寺廟介紹
開元寺,又稱“東大寺”,位于邢臺市襄都區開(kai)元北路北88號,始(shi)建于后(hou)趙石勒年(nian)(nian)間(jian),是(shi)禪宗(zong)二祖(zu)(zu)傳缽之(zhi)地和(he)七祖(zu)(zu)神會(hui)大師駐錫之(zhi)地,曹洞宗(zong)的發源地之(zhi)一(yi),也是(shi)“大開(kai)元一(yi)宗(zong)”又稱“賈菩薩(sa)宗(zong)”的祖(zu)(zu)庭。迄今(jin)已有近1700年(nian)(nian)的歷史(shi),是(shi)至(zhi)今(jin)仍保(bao)存較為(wei)完整的一(yi)座唐代名剎。
開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)是唐代(dai)、五代(dai)、宋(song)(song)代(dai)和元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)皇家寺(si)(si)院,歷屆(jie)住持(chi)多為得(de)道高(gao)(gao)僧。唐開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年間(jian)唐玄(xuan)宗下詔(zhao)敕(chi)建(jian),邢(xing)(xing)(xing)州開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)由大(da)云(yun)寺(si)(si)改建(jian),該(gai)(gai)寺(si)(si)初(chu)建(jian)時(shi),香火旺盛,為中(zhong)(zhong)國北(bei)方之最。五代(dai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)梁(liang)時(shi)天竺(印度(du))高(gao)(gao)僧空本于后(hou)(hou)(hou)梁(liang)乾化(hua)年間(jian)曾(ceng)在造里翻譯佛經,對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)外文化(hua)交流做出卓(zhuo)越貢獻。五代(dai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)周(zhou)時(shi)期(qi),周(zhou)世宗柴榮(邢(xing)(xing)(xing)臺人)詔(zhao)命建(jian)立開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)大(da)圣塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),宋(song)(song)代(dai)末期(qi),重修邢(xing)(xing)(xing)州開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)大(da)圣塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),宋(song)(song)徽(hui)宗下詔(zhao)賜名為圓(yuan)照(zhao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),該(gai)(gai)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)高(gao)(gao)98米(mi),元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)朝初(chu)期(qi)邢(xing)(xing)(xing)州順(shun)德(de)府為忽(hu)必烈的(de)封地,世祖忽(hu)必烈曾(ceng)數次駕幸(xing)開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si),萬安禪師將受到兵火損破的(de)圓(yuan)照(zhao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)修復為十三層(ceng),高(gao)(gao)108米(mi),可容(rong)納千人。經劉秉忠湊請(qing),忽(hu)必烈下詔(zhao)改圓(yuan)照(zhao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)為普門塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)。此塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)為中(zhong)(zhong)國歷史上最高(gao)(gao)最大(da)的(de)木(mu)佛塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),故該(gai)(gai)寺(si)(si)更(geng)為昌盛。明(ming)正德(de)年間(jian)該(gai)(gai)寺(si)(si)又重加修繕。
據史(shi)料記載(zai),自唐至(zhi)明(ming)初,開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)有僧(seng)數千(qian),良田(tian)數頃,游僧(seng)、佛(fo)徒更是不可勝數。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)朝(chao)是該寺(si)(si)(si)最興盛的時(shi)期,元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)祖忽(hu)必(bi)烈(lie)曾(ceng)兩次(ci)幸臨開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)。1250年,忽(hu)必(bi)烈(lie)賜名邢(xing)州開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)為大開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si),1276年,忽(hu)必(bi)烈(lie)在邢(xing)州開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)召(zhao)開(kai)資(zi)戒(jie)大會,一次(ci)受具足戒(jie)者(zhe)竟達(da)十萬人(ren),1279年,忽(hu)必(bi)烈(lie)再次(ci)在邢(xing)州開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)設(she)資(zi)戒(jie)大會,并立資(zi)戒(jie)壇碑(bei),雖然明(ming)朝(chao)以后,開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)逐(zhu)漸衰落,但每當(dang)(dang)住(zhu)持法師講(jiang)授教義時(shi),知名高僧(seng)仍(reng)多達(da)千(qian)人(ren)云(yun)集于此。據《襄(xiang)都區志》記載(zai):“每當(dang)(dang)朝(chao)暾初上(shang),暮煙繚繞,僧(seng)人(ren)奉經,撞(zhuang)鐘之(zhi)聲遠聞數里。”所以,開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)(si)(si)堪稱當(dang)(dang)時(shi)中(zhong)國北方的一個佛(fo)教中(zhong)心。
