麥地灣(wan)梨(li)是云(yun)(yun)南(nan)省大理白族自治州云(yun)(yun)龍縣的特產。麥地灣(wan)梨(li)是“云(yun)(yun)南(nan)省特晚熟優質梨(li)品(pin)種”,已被認證為綠(lv)色食(shi)品(pin)。麥地灣(wan)梨(li)為國家農產品(pin)地理標志保護產品(pin)。
麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)云(yun)龍縣(xian)特(te)(te)(te)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)(te)晚(wan)(wan)(wan)熟(shu)耐(nai)儲(chu)藏(zang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方優(you)(you)良品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)當(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)栽培歷(li)史悠(you)久(jiu),據《云(yun)龍縣(xian)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》記(ji)(ji)載:“已(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)近百(bai)年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)栽培歷(li)史”。因成熟(shu)于冬季,群眾又稱(cheng)(cheng)之為(wei)“冬雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”。 一、麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)稱(cheng)(cheng)謂(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)由(you)來(lai) 麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)名稱(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)由(you)來(lai)還與知青(qing)(qing)(qing)上(shang)山(shan)下鄉(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)關,當(dang)(dang)時下關知青(qing)(qing)(qing)多(duo)集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)云(yun)龍縣(xian)舊州區(qu)(現功果橋鎮)的(de)(de)(de)(de)瀾(lan)滄(cang)江(jiang)河谷地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai),由(you)于當(dang)(dang)時生(sheng)產儲(chu)藏(zang)技術水(shui)平(ping)有(you)(you)(you)(you)限,所(suo)以到(dao)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)2-3月份已(yi)(yi)無梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)果供(gong)應,這(zhe)時有(you)(you)(you)(you)一人(ren)(ren)將梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)從(cong)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)村(cun)帶(dai)到(dao)知青(qing)(qing)(qing)點給(gei)知青(qing)(qing)(qing)們(men)分享(xiang),知青(qing)(qing)(qing)們(men)品(pin)(pin)嘗(chang)到(dao)汁多(duo)味甜的(de)(de)(de)(de)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后,紛(fen)(fen)紛(fen)(fen)問:“這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)什(shen)么梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)?”這(zhe)人(ren)(ren)也不(bu)知是(shi)(shi)什(shen)么梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),只說是(shi)(shi)從(cong)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)帶(dai)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de),以后知青(qing)(qing)(qing)們(men)想吃(chi)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候就會問:“有(you)(you)(you)(you)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)?”。久(jiu)而久(jiu)之就形成了(le)以地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)名和(he)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)結合的(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)稱(cheng)(cheng)謂(wei)(wei)“麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”。 二、麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)來(lai)源(yuan) 據1998年(nian)(nian)(nian)《河北林果研(yan)究》第(di)(di)(di)13卷第(di)(di)(di)一期中(zhong)“云(yun)龍麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)”,云(yun)龍麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li), 又名麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)莊(zhuang)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li), 系(xi)云(yun)南(nan)農家品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。因來(lai)源(yuan)于四(si)川(chuan), 故群眾又稱(cheng)(cheng)四(si)川(chuan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)( 原(yuan)名已(yi)(yi)無法查(cha)考) , 系(xi)70 年(nian)(nian)(nian)前(qian)游洪順由(you)四(si)川(chuan)遷(qian)居云(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)云(yun)龍縣(xian)舊州鄉(xiang)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)莊(zhuang)村(cun)時帶(dai)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)穗, 接(jie)在(zai)屋角的(de)(de)(de)(de)一株川(chuan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)( Py rus p ashia Buch. -Ham. ) 樹上(shang), 成為(wei)繁殖傳播的(de)(de)(de)(de)母(mu)樹。