一.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
(1)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤地貌(mao)(mao)情況:中(zhong)寧縣(xian)區域(yu)地形(xing)地貌(mao)(mao)是清水(shui)河(he)沖(chong)積(ji)(ji)(ji)平原淤灌土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和黃河(he)沖(chong)積(ji)(ji)(ji)平原淤灌土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤類(lei)型(xing)為綠洲土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),質地以(yi)中(zhong)壤為主(zhu)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤pH值(zhi)7.3~8.5之(zhi)間(jian),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤有(you)機質含(han)量(liang)(liang)8.3~14.6g/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤全氮含(han)量(liang)(liang)0.7~1.11g/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤堿解(jie)氮含(han)量(liang)(liang)37~68.4mg/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤速效(xiao)磷含(han)量(liang)(liang)25~73.7mg/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤速效(xiao)鉀含(han)量(liang)(liang)136~326mg/kg。同時,在黃河(he)沿(yan)岸(an),由于發源于青(qing)藏(zang)高原的(de)黃河(he)泥沙也帶有(you)大(da)量(liang)(liang)礦物質,淤積(ji)(ji)(ji)又形(xing)成(cheng)了大(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)河(he)灘(tan)沖(chong)積(ji)(ji)(ji)區,良好的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質條(tiao)件,為中(zhong)寧枸杞的(de)生長(chang)提供良好的(de)生存(cun)環境,從(cong)而造(zao)就了中(zhong)寧優質的(de)枸杞。
(2)水(shui)(shui)文情況:黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)是寧(ning)(ning)夏(xia)境(jing)(jing)內(nei)的(de)(de)主要河(he)(he)(he)流(liu),中寧(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)位于黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)兩岸(an),所用水(shui)(shui)源均來自黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)出黑山(shan)峽入衛寧(ning)(ning)灌區(qu),至勝金關入中寧(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)境(jing)(jing),東流(liu)68km至青銅(tong)峽二道(dao)溝出縣(xian)(xian)境(jing)(jing)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)過境(jing)(jing)客水(shui)(shui)24年(nian)年(nian)平均徑(jing)流(liu)量(liang)為(wei)315億(yi)立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(1955-1979年(nian),下河(he)(he)(he)沿測站),平均流(liu)量(liang)993立(li)方(fang)米(mi)/秒。 黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)豐沛,水(shui)(shui)質優良(liang),是中寧(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)農業灌溉(gai)水(shui)(shui)源。清水(shui)(shui)河(he)(he)(he)是黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)一級支(zhi)流(liu),發源于固原縣(xian)(xian)南開城(cheng)鄉,由南向北經固原縣(xian)(xian)、海原縣(xian)(xian)、同心縣(xian)(xian)至中寧(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)泉眼山(shan)西入黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)。
(3)氣(qi)(qi)候情況(kuang):中寧縣地處西(xi)北內陸,屬典型的大(da)陸性(xing)氣(qi)(qi)候,海拔1184米。總(zong)的特點是:春暖遲,夏熱短,秋涼(liang)早(zao),冬寒長,日照時間長,晝夜溫差大(da),光能資源豐富(fu),干(gan)旱(han)少雨多風(feng)(feng),蒸(zheng)發量(liang)大(da),無(wu)霜(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)期短。年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫9.1℃,7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫23.4℃,1月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫-7.4℃,年(nian)(nian)(nian)際相差30.8℃,絕(jue)對(dui)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)氣(qi)(qi)溫38.5℃,絕(jue)對(dui)最(zui)(zui)低氣(qi)(qi)溫-26.7℃,有效(xiao)積溫3349℃。