1982年被河北省政府列為省重點文(wen)物(wu)保護單位,90年代末期由邢(xing)(xing)臺(tai)市人民政府重修,2006年,被列為全國重點文(wen)物(wu)保護單位,隨即邢(xing)(xing)臺(tai)市政府決定再(zai)次修復開(kai)元寺,并建成占地200余畝的公園,助力邢(xing)(xing)臺(tai)申報國家級歷史文(wen)化(hua)名城。
開元古寺
殿閣
開元寺現存主要殿閣四座,天王殿、毗盧殿、觀音殿和大雄寶殿(又稱三世佛殿),氣宇軒昂,巍峨壯觀,具有很高的歷史和學術價值。其中天王殿,除了眾所周知的佛像外,四壁皆為歷代名人所題(ti)(ti)詩詞。相傳“八(ba)(ba)仙”之(zhi)一(yi)的鐘離(li)(li)權(quan),當年(nian)拜訪該寺(si)住(zhu)持、有道高僧萬安長老(lao)時,就(jiu)曾(ceng)留下草書題(ti)(ti)壁(bi)詩。其(qi)詩云:“得道高僧不易逢,幾(ji)時歸去愿相從(cong),自言(yan)住(zhu)處(chu)連滄海,別是(shi)蓬萊第一(yi)峰。莫(mo)厭追(zhui)歡笑語頻,尋(xun)思離(li)(li)亂好傷神,閑(xian)來屈指從(cong)頭(tou)數,見得清平有幾(ji)人(ren)。“八(ba)(ba)仙過海”是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)古代的神話傳說(shuo),“八(ba)(ba)仙”之(zhi)一(yi)的鐘離(li)(li)權(quan)是(shi)否到過邢臺,已(yi)無從(cong)考證,但(dan)上述題(ti)(ti)壁(bi)詩確曾(ceng)題(ti)(ti)在開元(yuan)寺(si)的墻(qiang)壁(bi)上,宋朝時還有人(ren)將(jiang)其(qi)刻(ke)在石碑上,使(shi)開元(yuan)寺(si)聲名(ming)大(da)噪。究其(qi)詩意,憂傷離(li)(li)亂,想必是(shi)后人(ren)托鐘離(li)(li)權(quan)之(zhi)名(ming)而作。
釋迦牟尼殿(dian)(三(san)殿(dian))為(wei)整個開元寺建筑精(jing)華所在。此殿(dian)為(wei)硬山式建筑,面闊五間,進深(shen)二間,巍峨壯觀(guan),結構精(jing)巧,風(feng)格(ge)獨具。明朝正德十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(公元1518年(nian)),在觀(guan)音殿(dian)前增(zeng)加了(le)四(si)(si)根(gen)(gen)雕(diao)花滾龍(long)(long)(long)石(shi)柱,除山東(dong)曲阜孔廟(miao)中的雕(diao)龍(long)(long)(long)石(shi)柱外(wai),幾乎無與匹(pi)敵。這(zhe)四(si)(si)根(gen)(gen)石(shi)柱各(ge)高4.5米(mi),柱圍2.5米(mi),雕(diao)藝精(jing)湛,線條流暢。柱上游龍(long)(long)(long)或盤旋而(er)上,或蜿(wan)蜒而(er)下,或回首凝視,且龍(long)(long)(long)首龍(long)(long)(long)體皆突出柱外(wai)20—35厘米(mi),力度感強烈,儼(yan)然真(zhen)龍(long)(long)(long)游躍(yue)騰舞(wu),造(zao)型生動(dong),風(feng)格(ge)粗獷,堪稱中華民(min)族文化藝術之瑰寶(bao)。龍(long)(long)(long)柱兩側的石(shi)板雕(diao)花,工藝精(jing)巧,手法(fa)細膩,同樣令人嘆為(wei)觀(guan)止。
第四殿大雄(xiong)寶(bao)殿面闊五間,進(jin)深三間,單檐歇山(shan)布瓦頂。規模宏大,別具風格。現存殿宇多為(wei)明清(qing)時期建筑(zhu)。
金代大定鐘
寺內還(huan)遺留金代巨型鐵鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一個。該(gai)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高2.70米,下沿圍(wei)長7.2米,鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)厚(hou)半尺,重達3萬多(duo)斤。該(gai)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑄(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)于金“大(da)定甲辰歲”即金大(da)定二(er)十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元1184年(nian)(nian)),鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)壁(bi)有(you)(you)日、月、人(ren)、獸、牛(niu)、魚(yu)等(deng)十(shi)二(er)種(zhong)圖案,與(yu)黃道十(shi)二(er)宮相對(dui)應。是研究(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)國古天文學發展淵源(yuan)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)多(duo)得的(de)實物(wu)資料。另有(you)(you)乾、坤、震、巽、坎(kan)、離、艮、兌等(deng)八卦圖像,含乾坤渾圓之說(shuo)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)壁(bi)還(huan)鑄(zhu)有(you)(you)文字(zi)數百,清晰(xi)可(ke)辨,多(duo)記載(zai)鑄(zhu)造(zao)、監制、資助人(ren)姓名或身份、籍貫等(deng)。