品種特點
歐拉羊(yang)體(ti)質結實,肢高體(ti)大,背腰(yao)較(jiao)(jiao)寬(kuan)平(ping),胸(xiong)深(shen),后軀發育好,十字部略高于體(ti)高。頭稍(shao)狹長(chang),呈銳三角(jiao)形,成年羊(yang)額寬(kuan)與頭長(chang)比為1∶1.72,鼻(bi)梁(liang)隆凸,眼廓微突,耳較(jiao)(jiao)大,多數具有肉(rou)髯,公(gong)羊(yang)前(qian)胸(xiong)著生黃褐色“胸(xiong)毛”,而母(mu)羊(yang)不(bu)明顯。公(gong)羊(yang)角(jiao)粗(cu)而長(chang),呈淺(qian)螺旋狀(zhuang)向(xiang)左右(you)平(ping)伸或稍(shao)向(xiang)前(qian),角(jiao)尖(jian)向(xiang)外,角(jiao)尖(jian)距離較(jiao)(jiao)大,母(mu)羊(yang)角(jiao)較(jiao)(jiao)細(xi)小(xiao)。尾(wei)短(duan)小(xiao)而瘦,呈扁錐形。
歐(ou)拉(la)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)素以個(ge)體(ti)(ti)高大,肌(ji)肉(rou)豐滿產(chan)(chan)(chan)肉(rou)量高而(er)著稱,是藏系綿羊(yang)(yang)(yang)中產(chan)(chan)(chan)肉(rou)性(xing)能最好(hao)的(de)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)。然而(er)近些年來(lai),由(you)于對(dui)歐(ou)拉(la)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)本品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)選育(yu)和(he)(he)培育(yu)工(gong)作(zuo)重視不(bu)夠,加之天然草原退化、沙化和(he)(he)鼠蟲害泛濫等原因(yin),甘(gan)南州(zhou)(zhou)歐(ou)拉(la)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)質量受到(dao)明顯影響(xiang),突出(chu)表現于育(yu)成(cheng)種(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)繁(fan)殖(zhi)力和(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)重、體(ti)(ti)高等生產(chan)(chan)(chan)性(xing)能均(jun)(jun)呈下降趨(qu)勢(shi),甘(gan)南州(zhou)(zhou)藏系綿羊(yang)(yang)(yang)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)平均(jun)(jun)變小(xiao) 16. 7% ,產(chan)(chan)(chan)肉(rou)量平均(jun)(jun)下降 18. 3% ,雙羔(gao)率幾乎(hu)為(wei)零,全州(zhou)(zhou)牲畜優(you)良品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)所占(zhan)比(bi)例(li)低,畜產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)質不(bu)優(you)、量不(bu)高。針對(dui)上述情況(kuang),通過(guo)開展歐(ou)拉(la)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)本品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)選育(yu)和(he)(he)培育(yu)試(shi)驗,探索歐(ou)拉(la)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)選留、飼養標準和(he)(he)日常管理方法,從而(er)為(wei)提(ti)升甘(gan)南州(zhou)(zhou)歐(ou)拉(la)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)繁(fan)殖(zhi)性(xing)能和(he)(he)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)性(xing)能提(ti)供科學依據。
根(gen)據趙有(you)璋等(1977)的研究,在2242只母羊中,全白(bai)者占(zhan)(zhan)0.67%,體(ti)白(bai)者占(zhan)(zhan)11.95%,體(ti)雜者占(zhan)(zhan)86.44%,全黑者占(zhan)(zhan)0.94%。
生產性能
產肉性能
6月齡公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)平均體重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong) 35.14公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),母羊(yang)(yang)31.44公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),1.5歲公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)平均體重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)48.09公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),母羊(yang)(yang)為(wei)(wei)52.76公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin);成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)平均體重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)66.82公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)母羊(yang)(yang)為(wei)(wei)52.76公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。1.5歲羯羊(yang)(yang)胴體重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)18.05公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),內臟脂(zhi)肪重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)0.74公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),屠(tu)宰率47.81%;成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)母羊(yang)(yang)胴體重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)25.83公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),內臟脂(zhi)肪重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2.15公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),屠(tu)宰率48.1%;成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)公(gong)(gong)羯羊(yang)(yang)上述指標相應為(wei)(wei)30.75公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)、2.09公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)和54.19%。
產毛性能
歐拉羊被毛(mao)(mao)(mao)稀,死(si)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)多,頭、頸、尾(wei)、腹(fu)和(he)四(si)肢均覆蓋(gai)短(duan)刺毛(mao)(mao)(mao)。在(zai)成年(nian)母羊的毛(mao)(mao)(mao)被中,無髓(sui)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)占39.03%,兩(liang)型毛(mao)(mao)(mao)占25.44%,有(you)髓(sui)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)占7.41%,死(si)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)占28.12%。剪毛(mao)(mao)(mao)量成年(nian)公(gong)(gong)羊平均1.0公(gong)(gong)斤(jin),成年(nian)母羊為0.86公(gong)(gong)斤(jin),凈毛(mao)(mao)(mao)率76%。
產皮性能
