形態特征
生產(chan)芹(qin)芽(ya)的水芹(qin)是(shi)傘形花科水芹(qin)屬中的一(yi)個(ge)地方栽(zai)培品(pin)種,是(shi)多年生宿根草本植(zhi)物(wu)。根白而細,莖(jing)分地上(shang)莖(jing)和匍匐莖(jing),匍匐莖(jing)的各(ge)節環生須根。莖(jing)中空粗壯,每(mei)節上(shang)都(dou)有腋(ye)芽(ya),可萌發形成新株(zhu),培土后形成芹(qin)芽(ya)。根出葉(xie)叢生,奇數二回羽狀復(fu)葉(xie),小葉(xie)卵圓形,葉(xie)緣鋸齒狀,莖(jing)生葉(xie)的葉(xie)柄較長(chang),基(ji)部短鞘(qiao)狀,包住莖(jing)部,多淡綠至黃綠色。該品(pin)種能(neng)開(kai)花但很少結果,即使開(kai)花結果,其種子發育不良,不適宜于繁(fan)殖,習慣上(shang)進行(xing)無(wu)性繁(fan)殖。
環境要求
該品種性(xing)喜冷涼,較耐寒;喜濕潤(run),怕干旱。秋冬季節(jie)(jie)是根出葉(xie)的營養生(sheng)長(chang)旺(wang)盛(sheng)時(shi)期,最適(shi)溫度17~20℃。春夏季節(jie)(jie)轉(zhuan)向節(jie)(jie)間(jian)伸長(chang),匍匐莖生(sheng)長(chang)旺(wang)盛(sheng),最適(shi)溫度20~25℃。冬春季 節(jie)(jie)又是芹芽生(sheng)長(chang)的適(shi)宜時(shi)期,日平均(jun)氣溫10℃以下(xia)為(wei)宜。
該品(pin)種適宜土(tu)層深厚,富含有(you)機質(zhi)(zhi)的肥(fei)沃粘質(zhi)(zhi)壤土(tu),PH值微酸性至中性。芹芽生長完全靠莖中貯藏的養分生長,不能見光,見光后品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)下降(jiang)。培土(tu)層含水量(liang)不能太高(gao),以免腐(fu)爛。
培育方法
種株培育
3月(yue)(yue)初收(shou)完芹(qin)芽,殘留于土中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)根莖會萌發形成新(xin)株(zhu),4月(yue)(yue)初當植株(zhu)長至12~15cm高(gao)時,選(xuan)擇健壯的(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)連土掘起,利用(yong)早稻田(tian)邊角作為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)繁育苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床,按10~15cm見方(fang)(fang)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床上,一(yi)般每(mei)667平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)床可供3335平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)大田(tian)栽(zai)培之用(yong)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)不宜深(shen)栽(zai),以免影(ying)響發棵。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)田(tian)要經(jing)常(chang)換水,否則夏季高(gao)溫下易(yi)發病。4月(yue)(yue)份追肥1次(ci),每(mei)667平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)施入糞尿1500kg或化肥35kg,促(cu)進匍匐莖生(sheng)長。還要注意(yi)病蟲(chong)害的(de)(de)(de)防治(zhi),及(ji)時用(yong)40%的(de)(de)(de)樂果1000倍液防治(zhi)蚜蟲(chong),一(yi)旦(dan)發現病毒(du)病應(ying)立(li)即將病株(zhu)拔除。生(sheng)長良好的(de)(de)(de)植株(zhu)在(zai)8月(yue)(yue)份匍匐莖長達(da)1.5~2.0m,該匍匐莖即作為芹(qin)芽母株(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu) 。
母株培育
4.1 栽培(pei)季(ji)節 8月(yue)(yue)下旬~9月(yue)(yue)上旬栽種種株(zhu)(zhu),一般與雙(shuang)季(ji)晚稻按1:1面積(ji)比例間作,即2m寬水(shui)稻,2m寬水(shui)芹(qin),不需(xu)作畦(qi),耙(pa)平耬勻即可(ke)。到秋末冬(dong)初可(ke)長(chang)成具10多片真葉(xie)的(de)植株(zhu)(zhu),即母株(zhu)(zhu),供芹(qin)芽培(pei)育用(yong)。
4.2 栽植 把種(zhong)芹地(di)里的種(zhong)株(zhu)齊根割起,用刀切成(cheng)20~30 cm長(chang)(chang)的莖(jing)段,然后均勻(yun)撒播于(yu)晚稻(dao)田中(zhong)留(liu)出的地(di)上。注意(yi)種(zhong)苗不(bu)能(neng)埋(mai)入土(tu)中(zhong),也(ye)不(bu)能(neng)浮在(zai)水(shui)上。因種(zhong)苗埋(mai)入土(tu)中(zhong),萌芽(ya)遲,生長(chang)(chang)也(ye)差;浮在(zai)水(shui)上,易生匍匐(fu)枝(zhi)。為了使種(zhong)苗栽植適宜,早(zao)稻(dao)收(shou)獲后每667平(ping)方米(mi) 施(shi)入人糞(fen)尿2 500 kg左右,整地(di)時要耙細整平(ping),使土(tu)壤成(cheng)泥濘狀態,栽種(zhong)時灌水(shui)不(bu)宜過多,土(tu)面(mian)上有1層薄水(shui)就行了。
4.3 灌(guan)溉 植后最初5d(天)不(bu)要灌(guan)深水,使種(zhong)苗浸沒水中為宜,促進種(zhong)苗扎(zha)根。以(yi)后灌(guan)水同晚稻一樣,晚稻收割后保持土壤濕(shi)潤即(ji)可,不(bu)必灌(guan)水。
4.4 勻苗 栽(zai)植后1個月左右,植株(zhu)長至(zhi)13~15cm高(gao)時,結合中耕(geng)除草進行勻苗移植,以12 cm見方有一(yi)叢芹苗為宜。
4.5 中(zhong)耕(geng)除(chu)草(cao)追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)肥 草(cao)多的田塊栽(zai)植后半個(ge)月和1個(ge)月時(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)耕(geng)除(chu)草(cao)2次(ci),若不多可結合勻(yun)苗移(yi)植時(shi)(shi)(shi)進行(xing)1次(ci)即(ji)可。追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)肥共2次(ci),苗高10 cm和20 cm時(shi)(shi)(shi),每667 平方米(mi)追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)施人糞尿1 250kg左(zuo)右或化肥40~50kg,每次(ci)追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)肥時(shi)(shi)(shi)先把水放干,追(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)肥后過一晝夜,待土(tu)壤充分吸收肥料后,再進行(xing)灌水復原。
