一.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
(1)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)地(di)貌情況:中(zhong)(zhong)寧縣區域地(di)形地(di)貌是清水河(he)沖(chong)(chong)積(ji)平(ping)原(yuan)淤(yu)(yu)灌土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和黃(huang)河(he)沖(chong)(chong)積(ji)平(ping)原(yuan)淤(yu)(yu)灌土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類型為綠洲(zhou)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),質(zhi)地(di)以中(zhong)(zhong)壤(rang)(rang)為主(zhu)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)pH值7.3~8.5之間(jian),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有機質(zhi)含(han)量(liang)8.3~14.6g/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)全氮含(han)量(liang)0.7~1.11g/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)堿解氮含(han)量(liang)37~68.4mg/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)速效(xiao)磷含(han)量(liang)25~73.7mg/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)速效(xiao)鉀含(han)量(liang)136~326mg/kg。同(tong)時,在黃(huang)河(he)沿岸,由于發源于青藏(zang)高(gao)原(yuan)的(de)黃(huang)河(he)泥沙(sha)也帶有大量(liang)礦物質(zhi),淤(yu)(yu)積(ji)又(you)形成了大量(liang)的(de)河(he)灘沖(chong)(chong)積(ji)區,良好的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)條件,為中(zhong)(zhong)寧枸杞的(de)生長(chang)提供良好的(de)生存環境(jing),從而造就了中(zhong)(zhong)寧優質(zhi)的(de)枸杞。
(2)水(shui)文情(qing)況:黃(huang)河是寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏境(jing)內的主(zhu)要(yao)河流(liu),中(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)位(wei)于黃(huang)河兩岸,所(suo)用水(shui)源(yuan)均(jun)(jun)來自(zi)黃(huang)河。黃(huang)河流(liu)出黑(hei)山(shan)峽入衛寧(ning)(ning)(ning)灌區,至勝金(jin)關入中(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)境(jing),東流(liu)68km至青銅峽二道溝出縣(xian)境(jing)。黃(huang)河過(guo)境(jing)客水(shui)24年(nian)年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)徑流(liu)量為315億(yi)立方米(1955-1979年(nian),下河沿(yan)測站(zhan)),平均(jun)(jun)流(liu)量993立方米/秒。 黃(huang)河水(shui)量豐沛(pei),水(shui)質優良,是中(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)農(nong)業灌溉(gai)水(shui)源(yuan)。清水(shui)河是黃(huang)河的一級(ji)支流(liu),發源(yuan)于固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)縣(xian)南(nan)(nan)開城鄉,由南(nan)(nan)向北經(jing)固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)縣(xian)、海原(yuan)(yuan)縣(xian)、同心(xin)縣(xian)至中(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)泉眼(yan)山(shan)西入黃(huang)河。
(3)氣候(hou)情況:中寧縣地(di)處西北內陸(lu),屬典型的大(da)(da)陸(lu)性氣候(hou),海拔1184米(mi)。總的特點(dian)是:春(chun)(chun)暖遲,夏熱短,秋(qiu)涼(liang)早(zao),冬(dong)寒(han)長,日(ri)(ri)照時間長,晝夜(ye)溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)大(da)(da),光能(neng)資源豐富,干旱少雨多風(feng),蒸發量(liang)大(da)(da),無(wu)霜期短。年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)9.1℃,7月(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)平(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)23.4℃,1月(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)平(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)-7.4℃,年(nian)(nian)(nian)際相差(cha)30.8℃,絕對最(zui)高氣溫(wen)(wen)38.5℃,絕對最(zui)低(di)氣溫(wen)(wen)-26.7℃,有(you)(you)效積(ji)溫(wen)(wen)3349℃。其(qi)初(chu)終霜日(ri)(ri)數為175d,初(chu)霜期為10月(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)旬,最(zui)早(zao)在(zai)(zai)9月(yue)(yue)15日(ri)(ri)發生; 平(ping)均(jun)終霜期在(zai)(zai)4月(yue)(yue)下旬,最(zui)早(zao)在(zai)(zai)3月(yue)(yue)4日(ri)(ri),最(zui)晚在(zai)(zai)5月(yue)(yue)21日(ri)(ri),無(wu)霜期165d。