該(gai)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑄(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)至今,已有(you)(you)800多(duo)年(nian)(nian)的(de)歷史,雖歷經風雨剝蝕,因(yin)鑄(zhu)造(zao)技術高超絕倫(lun),鐵質火候純(chun)精,不(bu)(bu)但(dan)不(bu)(bu)顯(xian)氧化痕跡,并且綜紅色的(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體四(si)周仍(reng)然熒(ying)熒(ying)發亮,“十(shi)年(nian)(nian)動亂”中(zhong)(zhong)曾遭搗(dao)砸,但(dan)只(zhi)聞(wen)嗡(weng)嗡(weng)聲(sheng)(sheng),不(bu)(bu)見鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)破損,可(ke)見中(zhong)(zhong)國古代鑄(zhu)鐵工藝的(de)高超。當年(nian)(nian)該(gai)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)懸在開元寺三殿前東(dong)側的(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓內,用以作(zuo)課報時,每當以巨木(mu)擊撞時,鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng)(sheng)粗獷沉鳴(ming),聲(sheng)(sheng)聞(wen)數里(li)。信徒(tu)僧(seng)眾聞(wen)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng)(sheng),雙手(shou)合十(shi),異地同拜,成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)邢臺一大(da)景觀,俗稱(cheng)“野寺鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng)(sheng)”,為(wei)邢臺八景之一。傳說(shuo),大(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑄(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)后第一次敲(qiao)響前,老僧(seng)告訴眾僧(seng)說(shuo)“等(deng)我走(zou)離寺院十(shi)里(li)之外,你(ni)們再敲(qiao)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”。但(dan)眾僧(seng)不(bu)(bu)明其(qi)意,試鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心切(qie),老僧(seng)才走(zou)出三里(li)就敲(qiao)了鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),結果鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng)(sheng)便只(zhi)能傳出三里(li)。
唐代經幢
寺(si)(si)內西側有(you)經(jing)幢(chuang)(chuang)二(er)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),一(yi)為唐代(dai)建造的“道德經(jing)幢(chuang)(chuang)”,石質,通高七米,呈六面(mian)(mian)形,分為三截,共(gong)十八面(mian)(mian),上刻(ke)有(you)老子《道德經(jing)》。據《襄都區志》載,經(jing)幢(chuang)(chuang)文(wen)字系唐代(dai)大書法家褚遂良所書,為國內僅存的三座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)同類經(jing)幢(chuang)(chuang)之(zhi)一(yi),極具歷史價值,另一(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)建于(yu)后梁乾化年間(911一(yi)915年)的唐代(dai)尊勝陀羅尼經(jing)幢(chuang)(chuang),刻(ke)《陀羅尼經(jing)》一(yi)部,并題有(you)“印度副使李(li)逢書”等字樣(yang),雕刻(ke)精細。今為不多見的浮雕珍(zhen)品。寺(si)(si)后原有(you)寶塔(ta)(ta)一(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),名曰“園照塔(ta)(ta)”,現已不存。
影壁
原寺門(men)前(qian)有(you)大型(xing)(xing)影壁(bi)(bi)一(yi)座,影壁(bi)(bi)上有(you)滾龍(long)團花、系彩色硫璃瓦(wa)拼砌(qi)(qi)而成,飛龍(long)姿(zi)態雄健、造(zao)型(xing)(xing)優(you)美(mei),且暴出(chu)影壁(bi)(bi)數寸,活(huo)靈(ling)活(huo)現,頗有(you)欲(yu)躍欲(yu)飛的(de)神態。雕塑之細(xi)膩逼(bi)真,砌(qi)(qi)工之高(gao)超(chao)卓絕,均為北方所罕見。據史(shi)(shi)志(zhi)描(miao)寫(xie)的(de)盛況,每當住持法師摶授教義,前(qian)來聽講者“僧眾數千”,“暮煙繚繞,僧人唪經(jing)、撞鐘之聲遠(yuan)聞十里之外”。開元寺雖歷經(jing)滄桑,但(dan)雄姿(zi)猶存(cun),開元寺占地(di)45畝,坐北朝南,氣勢(shi)宏(hong)偉。該寺歷代(dai)屢有(you)修葺(qi),現存(cun)殿閣,主要為明代(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格。這些建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)雖歷經(jing)千年滄桑,保存(cun)仍基本完好,不少遺物具有(you)很高(gao)的(de)歷史(shi)(shi)和(he)藝術(shu)價值。