形態特征
生(sheng)產芹(qin)芽的(de)水(shui)芹(qin)是(shi)傘形(xing)花(hua)(hua)科水(shui)芹(qin)屬(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)一個地(di)方栽培品種,是(shi)多年(nian)生(sheng)宿根(gen)(gen)草本植物(wu)。根(gen)(gen)白而細,莖(jing)分地(di)上莖(jing)和匍(pu)匐(fu)莖(jing),匍(pu)匐(fu)莖(jing)的(de)各(ge)節(jie)環生(sheng)須(xu)根(gen)(gen)。莖(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)空粗(cu)壯,每(mei)節(jie)上都有腋芽,可萌發(fa)形(xing)成新株(zhu),培土(tu)后形(xing)成芹(qin)芽。根(gen)(gen)出(chu)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)叢生(sheng),奇數二回羽狀復葉(xie)(xie)(xie),小葉(xie)(xie)(xie)卵圓形(xing),葉(xie)(xie)(xie)緣(yuan)鋸齒狀,莖(jing)生(sheng)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)的(de)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)柄較長,基部(bu)短(duan)鞘(qiao)狀,包住(zhu)莖(jing)部(bu),多淡綠至黃綠色(se)。該品種能開(kai)花(hua)(hua)但(dan)很少結果,即使開(kai)花(hua)(hua)結果,其種子發(fa)育不良,不適(shi)宜(yi)于繁殖,習慣上進行無性繁殖。
環境要求
該品種性(xing)喜冷涼,較耐寒;喜濕潤(run),怕干旱。秋冬季(ji)節(jie)(jie)是(shi)(shi)根出葉的營(ying)養(yang)生(sheng)長(chang)旺(wang)盛時期,最(zui)適溫(wen)(wen)度17~20℃。春(chun)夏(xia)季(ji)節(jie)(jie)轉向節(jie)(jie)間(jian)伸長(chang),匍匐莖生(sheng)長(chang)旺(wang)盛,最(zui)適溫(wen)(wen)度20~25℃。冬春(chun)季(ji) 節(jie)(jie)又是(shi)(shi)芹芽生(sheng)長(chang)的適宜時期,日平(ping)均氣溫(wen)(wen)10℃以下為宜。
該品(pin)種適(shi)宜土層深厚,富含有機質的(de)肥(fei)沃粘質壤土,PH值微(wei)酸性至中性。芹(qin)芽(ya)生長完全(quan)靠莖中貯藏(zang)的(de)養分(fen)生長,不(bu)(bu)能見光,見光后(hou)品(pin)質下降。培土層含水量不(bu)(bu)能太高,以免(mian)腐爛(lan)。
培育方法
種株培育
3月(yue)初收完芹芽,殘留于土(tu)中的(de)(de)根莖會萌(meng)發(fa)形成新株(zhu),4月(yue)初當植株(zhu)長至12~15cm高(gao)時(shi),選擇健壯的(de)(de)苗(miao)連土(tu)掘起(qi),利(li)用(yong)早稻田(tian)(tian)邊角(jiao)作(zuo)(zuo)為種株(zhu)繁(fan)育苗(miao)床,按10~15cm見方(fang)排種在(zai)(zai)苗(miao)床上,一般每667平方(fang)米種株(zhu)苗(miao)床可供3335平方(fang)米大田(tian)(tian)栽培之用(yong)。種株(zhu)不宜(yi)深(shen)栽,以免影(ying)響發(fa)棵(ke)。種株(zhu)田(tian)(tian)要(yao)經常換水,否則夏季高(gao)溫下易發(fa)病。4月(yue)份追肥(fei)1次,每667平方(fang)米施入糞尿1500kg或化肥(fei)35kg,促進匍匐(fu)莖生長。還(huan)要(yao)注(zhu)意病蟲害的(de)(de)防治,及時(shi)用(yong)40%的(de)(de)樂(le)果(guo)1000倍液防治蚜蟲,一旦發(fa)現病毒病應(ying)立即(ji)將病株(zhu)拔除。生長良好的(de)(de)植株(zhu)在(zai)(zai)8月(yue)份匍匐(fu)莖長達1.5~2.0m,該匍匐(fu)莖即(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)為芹芽母(mu)株(zhu)的(de)(de)種株(zhu) 。
母株培育
4.1 栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)季(ji)節(jie) 8月(yue)(yue)下(xia)旬(xun)~9月(yue)(yue)上(shang)旬(xun)栽(zai)種種株,一般與雙(shuang)季(ji)晚稻(dao)(dao)按1:1面積比例間(jian)作,即(ji)2m寬水稻(dao)(dao),2m寬水芹,不需(xu)作畦,耙平耬勻即(ji)可。到秋末冬初可長成具10多片真葉的植(zhi)株,即(ji)母株,供(gong)芹芽培(pei)(pei)育用。