每年(nian)(nian)(nian)3-5月(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)是風(feng)季,8級以上(shang)(shang)大(da)(da)風(feng)日(ri)(ri)數年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)18.6d, 風(feng)向多西北和偏南兩個方向,最(zui)大(da)(da)瞬間風(feng)速(su)38m/s/秒。冬(dong)春(chun)(chun)季風(feng)沙(sha)頻(pin)繁,有(you)(you)時出現沙(sha)塵暴。土壤在(zai)(zai)11月(yue)(yue)底以后封凍,3月(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)中旬解凍。年(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)降水量(liang)221.6毫米(mi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)太陽輻射總量(liang)59245924兆焦耳/米(mi)2。從而有(you)(you)利于枸杞果實營(ying)養成份(fen)(fen)的積(ji)累。
(4)人文歷史情況(kuang): 寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”,是寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精品。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)本名(ming)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),因其(qi)原產地(di)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安堡一(yi)帶而(er)得名(ming)。當寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形成(cheng)(cheng)商(shang)品,走向(xiang)全(quan)國藥(yao)材市場時(shi)(shi),由于寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安堡屬于當時(shi)(shi)甘(gan)肅省(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)衛縣(xian)(xian)(xian)管轄,故又(you)有“甘(gan)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)"的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱呼。1934年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)設縣(xian)(xian)(xian)時(shi)(shi),以寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安堡為(wei)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)城,從此又(you)稱為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)從列入(ru)朝(chao)廷貢品到占(zhan)領全(quan)國市場,大約經歷了250年(nian)(nian)時(shi)(shi)間。在隨(sui)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)百多(duo)年(nian)(nian)時(shi)(shi)間里(li),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)逐(zhu)漸形成(cheng)(cheng)優(you)(you)良品種,長(chang)期囿于寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安堡一(yi)帶,尤以清水河(he)(he)與(yu)(yu)黃河(he)(he)交(jiao)匯(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)洪泛區(qu)(qu)(qu)所產枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)最為(wei)優(you)(you)質。清乾隆二(er)十年(nian)(nian)(1755年(nian)(nian)),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)《銀川小志(zhi)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作者(zhe)汪(wang)繹辰在藥(yao)材類中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以唯一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評注歌(ge)頌了寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),文日:“枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安堡產者(zhe)極佳,紅大肉(rou)厚(hou),家家種植。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)衛知縣(xian)(xian)(xian)黃恩(en)錫有詩為(wei)證“六月杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)園樹樹紅,寧(ning)(ning)(ning)安藥(yao)果擅寰中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。千錢一(yi)斗矜(jin)時(shi)(shi)價(jia),絕勝腴田歲早豐。”寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)黃河(he)(he)灌(guan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)與(yu)(yu)南部山區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)匯(hui)地(di)帶,四周群山環(huan)繞,黃河(he)(he)從中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間流過,兩岸地(di)勢平坦,晝(zhou)夜溫差大,有利于枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)營養成(cheng)(cheng)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)累。在我國2002年(nian)(nian)自然科學(xue)資金(jin)項目(編號39960036)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),劉靜等在《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國北(bei)方地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氣候(hou)適(shi)宜性區(qu)(qu)(qu)劃》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),把寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏(xia)黃河(he)(he)灌(guan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)南部區(qu)(qu)(qu)劃為(wei)我國北(bei)方地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)種植最適(shi)宜區(qu)(qu)(qu)。