4.6病蟲(chong)害防(fang)治(zhi) 芹(qin)芽母株生(sheng)(sheng)長過(guo)程中病蟲(chong)為(wei)害較輕,9~10月有蚜(ya)蟲(chong)為(wei)害,可用(yong)灌水法防(fang)治(zhi),即將田中水灌至淹沒植株,將粗草(cao)繩放(fang)于水面(mian)上,拉(la)住兩端向下風的地方移動,將浮于水面(mian)上的蚜(ya)蟲(chong)集中到田的一角,然后清除殺滅,立即放(fang)水復原(yuan)。灌水殺蚜(ya)每次不(bu)要超過(guo)3h(小時),以免水芹(qin)生(sheng)(sheng)長受(shou)影響。
芹芽培育
當(dang)植株(zhu)長(chang)到(dao)11~13片真(zhen)葉時就(jiu)可(ke)培(pei)(pei)土(tu)(tu)生產芹(qin)芽(ya),廬江縣(xian)一(yi)般在11月上(shang)(shang)(shang)旬以(yi)(yi)后,具體培(pei)(pei)土(tu)(tu)時間可(ke)根據市場需要而定(ding),也(ye)可(ke)分批培(pei)(pei)土(tu)(tu)分期(qi)采收(shou)上(shang)(shang)(shang)市。具體方法:在冬春季節,把芹(qin)畦周邊晚稻畦上(shang)(shang)(shang)的土(tu)(tu)粉碎后用鐵鍬鏟到(dao)水(shui)(shui)芹(qin)植株(zhu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)面,培(pei)(pei)土(tu)(tu)工作分3~5次進(jin)行,培(pei)(pei)土(tu)(tu)層厚約20~30 cm,然(ran)后水(shui)(shui)芹(qin)莖上(shang)(shang)(shang)的腋芽(ya)就(jiu)會(hui)萌發形(xing)成芹(qin)芽(ya)。一(yi)般培(pei)(pei)土(tu)(tu)后1個月就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)掘(jue)土(tu)(tu)收(shou)獲(huo),每667 平方米產1000kg左(zuo)右(you)。
芹芽生長特點
芹芽(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)芹是(shi)(shi)(shi)傘形花(hua)科水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)芹屬中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個地(di)方(fang)栽培品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong) ,是(shi)(shi)(shi)多年生(sheng)宿根草(cao)本(ben)植物。根細(xi)(xi)(xi) ,莖分地(di)上(shang)莖和(he)(he)匍匐(fu)莖 ,匍匐(fu)莖的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)節環生(sheng)須根。莖中(zhong)(zhong)空粗壯 ,每(mei)節上(shang)都(dou)有(you)腋芽(ya)(ya) ,可萌發(fa)(fa)(fa)形成新株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu) ,培土(tu)(tu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)形成芹芽(ya)(ya)。根出(chu)葉(xie)(xie)叢生(sheng) ,奇數二回羽(yu)狀(zhuang)復(fu)葉(xie)(xie) ,小(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)(xie)卵圓形 ,葉(xie)(xie)緣鋸(ju)齒狀(zhuang) ,莖生(sheng)葉(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)(xie)柄較長 ,基部短(duan)鞘狀(zhuang) ,包住(zhu)莖部 ,多淡綠至(zhi)黃綠色(se)(se)。該(gai)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能開(kai)花(hua)但(dan)很少結(jie)(jie)果 ,即使開(kai)花(hua)結(jie)(jie)果 ,其(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)育不(bu)良(liang) ,不(bu)適(shi)宜于繁(fan)殖 ,習慣上(shang)進(jin)行(xing)無性繁(fan)殖。2對環境條件的(de)(de)(de)要求該(gai)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性喜(xi)冷涼(liang) ,較耐寒 ;喜(xi)濕潤 ,怕干旱(han)。富含有(you)機質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)肥沃粘質(zhi)壤土(tu)(tu),微酸。秋冬(dong)(dong)季(ji)節是(shi)(shi)(shi)根出(chu)葉(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)營養生(sheng)長旺盛時(shi)期 ,最(zui)適(shi)溫(wen)度(du)17~20℃。春夏季(ji)節轉向節間伸長 ,利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)稻田邊角作為(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)繁(fan)育苗(miao)床(chuang),按(an)15cm見(jian)方(fang)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)苗(miao)床(chuang)上(shang),一(yi)(yi)般每(mei)667平方(fang)米種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)苗(miao)床(chuang)可供(gong)3335平方(fang)米大田栽培之用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)不(bu)宜深(shen)栽,以免影響發(fa)(fa)(fa)棵。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)田要經(jing)常(chang)換水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),否(fou)則夏季(ji)高溫(wen)易(yi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)病(bing)。4匍匐(fu)莖生(sheng)長旺盛 ,最(zui)適(shi)溫(wen)度(du)20~25℃。冬(dong)(dong)春季(ji)節又是(shi)(shi)(shi)芹芽(ya)(ya)生(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)適(shi)宜時(shi)期 ,降溫(wen)催(cui)(cui)芽(ya)(ya)。