4.2 栽植 把種芹地(di)里的(de)種株齊根割起,用(yong)刀(dao)切(qie)成20~30 cm長(chang)的(de)莖段,然后(hou)均勻(yun)撒(sa)播于晚稻田(tian)中(zhong)留出的(de)地(di)上(shang)。注意(yi)種苗不(bu)能(neng)埋入土(tu)中(zhong),也不(bu)能(neng)浮(fu)在水上(shang)。因種苗埋入土(tu)中(zhong),萌芽遲,生長(chang)也差;浮(fu)在水上(shang),易(yi)生匍匐枝。為了使種苗栽植適(shi)宜(yi),早稻收(shou)獲后(hou)每667平方(fang)米(mi) 施入人糞尿2 500 kg左右,整地(di)時要耙細整平,使土(tu)壤成泥濘狀態,栽種時灌水不(bu)宜(yi)過多,土(tu)面上(shang)有1層薄水就行了。
4.3 灌溉 植后最(zui)初5d(天)不要灌深(shen)水(shui)(shui),使種(zhong)苗浸沒水(shui)(shui)中為(wei)宜,促進種(zhong)苗扎根。以后灌水(shui)(shui)同(tong)晚稻一樣,晚稻收割后保持土壤濕潤即可,不必(bi)灌水(shui)(shui)。
4.4 勻苗(miao) 栽植(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)1個(ge)月左右(you),植(zhi)(zhi)株長至(zhi)13~15cm高時,結合中耕除草(cao)進行勻苗(miao)移植(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)12 cm見方(fang)有(you)一叢芹苗(miao)為宜。
4.5 中耕(geng)除(chu)草(cao)追(zhui)肥(fei) 草(cao)多的田塊栽植(zhi)后半(ban)個(ge)月(yue)和(he)1個(ge)月(yue)時中耕(geng)除(chu)草(cao)2次(ci)(ci),若(ruo)不多可結合勻(yun)苗移植(zhi)時進行1次(ci)(ci)即可。追(zhui)肥(fei)共(gong)2次(ci)(ci),苗高10 cm和(he)20 cm時,每667 平方米(mi)追(zhui)施人糞(fen)尿1 250kg左右或化肥(fei)40~50kg,每次(ci)(ci)追(zhui)肥(fei)時先把水放干,追(zhui)肥(fei)后過(guo)一晝(zhou)夜,待土壤充分吸收肥(fei)料后,再進行灌水復原。
4.6病蟲(chong)害防(fang)治 芹(qin)(qin)芽母(mu)株(zhu)生(sheng)長過程中病蟲(chong)為害較輕,9~10月有(you)蚜蟲(chong)為害,可(ke)用灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)法防(fang)治,即(ji)(ji)將(jiang)田中水(shui)(shui)灌(guan)至淹沒植株(zhu),將(jiang)粗草繩放于(yu)水(shui)(shui)面上(shang),拉住兩端向下風的(de)地方移動(dong),將(jiang)浮(fu)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)面上(shang)的(de)蚜蟲(chong)集中到田的(de)一角,然后清除殺滅,立即(ji)(ji)放水(shui)(shui)復原(yuan)。灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)殺蚜每次不要超過3h(小時(shi)),以免水(shui)(shui)芹(qin)(qin)生(sheng)長受影響(xiang)。
芹芽培育
當(dang)植株長到11~13片真葉時(shi)就(jiu)可培土(tu)生產(chan)芹(qin)(qin)芽,廬江縣(xian)一般(ban)在(zai)11月上(shang)(shang)旬以后,具(ju)體(ti)培土(tu)時(shi)間可根據市場需要而定,也可分(fen)批培土(tu)分(fen)期采收上(shang)(shang)市。具(ju)體(ti)方法:在(zai)冬(dong)春季節,把(ba)芹(qin)(qin)畦周邊晚稻畦上(shang)(shang)的土(tu)粉碎后用鐵鍬鏟到水芹(qin)(qin)植株上(shang)(shang)面,培土(tu)工(gong)作分(fen)3~5次進行,培土(tu)層厚(hou)約20~30 cm,然后水芹(qin)(qin)莖(jing)上(shang)(shang)的腋芽就(jiu)會萌發形成(cheng)芹(qin)(qin)芽。一般(ban)培土(tu)后1個月就(jiu)可以掘土(tu)收獲,每667 平方米產(chan)1000kg左(zuo)右。
芹芽生長特點