二.地域范圍
中(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)枸(gou)杞(qi)農產(chan)品(pin)地(di)(di)理標志地(di)(di)域(yu)保(bao)護范(fan)圍是中(zhong)(zhong)衛市中(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)縣寧(ning)安鎮(zhen)(zhen)、恩和鎮(zhen)(zhen)、鳴沙鎮(zhen)(zhen)、新堡鎮(zhen)(zhen)、大戰場(chang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、石空(kong)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、舟塔鄉(xiang)(xiang)、余丁(ding)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、白馬(ma)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、喊叫(jiao)水鄉(xiang)(xiang)、徐套鄉(xiang)(xiang)11個(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen),120個(ge)行(xing)政村。保(bao)護范(fan)圍位(wei)東經105°16′04~106°04′11,北緯36°54′09~37°44′19之間,南北長約60公里(li),東西(xi)寬約50公里(li)。中(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)枸(gou)杞(qi)農產(chan)品(pin)地(di)(di)理標志生(sheng)產(chan)規模為20000公頃,年產(chan)枸(gou)杞(qi)干(gan)果(guo)8萬噸。
三.產品品質特性特征
(1)外(wai)觀感官特征:中寧枸杞是長果形呈橢圓且扁長,肉質飽滿、外(wai)觀光亮、柔潤;其干果色澤紅(hong)重,果臍顯白色,先端有小(xiao)尖(jian),包裝不結塊,味甘甜微帶(dai)苦澀(se)。
(2)內在的品質特征:枸杞多(duo)糖(tang)(tang)含量范圍(wei)為3.17-5.45%;枸杞總(zong)糖(tang)(tang)含量范圍(wei)為39.79-62.58%。
(3)安全要求:
①產地(di)(di)及環(huan)境(jing):產地(di)(di)環(huan)境(jing)必須符合NY/T391-2013《綠色食品產地(di)(di)環(huan)境(jing)質量》的(de)規定。
②生產(chan)(chan)技(ji)術規(gui)(gui)程“中寧枸(gou)杞”地(di)理標(biao)志證(zheng)明商標(biao)的枸(gou)杞原料生產(chan)(chan)技(ji)術規(gui)(gui)程符合GB/T19116-2003《枸(gou)杞栽(zai)培技(ji)術規(gui)(gui)程》等技(ji)術規(gui)(gui)程的規(gui)(gui)定。
③包(bao)裝(zhuang)、運輸和貯(zhu)存條件使(shi)用“中(zhong)寧(ning)枸杞”地(di)理標(biao)(biao)志證明(ming)商(shang)標(biao)(biao)商(shang)品(pin)的包(bao)裝(zhuang)、運輸、貯(zhu)存應(ying)符(fu)合GB7718-2011《食品(pin)安全國家標(biao)(biao)準預包(bao)裝(zhuang)食品(pin)標(biao)(biao)簽通(tong)則》要求。
四.特定生產方式
(1)產地(di)選(xuan)擇(ze)與特(te)殊內(nei)容規(gui)定(ding):生(sheng)產地(di)域內(nei)無工(gong)礦企(qi)業,無環境污(wu)染源, 大氣土壞均符合國家(jia)有關標準。田(tian)地(di)選(xuan)擇(ze):選(xuan)擇(ze)地(di)勢平坦(tan)、有排灌條件、地(di)下水位1.0m 以(yi)(yi)下、較肥沃的沙壤(rang)(rang)、輕壤(rang)(rang)或中(zhong)壤(rang)(rang)地(di)塊,土壤(rang)(rang)含(han)鹽量 3‰以(yi)(yi)下,pH7.5~8.3左右,土層厚度1m以(yi)(yi)上(shang)。田(tian)地(di)規(gui)劃:為了便于枸杞園(yuan)的灌溉(gai)、施(shi)肥、噴藥及(ji)運輸(shu)等管(guan)理工(gong)作,新建枸杞園(yuan)必須(xu)進行規(gui)劃。
(2)品(pin)種選擇與特定要求:以(yi)寧夏(xia)枸杞的(de)優良品(pin)種“寧杞1號、5號”為主。苗木(mu)一(yi)級規格為苗株高(gao)50cm以(yi)上、地徑0.7cm以(yi)上,根系(xi)完(wan)整; 二級為苗株高(gao)40~50cm、地徑0.5~0.7cm,根系(xi)完(wan)整。
(3)生產(chan)過程管理(li):
①播種時(shi)間及方(fang)式(shi):中(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)枸(gou)杞育(yu)苗一般(ban)采用無性繁殖主(zhu)要有(you)硬枝扦插(cha)和嫩枝扦插(cha)。a、硬枝扦插(cha),3月中(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)~4月上旬(xun),日平(ping)均氣溫穩定通過6℃以(yi)上即可進行,冬季和早春可以(yi)采用大棚育(yu)苗。以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)枸(gou)杞為(wei)母(mu)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),剪取0.4~0.6cm粗的(de)枝條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),截成l0~15cm長(chang),用15~20mg/kg的(de)a~萘乙酸水(shui)溶液(ye)浸插(cha)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)下端24h,或用l00mg/kg的(de)a~萘乙酸溶液(ye)浸插(cha)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)下端2h~3h,浸深3cm。按(an)40cm行距(ju)(ju)開(kai)溝(gou),溝(gou)深l0~13cm,將插(cha)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)按(an)l00cm株距(ju)(ju)擺(bai)在溝(gou)壁一側,覆濕潤土踏實,插(cha)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)上端露出地面約1cm,插(cha)后(hou)覆地膜。
