一.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
1、位置(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou):靈武市深居內陸腹地(di),位于(yu)寧(ning)夏平(ping)原中部(bu),北緯38°,海(hai)拔1250米(mi)。是盛產優(you)質(zhi)水果的(de)“黃金緯度”。屬(shu)于(yu)典(dian)型的(de)大(da)陸性季(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou),其(qi)特點為:春(chun)遲(chi)秋早(zao),四季(ji)分明(ming)、日照充足、熱(re)量(liang)豐富、蒸發強烈、氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)干燥、晴天(tian)多(duo)、雨雷少,全年日照時數3080.2小時,平(ping)均(jun)無霜(shuang)期157天(tian),植物生長期持續170天(tian),年平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)8.8℃,年均(jun)降水量(liang)206.2~255.2mm。
2、土壤(rang)水文:靈武(wu)長(chang)棗(zao)種(zhong)植區地(di)貌可分為西部(bu)(bu)引黃灌(guan)溉(gai)平原區和(he)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)毛(mao)烏素沙(sha)(sha)地(di)丘陵區,土壤(rang)為壤(rang)土、沙(sha)(sha)壤(rang)土、沙(sha)(sha)土或易耕(geng)荒地(di),土壤(rang)質(zhi)地(di)偏沙(sha)(sha),通透性(xing)和(he)耕(geng)性(xing)較好。pH值7.5~8.5,地(di)下水位1.5m以(yi)下,土壤(rang)全鹽(yan)含量(liang)低于1.0‰,土壤(rang)有(you)機質(zhi)含量(liang)中等。靈武(wu)市(shi)得天獨厚的自然條(tiao)件與引黃河水灌(guan)溉(gai)便(bian)利條(tiao)件造就了靈武(wu)長(chang)棗(zao)獨一無二的地(di)方特有(you)品質(zhi)。
二.地域范圍
靈(ling)武長(chang)(chang)棗農(nong)產(chan)品地理標志地域保護范圍(wei)為:靈(ling)武市現轄行政區域,包括臨河鎮、東塔鎮、郝家(jia)橋鎮、崇興鎮、馬家(jia)灘(tan)鎮、梧桐樹鄉、白土崗鄉,靈(ling)武園藝試(shi)驗場(chang)(chang)、大泉林場(chang)(chang)、北(bei)沙窩林場(chang)(chang)、白芨(ji)灘(tan)林場(chang)(chang)、靈(ling)武農(nong)場(chang)(chang)。地處東徑106°11′~105°52′,北(bei)緯37°35′~38°21′之間,南(nan)北(bei)長(chang)(chang)98公里,東西寬(kuan)54公里,市域總面(mian)積4010平方千米,種植面(mian)積9467公頃,年產(chan)量16000t。
三.產品品質特性特征
1、外在(zai)感官特征:靈武長棗為鮮(xian)食品種(zhong),果實呈(cheng)長橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)或圓(yuan)(yuan)柱形(xing)、略(lve)扁,梗洼深廣(guang),果肩平(ping)整;果皮紫(zi)紅(hong)色,完(wan)熟果面帶紫(zi)斑;果皮薄,果肉綠白色,質地質密(mi)酥脆,汁液(ye)多,酸甜適(shi)口。縱徑平(ping)均(jun)在(zai)4cm左右(you),最(zui)大(da)達(da)6cm,橫徑(寬面)2.5cm左右(you),平(ping)均(jun)單果重12g左右(you)。
2、衛(wei)生指標:靈武長棗果實衛(wei)生指標應(ying)符合(he)GB14891.5-1997《輻照新鮮水果、蔬菜類(lei)衛(wei)生標準(zhun)》中(zhong)3.4的規定。
3、檢驗規則:按DB64/T419《鮮靈武長棗》執(zhi)行。
四.特定生產方式
1、產地(di)選(xuan)擇與特殊內(nei)容規(gui)定(ding):生產地(di)域內(nei)無工(gong)業和城(cheng)市(shi)污染源,種植區選(xuan)擇離工(gong)礦(kuang)區和公路鐵路干線(xian),生態條件(jian)良好(hao)的地(di)區。土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)以(yi)壤土(tu)(tu)、沙壤土(tu)(tu)、礫質(zhi)壤土(tu)(tu)、沙土(tu)(tu)為(wei)主(zhu),要(yao)求土(tu)(tu)層深厚,灌(guan)、排水條件(jian)良好(hao)。
2、品(pin)種選擇與特(te)定(ding)要(yao)求:選用優(you)質、高產、抗(kang)病(bing)、抗(kang)逆性(xing)強、商(shang)品(pin)性(xing)好、本地長期種植(zhi)的(de)靈武長棗1號、2號優(you)系品(pin)種。
3、栽培管理:
①苗木:采用根蘗苗和嫁接苗,育(yu)苗按(an)DB64/T417《靈武(wu)長棗苗木繁育(yu)技術規程》執(zhi)行。
②建(jian)園:選擇土(tu)(tu)(tu)層深厚(hou)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)肥沃(wo),排灌、交通(tong)條件便利的地塊。以地下水(shui)位1.5m以下、熟(shu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層30cm以上、PH值(zhi)7.5~8.5,有(you)機質(zhi)含量較高的沙(sha)壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)或輕壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)為宜。
③栽(zai)植(zhi):南北行向種植(zhi),株(zhu)行距(ju)3m×4m、2m×3m,栽(zai)植(zhi)密度(du)每公頃(qing)825株(zhu)~1650株(zhu)。定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)前(qian)一(yi)年大(da)穴培(pei)(pei)肥,樹穴長(chang)、寬、高80cm×80cm×80cm,株(zhu)施腐(fu)熟農(nong)家肥25kg加磷酸二銨或(huo)復合肥0.5kg。定(ding)(ding)干(gan)50cm~70cm,漆封(feng)剪口,樹盤覆膜(mo)。大(da)田(tian)種植(zhi)按(an)DB64/T418《靈武長(chang)棗(zao)栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)技(ji)術(shu)規程》執行,設(she)施種植(zhi)按(an)DB64/T530《靈武長(chang)棗(zao)日光溫室促成栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)技(ji)術(shu)規程》執行。
④整(zheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian):采(cai)(cai)用(yong)紡(fang)錘(chui)形(xing)(xing)(xing)樹(shu)(shu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)。春(chun)季修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian):3月(yue)(yue)(yue)至4月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)旬。修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)方法(fa)(fa)(fa):短(duan)截(jie)、疏枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、拉(la)(la)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、刻芽(ya)。夏(xia)季修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian):整(zheng)個生長(chang)(chang)(chang)期。