寺廟介紹
開元寺,又稱“東大寺”,位于邢臺市襄都區開元北(bei)路北(bei)88號,始(shi)建于后趙石勒年(nian)間,是(shi)(shi)禪宗(zong)二祖(zu)傳缽之(zhi)地和七祖(zu)神(shen)會大(da)師駐(zhu)錫之(zhi)地,曹洞(dong)宗(zong)的發(fa)源地之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),也是(shi)(shi)“大(da)開元一(yi)(yi)宗(zong)”又(you)稱“賈(jia)菩薩宗(zong)”的祖(zu)庭。迄今已(yi)有近1700年(nian)的歷史,是(shi)(shi)至今仍保(bao)存較(jiao)為(wei)完(wan)整的一(yi)(yi)座唐代名剎。
開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)是唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)、五(wu)代(dai)、宋代(dai)和元(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)皇家寺(si)院(yuan),歷屆住持多為(wei)(wei)(wei)得道高僧(seng)。唐(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)年間唐(tang)(tang)玄宗(zong)下詔(zhao)敕建(jian),邢(xing)州開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)由大(da)云寺(si)改建(jian),該(gai)(gai)寺(si)初建(jian)時,香火(huo)旺盛(sheng),為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)北(bei)方之最。五(wu)代(dai)后(hou)梁時天(tian)竺(印(yin)度)高僧(seng)空(kong)本于后(hou)梁乾化年間曾在造里(li)翻譯佛經,對中(zhong)外(wai)文化交流做(zuo)出卓(zhuo)越貢獻。五(wu)代(dai)后(hou)周時期(qi)(qi),周世(shi)宗(zong)柴榮(邢(xing)臺(tai)人)詔(zhao)命(ming)建(jian)立開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)大(da)圣(sheng)塔(ta)(ta),宋代(dai)末期(qi)(qi),重(zhong)修(xiu)邢(xing)州開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)大(da)圣(sheng)塔(ta)(ta),宋徽宗(zong)下詔(zhao)賜名為(wei)(wei)(wei)圓照(zhao)塔(ta)(ta),該(gai)(gai)塔(ta)(ta)高98米,元(yuan)(yuan)朝初期(qi)(qi)邢(xing)州順(shun)德府為(wei)(wei)(wei)忽必(bi)烈的(de)封(feng)地,世(shi)祖忽必(bi)烈曾數(shu)次(ci)駕幸開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)寺(si),萬安禪師將受到兵火(huo)損破(po)的(de)圓照(zhao)塔(ta)(ta)修(xiu)復為(wei)(wei)(wei)十(shi)三層,高108米,可容納千(qian)人。經劉秉忠湊請,忽必(bi)烈下詔(zhao)改圓照(zhao)塔(ta)(ta)為(wei)(wei)(wei)普(pu)門塔(ta)(ta)。此塔(ta)(ta)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)歷史上(shang)最高最大(da)的(de)木佛塔(ta)(ta),故該(gai)(gai)寺(si)更為(wei)(wei)(wei)昌盛(sheng)。明正德年間該(gai)(gai)寺(si)又重(zhong)加修(xiu)繕。
據(ju)史料記載,自(zi)唐至明初(chu),開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)有僧數(shu)千(qian),良田數(shu)頃,游僧、佛(fo)徒(tu)更(geng)是(shi)不可勝數(shu)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)朝是(shi)該寺(si)(si)(si)最(zui)興盛(sheng)的時期,元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世祖(zu)忽必(bi)(bi)烈(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)曾兩次幸臨開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)。1250年,忽必(bi)(bi)烈(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)賜名(ming)邢州開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)為(wei)大(da)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si),1276年,忽必(bi)(bi)烈(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)在邢州開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)召開(kai)(kai)資戒(jie)(jie)大(da)會(hui),一次受具足戒(jie)(jie)者竟達十萬人,1279年,忽必(bi)(bi)烈(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)再次在邢州開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)設資戒(jie)(jie)大(da)會(hui),并(bing)立資戒(jie)(jie)壇(tan)碑,雖然明朝以后,開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)逐漸衰落,但(dan)每當(dang)住持(chi)法師講授教義時,知名(ming)高僧仍多達千(qian)人云集于此。據(ju)《襄都區志(zhi)》記載:“每當(dang)朝暾初(chu)上,暮煙繚繞,僧人奉經(jing),撞鐘之聲遠聞數(shu)里。”所以,開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)堪稱當(dang)時中國北方(fang)的一個佛(fo)教中心(xin)。
