略(lve)陽豬苓是一(yi)種孔菌科、樹花屬類生物,子實體大或很大,肉質、有柄、多分枝、末端生圓形(xing)白色至淺褐色菌蓋,一(yi)叢直徑可(ke)達35cm。分布于北京、河北、山西(xi)、內蒙古、吉林。
形態特征
略陽豬苓,非褶菌(jun)目多藥用真菌(jun)。子(zi)實(shi)體大或(huo)很大,肉(rou)質、有柄(bing)、多分枝、末端生圓(yuan)形(xing)白色(se)(se)(se)至(zhi)淺褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)菌(jun)蓋,一叢直徑可達35cm。菌(jun)蓋圓(yuan)形(xing),中部下凹近漏斗形(xing),邊緣內卷,被深色(se)(se)(se)細鱗片,寬1-4cm。菌(jun)肉(rou)白色(se)(se)(se),孔(kong)面白色(se)(se)(se),干后草黃色(se)(se)(se)。
菌(jun)(jun)核體呈塊(kuai)狀(zhuang)或(huo)(huo)不規則形(xing)狀(zhuang),表面為(wei)棕黑(hei)色(se)或(huo)(huo)黑(hei)褐色(se),有(you)許多(duo)(duo)凸凹不平的瘤狀(zhuang)突(tu)起及(ji)皺紋(wen)。內面近(jin)白色(se)或(huo)(huo)淡黃色(se),干燥后(hou)變硬,整個(ge)菌(jun)(jun)核體由多(duo)(duo)數(shu)白色(se)菌(jun)(jun)絲交織(zhi)而成(cheng);菌(jun)(jun)絲中空(kong),直徑約(yue)3毫(hao)米(mi),極細(xi)(xi)而短。子(zi)實體生(sheng)于菌(jun)(jun)核上(shang),傘形(xing)或(huo)(huo)傘狀(zhuang)半圓(yuan)形(xing),常多(duo)(duo)數(shu)合生(sheng),半木質化,直徑5-15厘(li)米(mi)或(huo)(huo)更大,表面深褐色(se),有(you)細(xi)(xi)小鱗片,中部凹陷,有(you)細(xi)(xi)紋(wen),呈放射狀(zhuang),孔(kong)口微細(xi)(xi),近(jin)圓(yuan)形(xing);擔孢子(zi)廣卵圓(yuan)形(xing)至卵圓(yuan)形(xing)。
生活習性
豬(zhu)(zhu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)具喜(xi)(xi)冷涼、陰郁、濕(shi)潤(run),怕干(gan)旱的(de)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)。在(zai)地(di)溫(wen)5-25℃條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下均生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。西北(bei)產區(qu)地(di)溫(wen)在(zai)17-19℃時(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)良(liang)好,10℃時(shi)(shi)萌(meng)發(fa),22℃時(shi)(shi)子(zi)實(shi)(shi)體(ti)開(kai)放;華北(bei)產區(qu)平均地(di)溫(wen)達9.5℃時(shi)(shi)萌(meng)發(fa),12℃左(zuo)右(you)時(shi)(shi)新(xin)(xin)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)膨大(da),14℃左(zuo)右(you)時(shi)(shi)新(xin)(xin)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)萌(meng)發(fa)多(duo),個(ge)體(ti)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)快(kuai)。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)含水量在(zai)30-50%,PH值(zhi)5-7腐(fu)殖質(zhi)土(tu)(tu)、砂壤(rang)土(tu)(tu),為(wei)(wei)宜(yi)。 豬(zhu)(zhu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活史分(fen)擔(dan)孢(bao)(bao)(bao)子(zi)、菌(jun)(jun)絲體(ti)、菌(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)、子(zi)實(shi)(shi)體(ti)四個(ge)階段(duan)。擔(dan)孢(bao)(bao)(bao)子(zi)是(shi)子(zi)實(shi)(shi)體(ti)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)有性(xing)(xing)(xing)孢(bao)(bao)(bao)子(zi)(長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)卵狀(zhuang)橢圓形(xing)(xing),一(yi)端有尖,無(wu)色(se),平滑(hua),7-10×3-4毫(hao)米),萌(meng)發(fa)后形(xing)(xing)成初生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)菌(jun)(jun)絲體(ti),初生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)菌(jun)(jun)絲體(ti)質(zhi)配后產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)雙核(he)(he)的(de)次生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)菌(jun)(jun)絲,諸多(duo)次生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)菌(jun)(jun)絲緊密纏結成菌(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)。菌(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)主要是(shi)儲存養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)分(fen),耐高、低溫(wen)和干(gan)旱。在(zai)不(bu)適(shi)宜(yi)的(de)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下,能夠長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)時(shi)(shi)間保持休(xiu)眠(mian)狀(zhuang)態,遇(yu)適(shi)宜(yi)的(de)溫(wen)度、濕(shi)度和營養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian),即可在(zai)菌(jun)(jun)絲體(ti)的(de)任何部(bu)分(fen)萌(meng)發(fa)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)新(xin)(xin)的(de)菌(jun)(jun)絲。