修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)方法(fa)(fa)(fa):抹(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)芽(ya)、拿枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、摘(zhai)心(xin)、拉(la)(la)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。具體方法(fa)(fa)(fa)按DB/T418《靈武(wu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)棗(zao)栽培(pei)(pei)(pei)技術規(gui)程(cheng)》執行。定(ding)(ding)(ding)植當年(nian)(nian)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian):8月(yue)(yue)(yue)之前,30cm以(yi)上(shang)(shang)新(xin)(xin)生棗(zao)頭(tou)全(quan)部摘(zhai)心(xin)。幼樹(shu)(shu)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(1-3年(nian)(nian)):修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以(yi)迅速擴冠為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),強調(diao)扶(fu)壯(zhuang)中心(xin)干(gan)。選留培(pei)(pei)(pei)養強壯(zhuang)的中桿(gan),保證中桿(gan)的絕對(dui)(dui)優(you)勢(shi)(shi)(shi),在其(qi)40cm以(yi)上(shang)(shang)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),采(cai)(cai)取短(duan)截(jie)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)留1~2節培(pei)(pei)(pei)養主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),輔之抹(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)芽(ya)選留定(ding)(ding)(ding)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),一(yi)年(nian)(nian)選留3~4個骨干(gan)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)距(ju)15cm~20cm,螺旋排列,每(mei)(mei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)留7~15個永(yong)久性(xing)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)度根據長(chang)(chang)(chang)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養,翌年(nian)(nian)不(bu)做延長(chang)(chang)(chang)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。底(di)層(ceng)3個左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)臨時(shi)性(xing)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組,后期隨著枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)增加,逐(zhu)(zhu)步清(qing)除(chu)(chu)底(di)層(ceng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)提高(gao)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)。修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)以(yi)短(duan)截(jie)、抹(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)芽(ya)、摘(zhai)心(xin)、開(kai)(kai)角(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。開(kai)(kai)角(jiao):以(yi)春(chun)、秋拉(la)(la)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),結(jie)合(he)夏(xia)季拿枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),角(jiao)度70°~90°;摘(zhai)心(xin):根據枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)長(chang)(chang)(chang)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)決定(ding)(ding)(ding)摘(zhai)心(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)度,旺(wang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)留、弱短(duan)留,枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)木(mu)質化前結(jie)束(shu)摘(zhai)心(xin),一(yi)般留7~9個永(yong)久性(xing)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)摘(zhai)心(xin)。初果(guo)(guo)期樹(shu)(shu)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(4-6年(nian)(nian)):修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以(yi)調(diao)整(zheng)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組、增加產(chan)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。對(dui)(dui)未達到(dao)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數量(liang)要求的,繼續培(pei)(pei)(pei)養主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);完成(cheng)整(zheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)的,逐(zhu)(zhu)年(nian)(nian)疏除(chu)(chu)過(guo)密或過(guo)低枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養以(yi)抹(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)芽(ya)選留定(ding)(ding)(ding)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),短(duan)截(jie)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養輔枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。