其初終霜(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)日數(shu)(shu)為175d,初霜(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)期為10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上旬,最(zui)(zui)早(zao)在(zai)(zai)9月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)15日發生; 平(ping)均(jun)(jun)終霜(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)期在(zai)(zai)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)下旬,最(zui)(zui)早(zao)在(zai)(zai)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)4日,最(zui)(zui)晚在(zai)(zai)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)21日,無(wu)霜(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)期165d。每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)3-5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)是風(feng)(feng)季(ji),8級以上大(da)風(feng)(feng)日數(shu)(shu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)18.6d, 風(feng)(feng)向多西(xi)北和偏南兩(liang)個方向,最(zui)(zui)大(da)瞬間風(feng)(feng)速38m/s/秒。冬春季(ji)風(feng)(feng)沙頻繁,有時出現沙塵暴。土壤在(zai)(zai)11月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)底以后(hou)封凍(dong),3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上中旬解(jie)凍(dong)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)降水量(liang)221.6毫(hao)米,年(nian)(nian)(nian)太陽輻射總(zong)量(liang)59245924兆(zhao)焦耳(er)/米2。從而有利于枸杞果實(shi)營養成份(fen)的積累。
(4)人文(wen)歷史情(qing)況: 寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)生產(chan)的“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”,是寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的精品(pin)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)本(ben)名(ming)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),因其(qi)原產(chan)地在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安堡(bao)一(yi)帶(dai)而得(de)名(ming)。當寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)商品(pin),走(zou)向全國(guo)藥材市(shi)場(chang)時(shi),由于(yu)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安堡(bao)屬(shu)于(yu)當時(shi)甘(gan)肅省中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)衛縣(xian)(xian)管轄,故(gu)又有(you)(you)“甘(gan)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)"的稱呼。1934年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)設(she)縣(xian)(xian)時(shi),以寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安堡(bao)為縣(xian)(xian)城,從(cong)此又稱為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)從(cong)列(lie)入朝廷貢品(pin)到占(zhan)領全國(guo)市(shi)場(chang),大(da)約經歷了250年(nian)(nian)時(shi)間(jian)。在(zai)隨后(hou)的二百多年(nian)(nian)時(shi)間(jian)里,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)逐漸形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)優良品(pin)種,長期囿于(yu)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安堡(bao)一(yi)帶(dai),尤(you)以清水河(he)與黃河(he)交匯的洪泛(fan)區(qu)所產(chan)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)最(zui)為優質。清乾隆二十年(nian)(nian)(1755年(nian)(nian)),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏《銀川小(xiao)志》的作者(zhe)汪繹辰在(zai)藥材類中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以唯一(yi)的評注歌頌了寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),文(wen)日:“枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安堡(bao)產(chan)者(zhe)極佳,紅(hong)大(da)肉厚,家家種植。