母(mu)樹的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)樹冠(guan)已(yi)(yi)死(si), 現存樹冠(guan)系(xi)從(cong)距地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面高(gao)約1m 的(de)(de)(de)(de)空心(xin)主干上(shang)長出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)徒長枝重(zhong)新(xin)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。現母(mu)樹立地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)海拔1720m。樹高(gao)10m, 冠(guan)幅8m, 主干高(gao)2m, 樹勢中(zhong)等, 枝條中(zhong)密(mi), 年(nian)(nian)(nian)產梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)果400~500kg 。后經(jing)大(da)理州云(yun)龍縣(xian)農業(ye)科技工作者多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)發掘(jue)、篩選,并(bing)從(cong)其變異品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)成功選育的(de)(de)(de)(de)晚(wan)(wan)(wan)熟(shu)優(you)(you)良地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方特(te)(te)(te)色水(shui)果品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)之一。 三、麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)產業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展歷(li)史 據1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)出(chu)(chu)版的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)華人(ren)(ren)民共和(he)國地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)叢(cong)書《云(yun)龍縣(xian)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》中(zhong)第(di)(di)(di)176頁(ye)第(di)(di)(di)4行記(ji)(ji)載,有(you)(you)(you)(you)16種(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)果品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)資源(yuan),以水(shui)井(jing)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、漕澗(jian)黑心(xin)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、大(da)功廠(chang)密(mi)香(xiang)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)為(wei)特(te)(te)(te)品(pin)(pin),1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)面積(ji)4543畝(mu),總產量103.03萬(wan)公斤。第(di)(di)(di)463頁(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)(di)17行記(ji)(ji)載,優(you)(you)質(zhi)(zhi)晚(wan)(wan)(wan)熟(shu)香(xiang)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)查(cha):舊州鄉(xiang)水(shui)井(jing)村(cun)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(又名麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)莊(zhuang)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li))和(he)大(da)功廠(chang)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(又名依主梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)),以優(you)(you)質(zhi)(zhi)、晚(wan)(wan)(wan)熟(shu)著稱(cheng)(cheng),可保存到(dao)來(lai)年(nian)(nian)(nian)春季,為(wei)云(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)少(shao)數優(you)(you)質(zhi)(zhi)、晚(wan)(wan)(wan)熟(shu)香(xiang)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),經(jing)過調(diao)(diao)查(cha),鑒定和(he)推廣,至1989年(nian)(nian)(nian),已(yi)(yi)嫁接(jie)28000株,為(wei)開發地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方名特(te)(te)(te)產品(pin)(pin)找到(dao)門(men)路。 據1996年(nian)(nian)(nian)出(chu)(chu)版的(de)(de)(de)(de)《云(yun)龍縣(xian)林業(ye)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》記(ji)(ji)載了(le)云(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)農大(da)科研(yan)處高(gao)級(ji)工程師張興(xing)旺(中(zhong)),大(da)理州經(jing)果站高(gao)級(ji)工程師汪(wang)長進(左)考察(cha)云(yun)龍優(you)(you)質(zhi)(zhi)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)照片(張昭攝)。《云(yun)龍縣(xian)林業(ye)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》第(di)(di)(di)60頁(ye)第(di)(di)(di)17行記(ji)(ji)載,水(shui)果類:品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)甚多(duo),主要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、蘋果、柿、梅、柑桔(jie)等,梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)16種(zhong)(zhong),主要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、大(da)功廠(chang)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、雪梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、漕澗(jian)黑心(xin)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)大(da)黃皮梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、火把梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、人(ren)(ren)頭梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)皮梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、大(da)棠梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等。