品種特點
歐拉羊(yang)(yang)(yang)體質(zhi)結實,肢高體大,背(bei)腰(yao)較(jiao)寬(kuan)平(ping),胸深,后(hou)軀發(fa)育好,十(shi)字部略高于(yu)體高。頭(tou)稍狹長(chang),呈銳三角(jiao)形(xing),成年羊(yang)(yang)(yang)額寬(kuan)與(yu)頭(tou)長(chang)比為1∶1.72,鼻(bi)梁隆凸,眼廓微突,耳(er)較(jiao)大,多數具有肉髯,公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)前胸著(zhu)生(sheng)黃褐色“胸毛”,而母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)不(bu)明顯。公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)角(jiao)粗而長(chang),呈淺螺旋(xuan)狀向(xiang)左右平(ping)伸或稍向(xiang)前,角(jiao)尖向(xiang)外,角(jiao)尖距離較(jiao)大,母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)角(jiao)較(jiao)細(xi)小。尾(wei)短小而瘦,呈扁錐(zhui)形(xing)。
歐(ou)拉羊(yang)(yang)素以個體高大(da),肌肉(rou)豐滿產(chan)(chan)(chan)肉(rou)量高而著稱,是(shi)藏系(xi)綿(mian)羊(yang)(yang)中產(chan)(chan)(chan)肉(rou)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)最(zui)好的羊(yang)(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。然(ran)而近些年來,由于(yu)對(dui)歐(ou)拉羊(yang)(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)本品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選育和(he)培(pei)育工作重視不(bu)夠,加(jia)之天然(ran)草原退化、沙(sha)化和(he)鼠蟲害泛濫等原因,甘南州歐(ou)拉羊(yang)(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)質量受到(dao)明顯影響,突出表(biao)現于(yu)育成(cheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)的繁殖力和(he)體重、體高等生產(chan)(chan)(chan)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)均(jun)呈下降(jiang)趨勢(shi),甘南州藏系(xi)綿(mian)羊(yang)(yang)個體平均(jun)變小 16. 7% ,產(chan)(chan)(chan)肉(rou)量平均(jun)下降(jiang) 18. 3% ,雙羔率幾乎為零,全州牲畜(chu)優良品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)占(zhan)比例低,畜(chu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)的質不(bu)優、量不(bu)高。針(zhen)對(dui)上述(shu)情況,通(tong)過開(kai)展(zhan)歐(ou)拉羊(yang)(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)本品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選育和(he)培(pei)育試驗,探索歐(ou)拉羊(yang)(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)選留、飼養標準和(he)日常管(guan)理方法(fa),從而為提升甘南州歐(ou)拉羊(yang)(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)繁殖性(xing)能(neng)(neng)和(he)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)提供科學依(yi)據。
根據趙(zhao)有璋等(1977)的研(yan)究,在(zai)2242只母羊(yang)中,全(quan)白(bai)者占0.67%,體白(bai)者占11.95%,體雜者占86.44%,全(quan)黑者占0.94%。
生產性能
產肉性能
6月(yue)齡公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)平(ping)均體(ti)重(zhong) 35.14公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),母羊(yang)(yang)31.44公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),1.5歲(sui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)平(ping)均體(ti)重(zhong)48.09公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),母羊(yang)(yang)為(wei)52.76公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin);成(cheng)(cheng)年公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)平(ping)均體(ti)重(zhong)66.82公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),成(cheng)(cheng)年母羊(yang)(yang)為(wei)52.76公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。1.5歲(sui)羯羊(yang)(yang)胴(dong)體(ti)重(zhong)18.05公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),內臟(zang)脂肪(fang)重(zhong)0.74公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),屠(tu)宰(zai)率47.81%;成(cheng)(cheng)年母羊(yang)(yang)胴(dong)體(ti)重(zhong)25.83公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),內臟(zang)脂肪(fang)重(zhong)2.15公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),屠(tu)宰(zai)率48.1%;成(cheng)(cheng)年公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羯羊(yang)(yang)上述指標相應(ying)為(wei)30.75公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)、2.09公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)和54.19%。
產毛性能
歐拉羊(yang)被毛(mao)(mao)(mao)稀(xi),死毛(mao)(mao)(mao)多,頭(tou)、頸、尾、腹和四(si)肢均覆蓋(gai)短刺毛(mao)(mao)(mao)。在成(cheng)年(nian)母羊(yang)的毛(mao)(mao)(mao)被中,無髓毛(mao)(mao)(mao)占(zhan)39.03%,兩型(xing)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)占(zhan)25.44%,有髓毛(mao)(mao)(mao)占(zhan)7.41%,死毛(mao)(mao)(mao)占(zhan)28.12%。剪毛(mao)(mao)(mao)量(liang)成(cheng)年(nian)公羊(yang)平均1.0公斤(jin),成(cheng)年(nian)母羊(yang)為(wei)0.86公斤(jin),凈毛(mao)(mao)(mao)率76%。