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)衛知縣(xian)(xian)黃恩錫有(you)(you)詩為證(zheng)“六月(yue)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)園樹樹紅(hong),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安藥果擅寰(huan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。千錢一(yi)斗矜時(shi)價,絕勝(sheng)腴(yu)田歲早豐。”寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏黃河(he)灌(guan)區(qu)與南(nan)部(bu)山區(qu)的交匯地帶(dai),四周群山環(huan)繞,黃河(he)從(cong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)流過(guo),兩岸地勢(shi)平坦,晝夜溫(wen)差大(da),有(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)營養成(cheng)分的積累。在(zai)我國(guo)2002年(nian)(nian)自(zi)然科學資金項目(mu)(編(bian)號39960036)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),劉靜等(deng)在(zai)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)北(bei)方(fang)地區(qu)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氣(qi)候適宜性區(qu)劃》的研究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),把寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏黃河(he)灌(guan)區(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)南(nan)部(bu)區(qu)劃為我國(guo)北(bei)方(fang)地區(qu)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)種植最(zui)適宜區(qu)。
二.地域范圍
中寧(ning)枸杞(qi)農產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品地(di)(di)理(li)標志(zhi)地(di)(di)域保護(hu)(hu)范圍是中衛市(shi)中寧(ning)縣寧(ning)安鎮(zhen)、恩(en)和鎮(zhen)、鳴沙鎮(zhen)、新堡鎮(zhen)、大戰場鎮(zhen)、石空鎮(zhen)、舟塔鄉(xiang)、余丁鄉(xiang)、白馬鄉(xiang)、喊叫水鄉(xiang)、徐套鄉(xiang)11個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen),120個行政村。保護(hu)(hu)范圍位東經(jing)105°16′04~106°04′11,北(bei)緯36°54′09~37°44′19之間(jian),南北(bei)長約(yue)60公(gong)里,東西寬約(yue)50公(gong)里。中寧(ning)枸杞(qi)農產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品地(di)(di)理(li)標志(zhi)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)規模為(wei)20000公(gong)頃,年產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)枸杞(qi)干(gan)果8萬(wan)噸。
三.產品品質特性特征
(1)外觀感(gan)官特征:中寧枸杞是長果(guo)形(xing)呈(cheng)橢圓(yuan)且扁長,肉質飽(bao)滿(man)、外觀光亮、柔潤;其(qi)干果(guo)色澤紅重,果(guo)臍(qi)顯白色,先端有小尖,包裝(zhuang)不結塊(kuai),味甘甜微帶苦(ku)澀(se)。
(2)內在的品質特征:枸杞(qi)(qi)多糖含量范圍為3.17-5.45%;枸杞(qi)(qi)總糖含量范圍為39.79-62.58%。
(3)安全要求:
①產(chan)(chan)(chan)地及環境(jing):產(chan)(chan)(chan)地環境(jing)必須符合NY/T391-2013《綠色食(shi)品產(chan)(chan)(chan)地環境(jing)質量》的規定。
②生產技(ji)術規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)“中寧枸(gou)杞(qi)(qi)”地理(li)標(biao)志(zhi)證明商標(biao)的枸(gou)杞(qi)(qi)原料生產技(ji)術規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)符合GB/T19116-2003《枸(gou)杞(qi)(qi)栽培技(ji)術規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)》等技(ji)術規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)的規(gui)(gui)定(ding)。
③包(bao)裝、運輸和(he)貯(zhu)存條件使用“中(zhong)寧枸杞”地(di)理標志(zhi)證明商標商品的包(bao)裝、運輸、貯(zhu)存應(ying)符合GB7718-2011《食品安全國家標準預包(bao)裝食品標簽通則》要求。
四.特定生產方式
(1)產地選擇與(yu)特殊(shu)內(nei)容規(gui)定:生產地域內(nei)無(wu)工(gong)礦企業,無(wu)環境污染源(yuan), 大氣土(tu)壞均(jun)符(fu)合國家有(you)關(guan)標準。田地選擇:選擇地勢平坦(tan)、有(you)排灌條件、地下(xia)水位1.0m 以下(xia)、較肥沃的沙壤(rang)、輕(qing)壤(rang)或(huo)中壤(rang)地塊,土(tu)壤(rang)含鹽量 3‰以下(xia),pH7.5~8.3左右,土(tu)層厚度1m以上(shang)。田地規(gui)劃:為了便于枸杞園(yuan)的灌溉(gai)、施肥、噴藥及運(yun)輸等管理工(gong)作,新建枸杞園(yuan)必須進(jin)行規(gui)劃。