歐(ou)拉羊皮質地致密(mi),面積(ji)大(da),柔(rou)韌性好,加工延展(zhan)度(du)達12%,是制(zhi)革和縫(feng)制(zhi)牧民皮襖的(de)上好原料。10月份宰割鮮皮重(zhong)3 ~7 kg 、面積(ji) 0.56 ~1.33 m。歐(ou)拉老(lao)羊皮皮板厚而結實(shi),隔風御(yu)寒(han)性能極佳 。
繁殖性能
歐拉母(mu)(mu)羊(yang)的(de)母(mu)(mu)性良好(hao),育羔(gao)(gao)能力強。一般母(mu)(mu)羊(yang)在1.5歲開(kai)始發情,繁(fan)殖年(nian)(nian)限5~6年(nian)(nian)。 每年(nian)(nian)產羔(gao)(gao)1 次,每胎(tai)1羔(gao)(gao)。母(mu)(mu)羊(yang)發情周期(qi)平均為 17.54 d、妊娠期(qi)151.31d 。當地習慣產冬羔(gao)(gao),一般在7 ~ 9月(yue)份(fen)配(pei)種,12月(yue)至翌年(nian)(nian)2 月(yue)份(fen)產羔(gao)(gao)。1.5歲母(mu)(mu)羊(yang)的(de)繁(fan)殖成(cheng)活率為48%,成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)母(mu)(mu)羊(yang)的(de)繁(fan)殖成(cheng)活率為68%。
歐拉羔羊育肥
青(qing)海省海南州貴南縣(xian)森多鄉充分挖掘(jue)利用(yong)本土良(liang)種歐(ou)拉(la)(la)種羊(yang)的(de)帶動作(zuo)用(yong),2009年(nian)引入青(qing)藏(zang)高原上的(de)歐(ou)拉(la)(la)羊(yang)做(zuo)父本,以普(pu)通藏(zang)綿(mian)羊(yang)做(zuo)母本,應用(yong)歐(ou)拉(la)(la)羔(gao)(gao)羊(yang)育肥技(ji)術,發(fa)展當(dang)(dang)地(di)的(de)肉羔(gao)(gao)羊(yang)產(chan)業,推行(xing)歐(ou)拉(la)(la)羔(gao)(gao)羊(yang)當(dang)(dang)年(nian)育肥出欄(lan)生產(chan)。2010年(nian)10月18日,藏(zang)酷歐(ou)拉(la)(la)羔(gao)(gao)羊(yang)總(zong)共出欄(lan)32只公羔(gao)(gao)。其(qi)中最大的(de)羔(gao)(gao)羊(yang)為(wei)(wei)84市斤,平均毛(mao)重為(wei)(wei)63.75市斤/只。增重效果(guo)顯著(zhu),對牧民的(de)增收(shou)效果(guo)也非常突(tu)出。
在(zai)收購歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的現場,牧戶(hu)吉貝說:歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)這個實驗真好,歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)既能(neng)當年出欄了(le),同時(shi)我們又(you)見(jian)到了(le)效(xiao)益(yi)。相比往(wang)年,今年歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)價格(ge)(ge)很(hen)高(gao),往(wang)年羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)價格(ge)(ge)在(zai)11元/斤(jin)左右,而(er)今年羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)漲到13.5元/斤(jin)。比往(wang)年一只(zhi)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)多(duo)賺上100多(duo)元錢。當然(ran)愿意繼(ji)續搞(gao)實驗。實驗牧戶(hu)吉貝和森(sen)多(duo)鄉畜牧防(fang)疫(yi)站表示:歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)實驗很(hen)不錯(cuo),歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)產業帶動了(le)牧民(min)的積(ji)極性,牧民(min)受到了(le)很(hen)大(da)的利(li)益(yi),同時(shi)對草場保(bao)護也非常有利(li)。
貴(gui)南縣森多(duo)鄉(xiang)牧(mu)戶吉貝家32只藏酷歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)(gao)羊(yang)出欄總毛重(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)1020公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),其中最大(da)的(de)歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)(gao)羊(yang)為(wei)(wei)42公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),中等的(de)歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)(gao)羊(yang)為(wei)(wei)33公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),偏小的(de)歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)(gao)羊(yang)為(wei)(wei)20公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。平均(jun)毛重(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)31.875公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)/只。而當地(di)其它羔(gao)(gao)羊(yang)平均(jun)毛重(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)26.35公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)/只。藏酷歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)(gao)羊(yang)胴體總重(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)420.05公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),平均(jun)胴體重(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)13.125公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。平均(jun)每只藏酷歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)(gao)羊(yang)出成率(lv)41.18%。
在青藏牧(mu)區(qu)推廣藏酷歐(ou)拉羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)當(dang)年(nian)育肥出(chu)欄(lan),能夠收(shou)到三贏的(de)效(xiao)果(guo):第一(yi),歐(ou)拉羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)當(dang)年(nian)育肥出(chu)欄(lan),牧(mu)民(min)養(yang)羊(yang)(yang)的(de)出(chu)欄(lan)率、商(shang)品率提高了(le)(le)(le),可以使牧(mu)民(min)增(zeng)收(shou);其二,商(shang)品羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)在當(dang)年(nian)秋季(ji)育肥出(chu)欄(lan)了(le)(le)(le),越冬的(de)只有種(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)和母羊(yang)(yang),冬春季(ji)牲(sheng)畜數量減(jian)少,減(jian)少了(le)(le)(le)對飼(si)草料的(de)需求。冬春季(ji)節對母羊(yang)(yang)及(ji)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)進行舍飼(si)喂養(yang),不進行放牧(mu),便(bian)消除了(le)(le)(le)牲(sheng)畜冬春季(ji)節的(de)超載(zai)過(guo)牧(mu)現象。這樣(yang)就緩解(jie)了(le)(le)(le)草畜矛盾,從(cong)而保護了(le)(le)(le)極度脆弱的(de)草原生(sheng)態(tai)環境。第三,歐(ou)拉羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)肉(rou)好吃(chi)好賣(mai)價高,提高了(le)(le)(le)農(nong)牧(mu)民(min)養(yang)羊(yang)(yang)的(de)經濟效(xiao)益。