b、嫩枝扦插(cha)(cha) 日平均氣溫穩定在18℃以(yi)上的(de)(de)5~8月可進行。剪(jian)取半木質化(hua)枝條,截(jie)成5~8cm的(de)(de)插(cha)(cha)條,去除下端1~2個節上的(de)(de)葉(xie)片。將(jiang)插(cha)(cha)條下端速沾(zhan)400mg/kg的(de)(de)a-萘乙(yi)酸(suan)和(he)滑石粉(fen)調制成的(de)(de)生根(gen)劑(ji),按5×l0cm的(de)(de)株行距(ju),插(cha)(cha)入(ru)準備好(hao)的(de)(de)沙床上,插(cha)(cha)入(ru)深度1.0~1.5cm,插(cha)(cha)后噴(pen)殺菌劑(ji),蓋塑料(liao)拱棚(peng)保濕(shi)。
②適時(shi)移栽(zai):中寧枸杞(qi)移栽(zai)時(shi)間分(fen)春(chun)(chun)季(ji)和秋季(ji)兩種(zhong),春(chun)(chun)季(ji)移栽(zai)的(de)占(zhan)絕大多數(shu)。春(chun)(chun)季(ji)移栽(zai)一般(ban)在(zai)3月(yue)下旬(xun)(xun)至(zhi)4月(yue)上旬(xun)(xun),株(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)(xing)距1×3m,畝栽(zai)222株(zhu)(zhu)。按株(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)(xing)距在(zai)定(ding)植(zhi)前劃行(xing)(xing)定(ding)點挖(wa)(wa)穴(xue)。定(ding)植(zhi)穴(xue)挖(wa)(wa)出的(de)表土(tu)和心(xin)土(tu)各放一邊(bian),穴(xue)內先施入(ru)有機(ji)肥2~3kg,加復合肥100g,將心(xin)土(tu)填(tian)入(ru),混合均(jun)勻后(hou)(hou)蓋表土(tu)5cm,然后(hou)(hou)放入(ru)枸杞(qi)苗(miao),扶(fu)直,填(tian)入(ru)少半坑土(tu),提(ti)苗(miao),踏(ta)實,再(zai)填(tian)土(tu)至(zhi)苗(miao)木根頸處踏(ta)實,再(zai)踏(ta)實覆土(tu)略高于地面。栽(zai)植(zhi)后(hou)(hou)及時(shi)整園灌水1次。
③病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害有蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、木虱、薊(ji)馬(ma)、癭螨、銹螨、紅癭蚊、黑果病(bing)等。防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)原則:以(yi)(yi)防(fang)為主(zhu),綜合防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),優先采取農(nong)業措施、物(wu)理防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、生(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)措施。允許使用植物(wu)源(yuan)(yuan)、動物(wu)源(yuan)(yuan)、微生(sheng)物(wu)源(yuan)(yuan)農(nong)藥(yao)及(ji)礦物(wu)源(yuan)(yuan)農(nong)藥(yao),可選用高效、低毒、低殘留化學農(nong)藥(yao)。防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法:一是 農(nong)業防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):加強(qiang)中(zhong)耕鋤草,深翻曬土;清潔枸(gou)杞園及(ji)周圍,將枯枝爛葉、病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)枝、雜(za)草集中(zhong)燒(shao)毀;枸(gou)杞園及(ji)時排(pai)灌(guan),防(fang)止積水(shui);合理施肥、修剪,促進樹體健康生(sheng)長。二是物(wu)理防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):采用燈光、色(se)彩(cai)誘殺(sha)害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),如用銀(yin)灰膜避蚜(ya)或黃板(ban)(柱)誘殺(sha)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。三是生(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):保護天敵,創造(zao)有利于天敵繁(fan)衍(yan)生(sheng)長的(de)環(huan)境條件,投放寄生(sheng)性、捕食性天敵;使用昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)性外(wai)激素誘殺(sha)或干(gan)擾成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)交配。四是藥(yao)劑防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):枸(gou)杞病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)種類多,以(yi)(yi)統防(fang)統治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為主(zhu),交叉用藥(yao),防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)兼治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)其它次要(yao)(yao)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。在(zai)生(sheng)產中(zhong),要(yao)(yao)根(gen)據病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)發生(sheng)的(de)具體情(qing)況(kuang)確定防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對象和方(fang)法。