下部主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)度在1.2m~1.9m,上(shang)(shang)部主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)留9個~15個永(yong)久性(xing)二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)摘(zhai)心(xin),一(yi)年(nian)(nian)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養成(cheng)功,5年(nian)(nian)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)完成(cheng)整(zheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)。修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)以(yi)抹(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)芽(ya)、開(kai)(kai)角(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。盛果(guo)(guo)期樹(shu)(shu)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(7年(nian)(nian)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)):修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以(yi)更(geng)新(xin)(xin)老化枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),優(you)化結(jie)果(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組。徹底(di)清(qing)除(chu)(chu)底(di)層(ceng)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),將主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)調(diao)整(zheng)到(dao)80cm以(yi)上(shang)(shang),3年(nian)(nian)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)完成(cheng)老枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)更(geng)新(xin)(xin),之后每(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)更(geng)新(xin)(xin)2個左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)距(ju)調(diao)整(zheng)到(dao)20cm以(yi)上(shang)(shang),也可分層(ceng)排布,層(ceng)間(jian)(jian)距(ju)50cm左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you),樹(shu)(shu)高(gao)2.5m~3m。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)更(geng)新(xin)(xin)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)及要點:主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)更(geng)新(xin)(xin)方法(fa)(fa)(fa),一(yi)是對(dui)(dui)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齡5年(nian)(nian)生以(yi)上(shang)(shang)質量(liang)較差的枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組,如位置偏高(gao)長(chang)(chang)(chang)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)過(guo)旺(wang)、角(jiao)度小而不(bu)宜開(kai)(kai)張(zhang)、二(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)粗壯(zhuang)多(duo)次(ci)(ci)(ci)抹(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)芽(ya)留樁等主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),采(cai)(cai)取一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)性(xing)疏除(chu)(chu)或留10cm短(duan)樁更(geng)新(xin)(xin);二(er)(er)是對(dui)(dui)5年(nian)(nian)生以(yi)上(shang)(shang)質量(liang)較好的主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),可采(cai)(cai)取基部留預(yu)備枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的方式進行逐(zhu)(zhu)步更(geng)新(xin)(xin);三(san)是利(li)用(yong)棗(zao)樹(shu)(shu)春(chun)季前期抹(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)芽(ya),選留主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)上(shang)(shang)新(xin)(xin)生棗(zao)頭(tou),培(pei)(pei)(pei)養新(xin)(xin)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
⑤肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水管(guan)理(li):均衡施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),前促后(hou)控。基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):秋季(ji)果實采收(shou)后(hou)至(zhi)灌(guan)(guan)冬水前,以(yi)(yi)農(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),混(hun)加少量的氮素(su)化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量每(mei)666.7平方米施(shi)(shi)3000kg~5000kg。溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)施(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)部(bu)位(wei)在(zai)樹(shu)冠(guan)(guan)投(tou)影(ying)(ying)外20cm左(zuo)右處。溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)施(shi)(shi)挖條溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)或環(huan)狀(zhuang)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou),幼(you)齡樹(shu)環(huan)狀(zhuang)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou),成齡樹(shu)條溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)深40cm~50cm,寬(kuan)40cm,長(chang)隨(sui)樹(shu)冠(guan)(guan)冠(guan)(guan)幅。將(jiang)腐熟的農(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)或商品有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)與陽(yang)土拌勻施(shi)(shi)入溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)內,填平。