其中(zhong)以舊州鄉(xiang)水(shui)井(jing)村(cun)所(suo)產麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)黃皮梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(特(te)(te)(te)晚(wan)(wan)(wan)熟(shu))品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)最優(you)(you),年(nian)(nian)(nian)產量約15萬(wan)公斤。在(zai)第(di)(di)(di)71頁(ye)第(di)(di)(di)2行記(ji)(ji)載,梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li):喬木、高(gao)10-15米,海撥2500米以下地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)多(duo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)栽培,縣(xian)內16個梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)果品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)以麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)灣(wan)(wan)(wan)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)佳,其特(te)(te)(te)點是(shi)(shi):
①果(guo)(guo)色褐黃著紅(hong)暈,果(guo)(guo)開型(xing)扁圓端正、皮薄、果(guo)(guo)心(xin)小(xiao)、肉酥(su)脆(cui)、味(wei)密香(xiang)濃甜(tian)(tian)、汁多(duo)。可(ke)溶性固形物含量(liang)為13%~17%,總糖7. 88%(已轉化為糖汁) , 總酸0. 33%, 維生素C 2.2mg / 100g,大果(guo)(guo)型(xing)重(zhong)400-800 克(ke)(ke),中(zhong)果(guo)(guo)型(xing)重(zhong)250-350 克(ke)(ke),一(yi)般單株產400-600公斤(jin),最高(gao)單株可(ke)達1500公斤(jin),霜降到小(xiao)雪(xue)采(cai)摘,存放至來年陽春3月仍保持汁多(duo)濃甜(tian)(tian)酥(su)脆(cui)不變;
②樹(shu)(shu)勢強健,3月上旬(xun)萌(meng)動,中旬(xun)開花,花期(qi)約20天左右,遇(yu)重霜花亦能正(zheng)常受(shou)粉(fen),高山河谷海撥(bo)1800-2650米潮(chao)濕溫涼地帶均宜栽培,嫁接(jie)后3年(nian)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo),10年(nian)后進(jin)入(ru)盛果(guo)(guo)期(qi),70余年(nian)老樹(shu)(shu)仍抽新梢掛(gua)果(guo)(guo)滿(man)枝,全樹(shu)(shu)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)均勻(yun),木材紋理直,結(jie)(jie)構(gou)細(xi)而均勻(yun),有優良器具和雕(diao)刻用材。 據1995年(nian)出(chu)版的(de)(de)《云(yun)龍年(nian)鑒》第(di)(di)93第(di)(di)16行頁記載(zai),〔麥(mai)地灣梨授(shou)(shou)粉(fen)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)獲得(de)成功〕:1992年(nian)以來,為探索云(yun)龍麥(mai)地彎梨授(shou)(shou)粉(fen)結(jie)(jie)實(shi)規(gui)律(lv),縣(xian)(xian)林業(ye)站經(jing)濟(ji)林果(guo)(guo)專業(ye)技術人(ren)員與云(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)農科院果(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)研究所共同(tong)承擔(dan)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)課題,并經(jing)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)和跟蹤觀(guan)察得(de)出(chu)結(jie)(jie)論:麥(mai)地彎梨自花授(shou)(shou)粉(fen)結(jie)(jie)實(shi)率(lv)為零,碭山酥、金花、雪花、大功廠(chang)、富源黃梨等梨品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)與之授(shou)(shou)粉(fen)結(jie)(jie)實(shi)率(lv)較高,主(zhu)栽品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)與授(shou)(shou)粉(fen)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)配置比例(li)為5:1,縣(xian)(xian)內(nei)先(xian)期(qi)開發的(de)(de)純麥(mai)地彎梨園應按(an)比例(li)高頭(tou)換接(jie)上述授(shou)(shou)粉(fen)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)中的(de)(de)任意(yi)一種(zhong)(zhong),方能達到(dao)結(jie)(jie)實(shi)豐(feng)產目的(de)(de)。第(di)(di)338頁第(di)(di)14行記載(zai),〔麥(mai)地灣梨精品(pin)包(bao)裝初見成效〕:麥(mai)地灣梨是縣(xian)(xian)內(nei)特有的(de)(de)優質晚熟梨,具有很好(hao)的(de)(de)市場(chang),2000年(nian)初,縣(xian)(xian)科委接(jie)受(shou)“麥(mai)地灣梨”品(pin)牌開發項目后,根(gen)據項目要(yao)求,組織人(ren)力、物(wu)力、突出(chu)攻關,年(nian)內(nei)完(wan)成包(bao)裝設(she)計、印制、裝合等業(ye)務。首批上市1500件,上市后受(shou)到(dao)廣(guang)大消費者(zhe)普遍歡(huan)迎(ying),市場(chang)供不應求,經(jing)濟(ji)效益顯著。
云龍麥(mai)地灣梨是地方優質(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong),通過多年(nian)的(de)(de)提質(zhi)(zhi)、技術集成,近年(nian)來(lai)已(yi)被認證為綠色食品(pin)(pin)(pin),“云南省(sheng)特晚(wan)熟優質(zhi)(zhi)梨品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)”,經云龍天(tian)(tian)池林果場的(de)(de)示(shi)范帶動(dong),全縣(xian)發展(zhan)面積已(yi)達35000多畝(mu),僅天(tian)(tian)池林場示(shi)范1200畝(mu),年(nian)產梨2000噸(dun)以(yi)(yi)上,2013年(nian)林場產值可達400萬元以(yi)(yi)上,同(tong)時帶動(dong)協會發展(zhan)4700畝(mu)。
2014年,云龍縣園藝工作站申(shen)報的“麥地(di)灣梨”通過農業部農產(chan)品質量安全中心審(shen)查和(he)組(zu)織專家(jia)評審(shen),實施國(guo)家(jia)農產(chan)品地(di)理標(biao)志登記(ji)保護。
地域范圍
麥(mai)地(di)灣梨產(chan)地(di)位于(yu)云南省(sheng)大理白族自治州云龍縣境內,涉(she)及諾鄧鎮(zhen)、功果橋(qiao)鎮(zhen)、漕澗鎮(zhen)、白石鎮(zhen)、寶(bao)豐鄉、苗尾鄉、檢槽(cao)鄉、長(chang)新(xin)鄉、關坪鄉、團結鄉、民建鄉共11個鄉鎮(zhen),地(di)理坐標為(wei):東經98°52′~99°46′,北(bei)緯(wei)25°28′~26°23′之間,南北(bei)長(chang)109千米(mi),東西寬91.8千米(mi),種植面積(ji)6700公頃,年產(chan)量(liang)15萬噸。