1982年(nian)被(bei)河北(bei)省政府(fu)列為省重(zhong)點文(wen)物保護單位,90年(nian)代末(mo)期(qi)由(you)邢臺(tai)市人(ren)民政府(fu)重(zhong)修,2006年(nian),被(bei)列為全(quan)國重(zhong)點文(wen)物保護單位,隨即邢臺(tai)市政府(fu)決定再次修復開(kai)元寺,并建成占地(di)200余(yu)畝的公園,助(zhu)力邢臺(tai)申報國家(jia)級(ji)歷史文(wen)化名城。
開元古寺
殿閣
開元寺現存主要殿閣四座,天王殿、毗盧殿、觀音殿和大雄寶殿(又稱三世佛殿),氣宇軒昂,巍峨壯觀,具有很高的歷史和學術價值。其中天王殿,除了眾所周知的佛像外,四壁皆為歷代名人所題詩(shi)(shi)詞(ci)。相(xiang)傳“八(ba)仙(xian)”之(zhi)一的(de)鐘(zhong)離(li)(li)權,當年拜訪該寺(si)住(zhu)持、有(you)道(dao)高(gao)僧(seng)(seng)萬安長(chang)老(lao)時(shi),就(jiu)曾留下草(cao)書題壁(bi)詩(shi)(shi)。其詩(shi)(shi)云:“得道(dao)高(gao)僧(seng)(seng)不易逢(feng),幾時(shi)歸(gui)去(qu)愿(yuan)相(xiang)從(cong),自(zi)言住(zhu)處連滄海(hai),別是蓬萊第一峰。莫厭(yan)追歡笑語(yu)頻,尋思離(li)(li)亂(luan)好傷(shang)神,閑來屈指(zhi)從(cong)頭(tou)數(shu),見得清平(ping)有(you)幾人。“八(ba)仙(xian)過海(hai)”是中國(guo)古(gu)代的(de)神話傳說,“八(ba)仙(xian)”之(zhi)一的(de)鐘(zhong)離(li)(li)權是否到(dao)過邢(xing)臺,已無從(cong)考證,但(dan)上述題壁(bi)詩(shi)(shi)確(que)曾題在開元(yuan)寺(si)的(de)墻壁(bi)上,宋朝(chao)時(shi)還有(you)人將其刻在石碑上,使開元(yuan)寺(si)聲名大噪。究其詩(shi)(shi)意,憂(you)傷(shang)離(li)(li)亂(luan),想必是后人托鐘(zhong)離(li)(li)權之(zhi)名而作。
釋迦(jia)牟尼(ni)殿(三(san)殿)為整個(ge)開元(yuan)寺建筑(zhu)精(jing)華所在(zai)。此殿為硬山式建筑(zhu),面闊五(wu)間,進深二間,巍峨(e)壯(zhuang)觀,結構精(jing)巧(qiao),風格獨具(ju)。明朝正(zheng)德(de)十三(san)年(nian)(公元(yuan)1518年(nian)),在(zai)觀音(yin)殿前增加了四(si)根雕花(hua)滾龍(long)(long)(long)石(shi)柱(zhu),除山東曲(qu)阜孔廟中的雕龍(long)(long)(long)石(shi)柱(zhu)外(wai),幾乎無與匹敵。這四(si)根石(shi)柱(zhu)各高4.5米,柱(zhu)圍2.5米,雕藝精(jing)湛,線條流暢。柱(zhu)上游(you)龍(long)(long)(long)或(huo)盤旋而上,或(huo)蜿蜒而下,或(huo)回首(shou)(shou)凝(ning)視,且龍(long)(long)(long)首(shou)(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)體皆突出(chu)柱(zhu)外(wai)20—35厘米,力度感(gan)強烈(lie),儼然真龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)躍騰舞,造型生(sheng)動(dong),風格粗獷(guang),堪稱中華民族文化(hua)藝術之瑰寶(bao)。龍(long)(long)(long)柱(zhu)兩側(ce)的石(shi)板雕花(hua),工藝精(jing)巧(qiao),手法(fa)細膩(ni),同(tong)樣令人嘆為觀止。
第四殿(dian)(dian)(dian)大(da)雄寶殿(dian)(dian)(dian)面闊五間(jian)(jian),進深三間(jian)(jian),單檐歇(xie)山布瓦頂。規模宏大(da),別(bie)具風格。現存(cun)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)宇多為明清時期建筑。
金代大定鐘
寺內(nei)還遺留(liu)金代巨型鐵(tie)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)個。該鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高2.70米(mi),下沿圍長7.2米(mi),鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)厚(hou)半尺,重(zhong)達3萬多斤。該鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)成于金“大(da)定甲辰歲”即金大(da)定二十(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(公元1184年(nian)),鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)壁(bi)有日、月、人、獸、牛、魚等(deng)(deng)十(shi)(shi)二種(zhong)圖案,與黃道十(shi)(shi)二宮(gong)相對(dui)應。是研(yan)究中(zhong)國古天文(wen)學(xue)發(fa)(fa)展淵源不(bu)可多得的(de)實(shi)物資料。