產皮性能
歐(ou)拉羊皮質地致(zhi)密(mi),面(mian)積大(da),柔韌(ren)性(xing)好,加工延展(zhan)度達12%,是制(zhi)革和(he)縫制(zhi)牧(mu)民皮襖的上好原(yuan)料。10月份(fen)宰割鮮皮重3 ~7 kg 、面(mian)積 0.56 ~1.33 m。歐(ou)拉老羊皮皮板厚而結實(shi),隔風御寒性(xing)能(neng)極佳 。
繁殖性能
歐拉母(mu)羊的母(mu)性(xing)良好,育羔能力(li)強。一般(ban)母(mu)羊在1.5歲(sui)(sui)開(kai)始發(fa)情,繁(fan)殖(zhi)年限(xian)5~6年。 每(mei)年產羔1 次,每(mei)胎1羔。母(mu)羊發(fa)情周期平(ping)均為(wei) 17.54 d、妊娠期151.31d 。當地習慣產冬羔,一般(ban)在7 ~ 9月份(fen)配(pei)種,12月至翌年2 月份(fen)產羔。1.5歲(sui)(sui)母(mu)羊的繁(fan)殖(zhi)成活(huo)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)48%,成年母(mu)羊的繁(fan)殖(zhi)成活(huo)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)68%。
歐拉羔羊育肥
青海省(sheng)海南州貴南縣森多鄉充分(fen)挖掘利用(yong)本土良種歐(ou)(ou)(ou)拉種羊的(de)(de)帶動作用(yong),2009年(nian)引入青藏高原上的(de)(de)歐(ou)(ou)(ou)拉羊做父本,以普通藏綿羊做母本,應用(yong)歐(ou)(ou)(ou)拉羔(gao)(gao)羊育肥技(ji)術,發展當地的(de)(de)肉(rou)羔(gao)(gao)羊產(chan)(chan)業,推行歐(ou)(ou)(ou)拉羔(gao)(gao)羊當年(nian)育肥出(chu)欄生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)。2010年(nian)10月18日(ri),藏酷歐(ou)(ou)(ou)拉羔(gao)(gao)羊總(zong)共出(chu)欄32只公(gong)羔(gao)(gao)。其中(zhong)最大的(de)(de)羔(gao)(gao)羊為84市斤(jin),平均毛(mao)重為63.75市斤(jin)/只。增重效果(guo)顯(xian)著,對牧民的(de)(de)增收效果(guo)也非(fei)常(chang)突(tu)出(chu)。
在收購歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)現(xian)場(chang),牧戶吉貝說:歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)這(zhe)個實驗(yan)(yan)真(zhen)好,歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)既能(neng)當年(nian)(nian)出欄了,同(tong)時我們(men)又(you)見到(dao)了效益。相比(bi)往(wang)(wang)年(nian)(nian),今年(nian)(nian)歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)價格很高,往(wang)(wang)年(nian)(nian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)價格在11元(yuan)/斤(jin)左右,而今年(nian)(nian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)漲到(dao)13.5元(yuan)/斤(jin)。比(bi)往(wang)(wang)年(nian)(nian)一只羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)多賺上(shang)100多元(yuan)錢。當然(ran)愿(yuan)意繼續搞(gao)實驗(yan)(yan)。實驗(yan)(yan)牧戶吉貝和森多鄉畜牧防疫(yi)站(zhan)表示:歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)實驗(yan)(yan)很不錯,歐(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)產業帶動了牧民(min)的(de)(de)積極性,牧民(min)受到(dao)了很大(da)的(de)(de)利(li)益,同(tong)時對草場(chang)保護也非常有利(li)。
貴南縣(xian)森(sen)多鄉牧戶吉(ji)貝家(jia)32只(zhi)(zhi)藏(zang)酷歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)出欄總(zong)毛(mao)重為1020公斤(jin)(jin),其中(zhong)最(zui)大的歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)為42公斤(jin)(jin),中(zhong)等的歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)為33公斤(jin)(jin),偏小的歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)為20公斤(jin)(jin)。平均毛(mao)重為31.875公斤(jin)(jin)/只(zhi)(zhi)。而當地其它(ta)羔(gao)羊(yang)平均毛(mao)重為26.35公斤(jin)(jin)/只(zhi)(zhi)。藏(zang)酷歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)胴體(ti)總(zong)重為420.05公斤(jin)(jin),平均胴體(ti)重為13.125公斤(jin)(jin)。平均每只(zhi)(zhi)藏(zang)酷歐(ou)(ou)拉(la)羔(gao)羊(yang)出成率41.18%。
在青藏牧(mu)區推廣藏酷歐(ou)拉羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)當(dang)年育肥(fei)(fei)出欄(lan),能夠收到三(san)贏(ying)的效果:第(di)一,歐(ou)拉羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)當(dang)年育肥(fei)(fei)出欄(lan),牧(mu)民(min)養羊(yang)(yang)(yang)的出欄(lan)率、商品(pin)率提(ti)高(gao)了(le)(le),可以(yi)使牧(mu)民(min)增收;其二,商品(pin)羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)在當(dang)年秋季(ji)育肥(fei)(fei)出欄(lan)了(le)(le),越冬(dong)(dong)(dong)的只有種羊(yang)(yang)(yang)和母羊(yang)(yang)(yang),冬(dong)(dong)(dong)春季(ji)牲畜數量減少(shao),減少(shao)了(le)(le)對飼草料的需求。冬(dong)(dong)(dong)春季(ji)節對母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)及羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)進(jin)行舍飼喂養,不進(jin)行放牧(mu),便消除了(le)(le)牲畜冬(dong)(dong)(dong)春季(ji)節的超(chao)載過牧(mu)現象。這樣就緩解(jie)了(le)(le)草畜矛(mao)盾,從而保(bao)護了(le)(le)極度脆弱的草原生態環境。第(di)三(san),歐(ou)拉羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)肉好(hao)(hao)吃好(hao)(hao)賣價高(gao),提(ti)高(gao)了(le)(le)農(nong)牧(mu)民(min)養羊(yang)(yang)(yang)的經濟效益(yi)。