催(cui)(cui)芽(ya)(ya)前先對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)進(jin)行(xing)搓揉(rou),除(chu)去硬皮(pi),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)井水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)浸(jin)泡20小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi),再(zai)(zai)進(jin)行(xing)搓洗,除(chu)去種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)表面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)液和(he)(he)雜質(zhi),然后(hou)(hou)(hou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)擰(ning)干的(de)(de)(de)濕毛巾(jin)吸去多余水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分,放在(zai)(zai)15-20℃溫(wen)度(du)下催(cui)(cui)芽(ya)(ya)。芹菜發(fa)(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)對溫(wen)度(du)要求嚴格,25℃以上(shang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)不(bu)良(liang),因(yin)此播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氣溫(wen)過(guo)高時(shi),可用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)繩索(suo)將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)懸(xuan)吊(diao)在(zai)(zai)深(shen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)井內,使其(qi)離水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)大約30厘米,每(mei)天(tian)淘(tao)洗1次,4-5天(tian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)露白時(shi)即可播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。整(zheng)畦施(shi)肥。做好畦面(mian)(mian),施(shi)足有(you)、精細(xi)(xi)(xi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。籽小(xiao)(xiao),出(chu)芽(ya)(ya)力弱,播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)應(ying)注意(yi)適(shi)量播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)每(mei)畝苗(miao)畦用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)0.6-1公斤,可供(gong)13000余平方(fang)米芹菜田移栽,撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo)要均勻(yun)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)濕播(bo)(bo)(bo)法(fa)。先澆小(xiao)(xiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)下滲后(hou)(hou)(hou)先撒(sa)一(yi)(yi)薄層細(xi)(xi)(xi)干土(tu)(tu)再(zai)(zai)撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo),播(bo)(bo)(bo)后(hou)(hou)(hou)再(zai)(zai)覆(fu)一(yi)(yi)層厚(hou)約0.5厘米的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)、遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)蔭(yin)(yin)或(huo)覆(fu)蓋育苗(miao)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農作物秸稈(gan)或(huo)葦箔(bo)遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)蔭(yin)(yin)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)(hou)將玉米秸稈(gan)、葦箔(bo)等搭放在(zai)(zai)畦面(mian)(mian)上(shang),待(dai)出(chu)苗(miao)后(hou)(hou)(hou)逐步(bu)撤除(chu)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)茄(qie)(qie)果類(lei)蔬菜植株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)蔭(yin)(yin):在(zai)(zai)早熟茄(qie)(qie)子(zi)、番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長后(hou)(hou)(hou)期,選(xuan)墑情(qing)適(shi)宜地(di)段趁濕撒(sa)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),再(zai)(zai)鉤(gou)劃(hua)地(di)面(mian)(mian),將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)與土(tu)(tu)摻和(he)(he)均勻(yun),3-4天(tian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)即可出(chu)苗(miao)。茄(qie)(qie)子(zi)、番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)拔秧(yang)后(hou)(hou)(hou),轉入正常(chang)管理利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang)網遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang):遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang)網為(wei)黑色(se)(se)或(huo)銀灰色(se)(se),可降溫(wen)2-4℃,并有(you)遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)光和(he)(he)防(fang)暴(bao)雨作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),還可防(fang)蚜蟲及其(qi)他害(hai)。