另有乾、坤(kun)、震、巽、坎、離、艮、兌等(deng)(deng)八卦(gua)圖像(xiang),含乾坤(kun)渾(hun)圓之說(shuo)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)壁(bi)還鑄(zhu)(zhu)有文(wen)字數(shu)百,清晰可辨,多記載鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)、監制、資助人姓名或身份(fen)、籍貫等(deng)(deng)。該鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)成至今,已有800多年(nian)的(de)歷史,雖(sui)歷經風(feng)雨剝蝕,因鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技術高超絕倫,鐵(tie)質火候純精,不(bu)但不(bu)顯(xian)氧(yang)化痕(hen)跡(ji),并且(qie)綜(zong)紅色的(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體四(si)周仍然熒熒發(fa)(fa)亮(liang),“十(shi)(shi)年(nian)動亂”中(zhong)曾遭搗砸,但只(zhi)聞(wen)(wen)嗡嗡聲(sheng),不(bu)見鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)破損,可見中(zhong)國古代鑄(zhu)(zhu)鐵(tie)工藝的(de)高超。當年(nian)該鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)懸在開元寺三殿前東(dong)側(ce)的(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)內(nei),用以作課報時(shi),每當以巨木擊撞時(shi),鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng)粗獷(guang)沉鳴,聲(sheng)聞(wen)(wen)數(shu)里(li)。信(xin)徒僧眾(zhong)聞(wen)(wen)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng),雙(shuang)手合十(shi)(shi),異地同拜,成為邢臺(tai)一(yi)(yi)大(da)景觀,俗(su)稱“野寺鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng)”,為邢臺(tai)八景之一(yi)(yi)。傳說(shuo),大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)成后第一(yi)(yi)次敲(qiao)響前,老(lao)(lao)僧告訴眾(zhong)僧說(shuo)“等(deng)(deng)我走(zou)離寺院十(shi)(shi)里(li)之外,你們再敲(qiao)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”。但眾(zhong)僧不(bu)明其意,試鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心切(qie),老(lao)(lao)僧才(cai)走(zou)出(chu)三里(li)就敲(qiao)了鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),結果鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng)便只(zhi)能(neng)傳出(chu)三里(li)。
唐代經幢
寺內西側有(you)經(jing)(jing)幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)二座,一為唐代建(jian)(jian)造的(de)(de)“道(dao)德經(jing)(jing)幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)”,石質,通(tong)高七(qi)米,呈六面形,分為三截(jie),共十八面,上刻有(you)老子《道(dao)德經(jing)(jing)》。據《襄都區志》載,經(jing)(jing)幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)文字系唐代大書(shu)法家(jia)褚遂良所書(shu),為國內僅存(cun)的(de)(de)三座同類經(jing)(jing)幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)之(zhi)一,極具歷史價值,另一座建(jian)(jian)于(yu)后梁乾化年間(911一915年)的(de)(de)唐代尊勝陀羅尼(ni)經(jing)(jing)幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang),刻《陀羅尼(ni)經(jing)(jing)》一部(bu),并題(ti)有(you)“印度(du)副使李逢書(shu)”等字樣,雕刻精細。今(jin)為不多見的(de)(de)浮雕珍品(pin)。寺后原有(you)寶塔一座,名曰“園照塔”,現已不存(cun)。
影壁
原(yuan)寺(si)門前(qian)有(you)(you)大型影壁(bi)一座,影壁(bi)上(shang)有(you)(you)滾龍團花、系彩(cai)色硫璃瓦拼砌而成(cheng),飛(fei)龍姿(zi)態雄健、造型優美,且(qie)暴(bao)出影壁(bi)數寸,活靈活現(xian),頗(po)有(you)(you)欲躍欲飛(fei)的(de)神態。雕塑之細膩逼真,砌工之高超(chao)卓絕,均為北方所罕見。據(ju)史(shi)志(zhi)描寫的(de)盛況,每當住持法師摶授教義,前(qian)來聽講者(zhe)“僧眾數千”,“暮煙(yan)繚繞,僧人唪經、撞鐘之聲遠聞十里之外”。開元寺(si)雖(sui)歷(li)(li)(li)經滄桑,但雄姿(zi)猶(you)存,開元寺(si)占地45畝(mu),坐北朝南,氣勢宏偉。該寺(si)歷(li)(li)(li)代(dai)屢有(you)(you)修葺,現(xian)存殿閣(ge),主要為明代(dai)建筑(zhu)風格。這些建筑(zhu)雖(sui)歷(li)(li)(li)經千年滄桑,保存仍基本完好,不少遺物具(ju)有(you)(you)很高的(de)歷(li)(li)(li)史(shi)和藝術(shu)價值。