芹(qin)芽的(de)水芹(qin)是(shi)傘(san)形(xing)(xing)花科水芹(qin)屬中的(de)一(yi)個地方(fang)栽(zai)(zai)培(pei)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong) ,是(shi)多年生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)宿根草(cao)本(ben)植(zhi)物(wu)。根細 ,莖(jing)分地上莖(jing)和(he)匍匐(fu)莖(jing) ,匍匐(fu)莖(jing)的(de)各節環(huan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)須根。莖(jing)中空(kong)粗壯(zhuang) ,每節上都有(you)(you)腋芽 ,可(ke)(ke)萌發(fa)(fa)形(xing)(xing)成新株(zhu)(zhu) ,培(pei)土(tu)后(hou)(hou)形(xing)(xing)成芹(qin)芽。根出(chu)(chu)葉(xie)叢(cong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng) ,奇數二(er)回羽狀復(fu)葉(xie) ,小葉(xie)卵圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing) ,葉(xie)緣鋸齒狀 ,莖(jing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)葉(xie)的(de)葉(xie)柄(bing)較長(chang)(chang) ,基部短鞘狀 ,包住莖(jing)部 ,多淡(dan)綠(lv)至黃綠(lv)色。該品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)開花但很(hen)少結(jie)果 ,即使(shi)開花結(jie)果 ,其(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子發(fa)(fa)育(yu)不良(liang) ,不適(shi)(shi)宜于繁(fan)殖 ,習慣上進行無(wu)性繁(fan)殖。2對(dui)環(huan)境條件的(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)該品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性喜冷涼 ,較耐(nai)寒 ;喜濕(shi)潤 ,怕干旱。富含有(you)(you)機質的(de)肥沃粘質壤(rang)土(tu),微(wei)酸。秋(qiu)冬季(ji)節是(shi)根出(chu)(chu)葉(xie)的(de)營養生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)旺盛時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi) ,最適(shi)(shi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度17~20℃。春夏(xia)(xia)季(ji)節轉向(xiang)節間伸(shen)長(chang)(chang) ,利(li)用(yong)(yong)稻田(tian)邊角作為(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)繁(fan)育(yu)苗(miao)床(chuang),按15cm見方(fang)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)床(chuang)上,一(yi)般每667平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)苗(miao)床(chuang)可(ke)(ke)供3335平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)大田(tian)栽(zai)(zai)培(pei)之用(yong)(yong)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)不宜深(shen)栽(zai)(zai),以免影響發(fa)(fa)棵。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)田(tian)要(yao)(yao)經常(chang)換水,否則夏(xia)(xia)季(ji)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)易發(fa)(fa)病(bing)。4匍匐(fu)莖(jing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)旺盛 ,最適(shi)(shi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度20~25℃。冬春季(ji)節又(you)是(shi)芹(qin)芽生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)的(de)適(shi)(shi)宜時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi) ,降溫(wen)(wen)(wen)催芽。催芽前先對(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子進行搓揉,除去(qu)硬皮,用(yong)(yong)井(jing)水浸泡20小時(shi)(shi)(shi),再(zai)進行搓洗,除去(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子表面(mian)的(de)黏液和(he)雜質,然后(hou)(hou)用(yong)(yong)擰(ning)干的(de)濕(shi)毛巾(jin)吸去(qu)多余(yu)水分,放在(zai)(zai)(zai)15-20℃溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度下催芽。