④整形修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian):修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)按季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)節劃(hua)分為三次(ci),即春(chun)剪(jian)(jian)、夏(xia)剪(jian)(jian)和冬(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(又(you)叫休眠期修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)),修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)的(de)重點在(zai)夏(xia)剪(jian)(jian)和冬(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)。冬(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian), 在(zai)冬(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)枸杞落葉以后(hou)之春(chun)芽(ya)萌動前進(jin)行(xing)(xing)。冬(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)的(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)原則是“修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)橫不修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)順,去舊要(yao)留(liu)新。密(mi)處(chu)來修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian),缺處(chu)留(liu)壯枝。清膛截底修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)好(hao),樹(shu)冠圓滿產(chan)量高(gao)”。冬(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)的(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)順序是:清基 、剪(jian)(jian)頂 、清膛 。修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)后(hou)要(yao)求各層分明,每一層的(de)冠幅枝條疏(shu)密(mi)分布均勻有一定的(de)距離,通風(feng)透光良好(hao)。春(chun)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian), 在(zai)萌芽(ya)后(hou)到展葉前進(jin)行(xing)(xing),主(zhu)要(yao)是彌補冬(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)不足(zu)和剪(jian)(jian)除果(guo)枝干尖與針刺。夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(生長(chang)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)節修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)),夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)由于時(shi)間(jian)(jian)跨春(chun)、夏(xia)、秋三季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。一般(ban)相隔8~10天進(jin)行(xing)(xing)一次(ci),充分利(li)用(yong)(yong)有限的(de)空間(jian)(jian),增加結果(guo)枝條,拉長(chang)采果(guo)時(shi)間(jian)(jian),實現剪(jian)(jian)去無(wu)用(yong)(yong)枝,改造中間(jian)(jian)枝,增加結果(guo)枝的(de)夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)目的(de)。
(4)產品收獲及產后處理(li)規定:枸(gou)杞生產加(jia)工(gong)工(gong)藝流程:人工(gong)采摘鮮(xian)果枸(gou)杞-→自然(ran)晾曬或機械制干-→機械篩選分等定級-→機械揀選或人工(gong)揀選-→消毒殺菌(jun)-→包(bao)裝-→銷售。
① 收(shou)獲時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian):第一個(ge)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)成熟(shu)(shu)期在夏(xia)季, 7月(yue)上(shang)旬(xun)(xun)至8月(yue)初;第二個(ge)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)成熟(shu)(shu)期,在9月(yue)下旬(xun)(xun)至10月(yue)中(zhong)旬(xun)(xun)。采收(shou)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)7月(yue)中(zhong)下旬(xun)(xun)至10月(yue)中(zhong)旬(xun)(xun),夏(xia)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一般(ban)4~6d采一次;秋果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)7~l0d采一次。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)成熟(shu)(shu)8成~9成,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)色鮮紅,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)蒂松動即可采收(shou)。②產后(hou)處(chu)理(li):枸杞鮮果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)制干(gan)的方法(fa)分為自(zi)然(ran)晾(liang)(liang)曬、機(ji)械(xie)設施制干(gan)和利用太陽能制干(gan)等方法(fa)。