu)弱留(liu)強(qiang)、疏(shu)(shu)密留(liu)稀、疏(shu)(shu)小留(liu)大、疏(shu)(shu)腋留(liu)頂、疏(shu)(shu)下留(liu)上(shang)(shang),疏(shu)(shu)小果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、畸(ji)形(xing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),多留(liu)外圍果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),少(shao)留(liu)冠內果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和弱枝(zhi)(zhi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。套袋是防(fang)止(zhi)病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)危害(hai)(hai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實、提(ti)高(gao)(gao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品質量的(de)(de)關(guan)健措施(shi)(shi)(shi)。上(shang)(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早梨(li)(li)傳統以柿(shi)油紙袋包裹為(wei)主(zhu),梨(li)(li)袋以陳袋包效果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)最(zui)好(hao),陳袋包的(de)(de)梨(li)(li)成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)后(hou)白凈如玉。 ④日常管理(li)(li):一(yi)是合理(li)(li)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),以施(shi)(shi)(shi)有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)主(zhu),配合使(shi)用生(sheng)物菌(jun)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),少(shao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)化肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),提(ti)高(gao)(gao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)品質。幼樹(shu)(shu)套種綠(lv)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),夏季割刈綠(lv)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)進(jin)行樹(shu)(shu)盤覆蓋(gai),秋季結合擴穴(xue)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)將綠(lv)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)深埋,改善果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園土(tu)壤狀況(kuang)。成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)樹(shu)(shu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),主(zhu)要(yao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)芽前(qian)(qian)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、壯果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、采(cai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。芽前(qian)(qian)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)于(yu)萌芽初,壯果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)于(yu)新梢停(ting)止(zhi)生(sheng)長時(shi),采(cai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)于(yu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實采(cai)收后(hou)。每次每株施(shi)(shi)(shi)菜籽餅肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)1千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)-1.5千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)、沼(zhao)液肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)20千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)-30千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)。二(er)是病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)防(fang)治(zhi),堅持“預防(fang)為(wei)主(zhu),綜合防(fang)治(zhi)”的(de)(de)方(fang)針(zhen)。根據病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)發生(sheng)、發展規(gui)律,因地制(zhi)宜,合理(li)(li)運用農(nong)業、生(sheng)物、物理(li)(li)防(fang)治(zhi)等(deng)措施(shi)(shi)(shi),有效控(kong)制(zhi)病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai),提(ti)高(gao)(gao)上(shang)(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早梨(li)(li)品質。