芹(qin)菜(cai)(cai)發(fa)(fa)芽對(dui)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)嚴格,25℃以上發(fa)(fa)芽不良(liang),因(yin)此播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)過高(gao)時(shi)(shi)(shi),可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)繩索將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子懸吊在(zai)(zai)(zai)深(shen)水井(jing)內,使(shi)其(qi)離水面(mian)大約(yue)30厘(li)米(mi),每天(tian)淘洗1次,4-5天(tian)后(hou)(hou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子露白時(shi)(shi)(shi)即可(ke)(ke)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。整畦施肥。做好畦面(mian),施足(zu)有(you)(you)、精細播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。籽小,出(chu)(chu)芽力弱,播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)應注(zhu)意適(shi)(shi)量播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)每畝苗(miao)畦用(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)0.6-1公斤,可(ke)(ke)供13000余(yu)平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)芹(qin)菜(cai)(cai)田(tian)移栽(zai)(zai),撒(sa)播(bo)要(yao)(yao)均(jun)勻(yun)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)濕(shi)播(bo)法。先澆小水,水下滲(shen)后(hou)(hou)先撒(sa)一(yi)薄層細干土(tu)再(zai)撒(sa)播(bo),播(bo)后(hou)(hou)再(zai)覆一(yi)層厚約(yue)0.5厘(li)米(mi)的(de)細土(tu)、遮(zhe)(zhe)蔭(yin)或覆蓋育(yu)苗(miao)。用(yong)(yong)農作物(wu)秸稈(gan)或葦箔(bo)遮(zhe)(zhe)蔭(yin)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)玉米(mi)秸稈(gan)、葦箔(bo)等搭放在(zai)(zai)(zai)畦面(mian)上,待(dai)出(chu)(chu)苗(miao)后(hou)(hou)逐步撤(che)除。用(yong)(yong)茄(qie)(qie)果類(lei)蔬菜(cai)(cai)植(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)遮(zhe)(zhe)蔭(yin):在(zai)(zai)(zai)早熟茄(qie)(qie)子、番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)后(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi),選墑情適(shi)(shi)宜地段趁濕(shi)撒(sa)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),再(zai)鉤(gou)劃地面(mian),將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子與土(tu)摻和(he)均(jun)勻(yun),3-4天(tian)后(hou)(hou)即可(ke)(ke)出(chu)(chu)苗(miao)。茄(qie)(qie)子、番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)拔秧(yang)后(hou)(hou),轉入正常(chang)管理利(li)用(yong)(yong)遮(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang)網遮(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang):遮(zhe)(zhe)陽(yang)網為(wei)黑(hei)色或銀灰色,可(ke)(ke)降溫(wen)(wen)(wen)2-4℃,并(bing)有(you)(you)遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)和(he)防暴(bao)雨作用(yong)(yong),還可(ke)(ke)防蚜蟲及其(qi)他(ta)害。