(2)品種選擇(ze)與特定要求:以寧夏枸(gou)杞的優良品種“寧杞1號、5號”為主。苗(miao)木(mu)一級規格為苗(miao)株(zhu)(zhu)高50cm以上(shang)、地徑(jing)0.7cm以上(shang),根(gen)系完(wan)整(zheng); 二級為苗(miao)株(zhu)(zhu)高40~50cm、地徑(jing)0.5~0.7cm,根(gen)系完(wan)整(zheng)。
(3)生(sheng)產過程管(guan)理:
①播種(zhong)時(shi)間(jian)及方式(shi):中寧枸杞育苗(miao)一般(ban)采用(yong)無性(xing)繁殖(zhi)主要(yao)有硬枝扦插(cha)和(he)嫩(nen)枝扦插(cha)。a、硬枝扦插(cha),3月中旬~4月上(shang)旬,日(ri)平均氣(qi)溫穩定通過6℃以上(shang)即可(ke)進行(xing),冬季(ji)和(he)早春可(ke)以采用(yong)大棚育苗(miao)。以中寧枸杞為母條(tiao),剪取0.4~0.6cm粗的枝條(tiao),截(jie)成l0~15cm長,用(yong)15~20mg/kg的a~萘乙酸(suan)水溶液浸插(cha)條(tiao)下端(duan)24h,或用(yong)l00mg/kg的a~萘乙酸(suan)溶液浸插(cha)條(tiao)下端(duan)2h~3h,浸深(shen)3cm。按40cm行(xing)距(ju)(ju)開溝(gou),溝(gou)深(shen)l0~13cm,將插(cha)條(tiao)按l00cm株(zhu)距(ju)(ju)擺在(zai)溝(gou)壁一側,覆濕潤土踏實,插(cha)條(tiao)上(shang)端(duan)露出地面(mian)約1cm,插(cha)后覆地膜。
b、嫩枝扦插 日(ri)平均氣溫(wen)穩定(ding)在18℃以上(shang)的(de)5~8月可(ke)進(jin)行。剪取(qu)半(ban)木質化枝條(tiao),截(jie)成5~8cm的(de)插條(tiao),去除(chu)下端(duan)1~2個節(jie)上(shang)的(de)葉片。將(jiang)插條(tiao)下端(duan)速沾400mg/kg的(de)a-萘乙酸和滑石粉(fen)調制(zhi)成的(de)生根劑(ji),按5×l0cm的(de)株行距(ju),插入準(zhun)備好的(de)沙床(chuang)上(shang),插入深度(du)1.0~1.5cm,插后噴殺(sha)菌劑(ji),蓋塑料拱(gong)棚保濕。
②適(shi)時(shi)(shi)移栽:中寧(ning)枸杞移栽時(shi)(shi)間(jian)分春季(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)秋季(ji)(ji)(ji)兩種(zhong),春季(ji)(ji)(ji)移栽的占(zhan)絕大(da)多(duo)數。春季(ji)(ji)(ji)移栽一(yi)般在(zai)3月下旬(xun)至(zhi)4月上旬(xun),株行距(ju)1×3m,畝栽222株。按株行距(ju)在(zai)定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)前劃行定(ding)點挖穴(xue)。定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)挖出的表土(tu)和(he)心土(tu)各(ge)放(fang)一(yi)邊,穴(xue)內(nei)先施入(ru)有機(ji)肥2~3kg,加復合肥100g,將(jiang)心土(tu)填入(ru),混合均(jun)勻后(hou)蓋表土(tu)5cm,然后(hou)放(fang)入(ru)枸杞苗(miao),扶直,填入(ru)少半坑土(tu),提(ti)苗(miao),踏(ta)實(shi),再填土(tu)至(zhi)苗(miao)木根頸處踏(ta)實(shi),再踏(ta)實(shi)覆土(tu)略高于地面。栽植(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)及時(shi)(shi)整園(yuan)灌水1次。
③病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):主(zhu)要(yao)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)有(you)蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)、木虱、薊(ji)馬、癭(ying)螨(man)(man)、銹螨(man)(man)、紅癭(ying)蚊、黑果病(bing)等(deng)。防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)原(yuan)則(ze):以(yi)防(fang)(fang)為主(zhu),綜合防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi),優先采取農(nong)業(ye)措(cuo)施、物(wu)(wu)理(li)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)、生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)措(cuo)施。允許使用植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)源(yuan)、動物(wu)(wu)源(yuan)、微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)源(yuan)農(nong)藥(yao)及礦物(wu)(wu)源(yuan)農(nong)藥(yao),可選用高效、低毒、低殘留(liu)化學(xue)農(nong)藥(yao)。防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)方法(fa):一是(shi) 農(nong)業(ye)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):加強中耕鋤草,深翻曬(shai)土;清潔枸(gou)杞園(yuan)及周圍,將枯枝(zhi)爛葉(xie)、病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)枝(zhi)、雜草集中燒毀;枸(gou)杞園(yuan)及時排灌(guan),防(fang)(fang)止積水(shui);合理(li)施肥、修剪,促進樹體(ti)健(jian)康生(sheng)(sheng)長。