一(yi)般在(zai)3月下旬,表(biao)(biao)土(tu)(tu)層5厘米處溫(wen)度達到8-9℃時(shi)(shi),菌(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)開(kai)始生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),菌(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)體(ti)上萌(meng)發(fa)出(chu)許多(duo)白(bai)色(se)毛點,隨著氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)的(de)升高,毛點不(bu)斷長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)大(da)變(bian)(bian)厚,形(xing)(xing)成肥嫩有光澤(ze)(ze)(ze)的(de)白(bai)色(se)菌(jun)(jun)核(he)(he),逐漸向地(di)表(biao)(biao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。8、9月地(di)溫(wen)達12-20℃時(shi)(shi),菌(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)旺盛期(qi),體(ti)積、重量迅速增(zeng)加(jia)。菌(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)色(se)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)從(cong)基(ji)部(bu)到中(zhong)(zhong)間由白(bai)變(bian)(bian)黃。此(ci)(ci)時(shi)(shi)如遇(yu)連陰雨(yu)天(tian),空氣(qi)(qi)濕(shi)度增(zeng)高,部(bu)分(fen)菌(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)出(chu)子(zi)實(shi)(shi)體(ti),開(kai)放散出(chu)孢(bao)(bao)(bao)子(zi)。隨著地(di)溫(wen)下降,子(zi)實(shi)(shi)體(ti)很(hen)快(kuai)枯爛(lan)。10月以后,當地(di)溫(wen)降至(zhi)8-9℃時(shi)(shi),豬(zhu)(zhu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)停(ting)(ting)止生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),進(jin)(jin)入(ru)冬眠(mian)。翌年(nian)(nian)春又萌(meng)發(fa)分(fen)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)新(xin)(xin)的(de)菌(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)。如此(ci)(ci)年(nian)(nian)得繼(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),群體(ti)合聚形(xing)(xing)成一(yi)窩。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)肥沃,營養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)豐富,菌(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)大(da)而多(duo),分(fen)叉(cha)少,俗(su)稱(cheng)"豬(zhu)(zhu)屎苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)";土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)瘠薄(bo),養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)料不(bu)足,結苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)小,分(fen)叉(cha)多(duo),俗(su)稱(cheng)"雞(ji)屎苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)"。在(zai)外界(jie)環(huan)境條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)極端不(bu)利時(shi)(shi),豬(zhu)(zhu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)將停(ting)(ting)止生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),菌(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)老化(hua),色(se)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)變(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)深黑色(se),核(he)(he)體(ti)出(chu)現大(da)小孔眼,直至(zhi)腐(fu)爛(lan)。 豬(zhu)(zhu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)與密環(huan)菌(jun)(jun)的(de)關(guan)系,尚須進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步研究。(常(chang)用中(zhong)(zhong)藥材) 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)習性(xing)(xing)(xing): 豬(zhu)(zhu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)具喜(xi)(xi)冷涼、陰郁、濕(shi)潤(run),怕干(gan)旱的(de)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)。(常(chang)用中(zhong)(zhong)藥材) 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)周(zhou)期(qi): 豬(zhu)(zhu)苓(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)(wei)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)真菌(jun)(jun),一(yi)般經過(guo)2個(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)季節即可采挖。
生長環境
豬(zhu)苓多生長在(zai)海拔1000-2000米,坡度20-50°的向陽山地、林下富含腐(fu)殖質的土壤(rang)中(zhong)。植被多為(wei)闊葉次生林,常(chang)見樹種為(wei)柞(zuo)、槭、橡(xiang)、榆(yu)、楊、柳(liu)、竹等。