自(zi)然(ran)制干(gan)法(fa),需要(yao)準備長1.8-2米(mi),寬0.9-1米(mi)的木(mu)框,中(zhong)間(jian)(jian)夾竹簾,再(zai)用鐵釘(ding)釘(ding)制而成。將脫臘(la)后(hou)的鮮果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)鋪在果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)棧上(shang),果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鋪開的厚度為2-3厘米(mi),要(yao)求(qiu)厚薄均(jun)勻,氣溫高,晾(liang)(liang)曬時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)一般(ban)為4-5天(tian);氣溫低(di),晾(liang)(liang)曬時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)為7-10天(tian)。機(ji)械(xie)設施制干(gan)法(fa)主(zhu)要(yao)有烘(hong)(hong)道烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)以及(ji)各種熱風烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)設備與太陽能烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)相結合。
③產品初加工:
a、枸杞(qi)二(er)次(ci)烘干 枸杞(qi)干果初(chu)加工(gong)時,含(han)水量(liang)要求是否達到13%以下,如達不到標(biao)準,就(jiu)要采取二(er)次(ci)制干。
b、分級(ji)(ji)(ji)去雜:按(an)照果(guo)實(shi)大小、色澤(ze)、破(po)粒(li)(li)等(deng)外觀條件,將枸(gou)杞果(guo)實(shi)分為四級(ji)(ji)(ji):特優、特級(ji)(ji)(ji)、甲級(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)乙級(ji)(ji)(ji);分級(ji)(ji)(ji)方法 用(yong)分級(ji)(ji)(ji)篩篩選(xuan),精(jing)分等(deng)級(ji)(ji)(ji),并篩除雜質、細碎、損(sun)粒(li)(li);
C、揀選(xuan):通過機械(xie)揀選(xuan),將(jiang)霉(mei)果、黑(hei)果、油(you)果、青果等分(fen)選(xuan)出來。
d、殺菌:分級揀選后的枸(gou)杞干(gan)果須經殺菌處理,才能(neng)包(bao)裝入庫。殺菌方法有紫外線燈照(zhao)射殺菌、輻照(zhao)殺菌等。
e、包裝(zhuang):定(ding)量(liang)裝(zhuang)袋(dai),打印生產(chan)日期,裝(zhuang)箱、入(ru)庫、銷售。
五.包裝標識相關規定
(1)符合下列條件的單位(wei)和個人,可以向登記證(zheng)書持有(you)人申請(qing)使用地(di)理標志(zhi):
A、生產經營的(de)農產品產自登記(ji)確(que)定的(de)地域范圍(wei);
B、已取得(de)登記(ji)農產(chan)品相關的生(sheng)產(chan)經營(ying)資(zi)質;
C、能夠(gou)嚴格(ge)按照(zhao)規定的質(zhi)量(liang)技術規范組織開(kai)展生產(chan)經營活動;
D、具(ju)有(you)地理(li)標(biao)志(zhi)農(nong)產(chan)品市場開(kai)發經(jing)營能力;使用(yong)農(nong)產(chan)品地理(li)標(biao)志(zhi),應當按照生(sheng)產(chan)經(jing)營年度與登記證書(shu)持有(you)人產(chan)品地理(li)標(biao)志(zhi)使用(yong)協(xie)議(yi),在協(xie)議(yi)中載明(ming)使用(yong)數量、范圍及相關的(de)責任人。
(2)農產品地理標志使用人(ren)享有以下權利;
A、可以在產(chan)品及(ji)其包裝上統(tong)一使用農產(chan)品地理標志;
B、可以使用登記的農(nong)產品地(di)理標志(zhi),進行宣傳和參(can)加展(zhan)(zhan)覽、展(zhan)(zhan)示。
(3)自覺(jue)接受登記證書使用(yong)人(ren)應當履行以下義務:
A、自(zi)覺接受登記(ji)證(zheng)書持有人(ren)的監督檢查;
B、保證地理標(biao)志農產品(pin)(pin)的品(pin)(pin)質和(he)信譽;
C、正確規范的使用農產品地理(li)標志;
(4)地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)農產(chan)品(pin)(pin)的生產(chan)經營者(zhe),應當建立質量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)追溯(su)體系(xi),地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)有人和(he)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)人,對(dui)地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)農產(chan)品(pin)(pin)的質量(liang)和(he)信(xin)譽(yu)負責;任何單(dan)(dan)位(wei)和(he)個(ge)人不得偽造、冒(mao)用(yong)(yong)農產(chan)品(pin)(pin)地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)和(he)登記(ji)證書;鼓勵(li)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)和(he)個(ge)人對(dui)農產(chan)品(pin)(pin)對(dui)地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)進行社會監督。標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)人在(zai)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)或產(chan)品(pin)(pin)包裝上統一使(shi)用(yong)(yong)農產(chan)品(pin)(pin)地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)公(gong)共標(biao)(biao)識和(he)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)組合型(xing)式字樣(yang),產(chan)品(pin)(pin)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)為申請登記(ji)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)。