二是(shi)物(wu)(wu)理(li)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):采用燈光、色彩誘(you)殺害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong),如用銀(yin)灰膜(mo)避蚜(ya)(ya)或黃(huang)板(柱)誘(you)殺蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)。三是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):保(bao)護天(tian)敵,創(chuang)造有(you)利于天(tian)敵繁衍生(sheng)(sheng)長的(de)環境條件,投放寄生(sheng)(sheng)性、捕食性天(tian)敵;使用昆蟲(chong)(chong)性外激素(su)誘(you)殺或干(gan)擾成蟲(chong)(chong)交配。四是(shi)藥(yao)劑防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):枸(gou)杞病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)種類多(duo),以(yi)統(tong)防(fang)(fang)統(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)為主(zhu),交叉用藥(yao),防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)要(yao)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)兼治(zhi)(zhi)其它次要(yao)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)。在生(sheng)(sheng)產中,要(yao)根據病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)發生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)具體(ti)情(qing)況確定防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)對象和方法(fa)。
④整(zheng)形修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian):修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)按(an)季(ji)節(jie)劃分(fen)為(wei)三次,即春(chun)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、夏(xia)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和冬(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(又叫(jiao)休眠期修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)),修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)重點在夏(xia)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和冬(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。冬(dong)季(ji)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian), 在冬(dong)季(ji)枸杞落葉(xie)以(yi)后之春(chun)芽(ya)萌(meng)動前進(jin)行。冬(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)原則(ze)是“修(xiu)橫不(bu)修(xiu)順(shun),去舊要(yao)留新。密(mi)處來(lai)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),缺處留壯枝(zhi)。清(qing)膛截底修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)好,樹冠(guan)圓滿(man)產量高”。冬(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)順(shun)序是:清(qing)基 、剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)頂 、清(qing)膛 。修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)后要(yao)求各層分(fen)明(ming),每(mei)一層的(de)(de)冠(guan)幅枝(zhi)條疏密(mi)分(fen)布均(jun)勻有一定的(de)(de)距離,通風透光良好。春(chun)季(ji)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian), 在萌(meng)芽(ya)后到展葉(xie)前進(jin)行,主要(yao)是彌(mi)補冬(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)足和剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)除(chu)果(guo)枝(zhi)干尖(jian)與針刺(ci)。夏(xia)季(ji)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(生長季(ji)節(jie)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)),夏(xia)季(ji)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)由于時間(jian)跨春(chun)、夏(xia)、秋(qiu)三季(ji)。一般相隔8~10天進(jin)行一次,充分(fen)利用(yong)(yong)有限的(de)(de)空間(jian),增加(jia)結(jie)果(guo)枝(zhi)條,拉長采果(guo)時間(jian),實(shi)現(xian)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)去無用(yong)(yong)枝(zhi),改造中(zhong)間(jian)枝(zhi),增加(jia)結(jie)果(guo)枝(zhi)的(de)(de)夏(xia)季(ji)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)目的(de)(de)。