追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):每(mei)年2次(ci)(ci)(ci),第一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)萌芽至(zhi)開(kai)花前,以(yi)(yi)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu);第二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)果實膨大期,以(yi)(yi)磷(lin)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量以(yi)(yi)當地的土壤條件和施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)特點確(que)定。株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)0.25kg~0.75kg/次(ci)(ci)(ci)。施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)方法是(shi)在(zai)樹(shu)冠(guan)(guan)投(tou)影(ying)(ying)外圍挖穴(xue)或開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou),幼(you)樹(shu)挖穴(xue),3~4個,結果樹(shu)開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou),溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)深10cm~20cm,寬(kuan)20cm,長(chang)度隨(sui)樹(shu)冠(guan)(guan)冠(guan)(guan)幅。肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)均勻撒入溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(穴(xue))埋(mai)土,灌(guan)(guan)水。葉面(mian)噴肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):全(quan)年4~5次(ci)(ci)(ci),在(zai)生長(chang)前期2次(ci)(ci)(ci),以(yi)(yi)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu);后(hou)期2~3次(ci)(ci)(ci),以(yi)(yi)磷(lin)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。常用肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)及(ji)濃度:尿(niao)素(su)0.3%~0.5%,磷(lin)酸二(er)氫鉀(jia)0.2%~0.3%,硼砂0.1%~0.3%,沼液等。最后(hou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)頁面(mian)噴肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)在(zai)距果實采收(shou)期20天以(yi)(yi)上。灌(guan)(guan)水:一(yi)(yi)(yi)般在(zai)萌芽前、花前、幼(you)果膨大期、封凍前各(ge)灌(guan)(guan)水一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci),其它,根據墑情(qing)確(que)定灌(guan)(guan)水次(ci)(ci)(ci)數。提倡采用滴灌(guan)(guan)、小管(guan)出流等節水灌(guan)(guan)溉(gai)措施(shi)(shi)。
⑥花果管理(li):按DB64/T418《靈武(wu)長棗栽培技術規(gui)程》執行。盛花期(qi)噴(pen)布赤霉(mei)素控制(zhi)在(zai)2次以內。
⑦病蟲害防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):實(shi)施(shi)無公害、綠色(se)病蟲害防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)控技術,堅持(chi)“預防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主,綜合(he)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)”的(de)原(yuan)則(ze),綜合(he)運用(yong)各種防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)措施(shi),優先采用(yong)農業措施(shi)、生(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法,配合(he)施(shi)用(yong)高效、低毒、低殘留的(de)化學農藥(yao),在(zai)(zai)化學防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)上抓棗樹休眠期、蟲害發生(sheng)初期、蟲體裸露期、轉移為(wei)害期的(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi),在(zai)(zai)大發生(sheng)前(qian)3~5d提前(qian)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi),在(zai)(zai)一天中盡量選擇上午10h前(qian)和下(xia)午4h后噴藥(yao)。具(ju)體防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)按DB64/T531《靈武長棗主要有(you)害生(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)控技術規(gui)程》執(zhi)行(xing)。
4、產(chan)品收(shou)獲及產(chan)后處理的規定:在(zai)農藥安全間(jian)隔(ge)期后適時(shi)(shi),采(cai)收(shou),采(cai)收(shou)所用工具要清(qing)潔、衛(wei)生(sheng)、無(wu)(wu)污染。①果(guo)(guo)實采(cai)收(shou):靈武長棗(zao)在(zai)脆熟期中(zhong)后期采(cai)收(shou)。采(cai)收(shou)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)9月(yue)下旬至(zhi)10月(yue)上旬。鮮果(guo)(guo)貯(zhu)藏1月(yue)以上,果(guo)(guo)面(mian)著色70﹪~90﹪采(cai)收(shou),鮮食棗(zao)果(guo)(guo)全紅果(guo)(guo)采(cai)收(shou)。采(cai)收(shou)時(shi)(shi)要戴柔質手套(tao),采(cai)果(guo)(guo)的盛具表面(mian)要柔軟。采(cai)摘(zhai)(zhai)時(shi)(shi)輕(qing)摘(zhai)(zhai)輕(qing)放,防止一切(qie)人為或機械傷害,保證(zheng)果(guo)(guo)實完整無(wu)(wu)損傷。用于較長時(shi)(shi)間(jian)貯(zhu)藏棗(zao)果(guo)(guo),帶果(guo)(guo)柄(bing)采(cai)摘(zhai)(zhai)。
五.包裝標識相關規定
1、包(bao)(bao)裝:內包(bao)(bao)裝用符合食品衛生要求的(de)材料,與(yu)靈武(wu)長棗接觸不易(yi)產生摩擦(ca)傷(shang)。外包(bao)(bao)裝用紙箱裝,包(bao)(bao)裝定量(liang)誤差應符合國家質量(liang)技(ji)術監督檢驗總局令(2005)第75號。
2、運輸(shu):長途運輸(shu)應采用(yong)冷藏(zang)車或(huo)冷藏(zang)集裝箱運輸(shu),不(bu)得與有毒(du)有害及有異味的物品一起運輸(shu)。搬運時(shi)應輕(qing)拿輕(qing)放,不(bu)得拋摔。
3、貯存:貯存時應采用冷(leng)藏(zang)(zang)或氣(qi)調(diao)貯藏(zang)(zang)。不得(de)與有(you)(you)毒有(you)(you)害及(ji)有(you)(you)異味(wei)的物(wu)品共同存放。產品堆放應離(li)地面20cm以(yi)上,離(li)墻10cm以(yi)上。具體按DB64/T419—2005《鮮靈武長棗》執行。