(4)產(chan)(chan)品收獲及產(chan)(chan)后(hou)處(chu)理(li)規(gui)定:枸(gou)杞(qi)(qi)生產(chan)(chan)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝流程(cheng):人工(gong)(gong)采摘鮮(xian)果(guo)枸(gou)杞(qi)(qi)-→自然(ran)晾曬(shai)或(huo)機械制(zhi)干-→機械篩(shai)選(xuan)分等定級(ji)-→機械揀選(xuan)或(huo)人工(gong)(gong)揀選(xuan)-→消毒(du)殺菌-→包裝-→銷售(shou)。
① 收(shou)獲時間:第(di)(di)一個果(guo)(guo)實成熟期(qi)在夏(xia)季, 7月(yue)(yue)上旬至(zhi)8月(yue)(yue)初;第(di)(di)二個果(guo)(guo)實成熟期(qi),在9月(yue)(yue)下旬至(zhi)10月(yue)(yue)中旬。采(cai)(cai)收(shou)時間7月(yue)(yue)中下旬至(zhi)10月(yue)(yue)中旬,夏(xia)果(guo)(guo)一般4~6d采(cai)(cai)一次(ci)(ci);秋果(guo)(guo)7~l0d采(cai)(cai)一次(ci)(ci)。果(guo)(guo)實成熟8成~9成,果(guo)(guo)色鮮紅,果(guo)(guo)蒂松動即可采(cai)(cai)收(shou)。②產(chan)后處理(li):枸杞鮮果(guo)(guo)制干(gan)的(de)方法(fa)(fa)分為自然(ran)晾曬(shai)(shai)、機械(xie)設施制干(gan)和利用(yong)太陽能(neng)制干(gan)等方法(fa)(fa)。自然(ran)制干(gan)法(fa)(fa),需(xu)要準(zhun)備長1.8-2米,寬0.9-1米的(de)木框,中間夾竹(zhu)簾,再用(yong)鐵(tie)釘(ding)釘(ding)制而成。將脫臘后的(de)鮮果(guo)(guo)鋪在果(guo)(guo)棧(zhan)上,果(guo)(guo)實鋪開的(de)厚度為2-3厘米,要求厚薄均勻,氣溫(wen)高,晾曬(shai)(shai)時間一般為4-5天;氣溫(wen)低,晾曬(shai)(shai)時間為7-10天。機械(xie)設施制干(gan)法(fa)(fa)主(zhu)要有烘道烘干(gan)以及各種熱風烘干(gan)設備與太陽能(neng)烘干(gan)相結合。
③產品初加工:
a、枸杞二次烘干 枸杞干果初加工時,含水(shui)量要求是否達到(dao)13%以下,如達不(bu)到(dao)標準,就(jiu)要采(cai)取二次制干。
b、分(fen)(fen)級(ji)去(qu)雜:按照(zhao)果(guo)實(shi)大(da)小、色澤(ze)、破粒等(deng)外觀條件,將枸杞果(guo)實(shi)分(fen)(fen)為四(si)級(ji):特優、特級(ji)、甲級(ji)和乙級(ji);分(fen)(fen)級(ji)方(fang)法 用分(fen)(fen)級(ji)篩(shai)篩(shai)選,精(jing)分(fen)(fen)等(deng)級(ji),并篩(shai)除雜質、細(xi)碎、損粒;
C、揀(jian)選:通(tong)過機(ji)械(xie)揀(jian)選,將霉果、黑果、油果、青(qing)果等分(fen)選出來。
d、殺菌(jun):分級揀選后的枸杞干果須(xu)經(jing)殺菌(jun)處理,才能(neng)包裝入(ru)庫。殺菌(jun)方法有紫外線燈照(zhao)射殺菌(jun)、輻(fu)照(zhao)殺菌(jun)等。
e、包裝:定量裝袋(dai),打印生(sheng)產(chan)日期,裝箱、入庫、銷(xiao)售。
五.包裝標識相關規定
(1)符合下列條(tiao)件的單位和個人(ren)(ren),可以向(xiang)登記證書持有(you)人(ren)(ren)申(shen)請使用地理(li)標志:
A、生產(chan)經營的(de)農產(chan)品(pin)產(chan)自登記確定的(de)地域范圍;
B、已取(qu)得登(deng)記農產品相關的生產經(jing)營資質;
C、能(neng)夠嚴(yan)格按照規(gui)定的質量技(ji)術規(gui)范組織開展生產經(jing)營活動;
D、具有地理標志(zhi)農產(chan)品市場開發經營能力;使(shi)用農產(chan)品地理標志(zhi),應當按照生(sheng)產(chan)經營年度與登記(ji)證書持(chi)有人(ren)產(chan)品地理標志(zhi)使(shi)用協議,在(zai)協議中載明使(shi)用數量、范圍及相關(guan)的責任人(ren)。
(2)農產品(pin)地理(li)標志(zhi)使用人(ren)享有(you)以(yi)下權(quan)利;
A、可以(yi)在產品及其包裝(zhuang)上(shang)統一(yi)使用(yong)農(nong)產品地理標志(zhi);
B、可以使用登記的農產品地理標志,進行(xing)宣(xuan)傳和(he)參(can)加展覽、展示(shi)。
(3)自覺接受登(deng)記證書使用(yong)人應當履行以下義務:
A、自覺接受登記證書持有(you)人的(de)監督檢查(cha);
B、保證地(di)理標志農產品(pin)的品(pin)質和信(xin)譽;
C、正確規范的使(shi)用農(nong)產(chan)品地理標志;
(4)地(di)理(li)標志(zhi)(zhi)農(nong)產(chan)品的生(sheng)產(chan)經(jing)營者,應(ying)當(dang)建立質量(liang)控制追(zhui)溯體系(xi),地(di)理(li)標志(zhi)(zhi)持有人和(he)標志(zhi)(zhi)使用(yong)人,對(dui)地(di)理(li)標志(zhi)(zhi)農(nong)產(chan)品的質量(liang)和(he)信譽負責;任何單位和(he)個人不得偽造、冒用(yong)農(nong)產(chan)品地(di)理(li)標志(zhi)(zhi)和(he)登(deng)記(ji)證書;鼓勵單位和(he)個人對(dui)農(nong)產(chan)品對(dui)地(di)理(li)標志(zhi)(zhi)進行社(she)會監督。標志(zhi)(zhi)使用(yong)人在產(chan)品或產(chan)品包裝上統一使用(yong)農(nong)產(chan)品地(di)理(li)標志(zhi)(zhi)公(gong)共(gong)標識和(he)產(chan)品名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)組合型(xing)式字(zi)樣,產(chan)品名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)申請登(deng)記(ji)產(chan)品名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)。