芒果视频下载

基本介紹

《論(lun)讀書》是文(wen)(wen)(wen)藝復興時期英國(guo)哲(zhe)學家、散(san)文(wen)(wen)(wen)家弗(fu)朗西斯·培根創作(zuo)的(de)一篇論(lun)說(shuo)(shuo)散(san)文(wen)(wen)(wen)。全文(wen)(wen)(wen)雖短(duan)卻字(zi)字(zi)珠璣。這(zhe)篇文(wen)(wen)(wen)章不(bu)僅(jin)在用詞(ci)方面多采用莊(zhuang)重典雅(ya)的(de)古語(yu)(yu)詞(ci)、大詞(ci)，著重體(ti)(ti)現作(zuo)者的(de)冷靜、理性，語(yu)(yu)言(yan)富(fu)有卓(zhuo)見，蘊(yun)含哲(zhe)理，而(er)且句(ju)子富(fu)有節(jie)奏感，讀來朗朗上口。句(ju)式多采用并(bing)列式，體(ti)(ti)現語(yu)(yu)言(yan)及(ji)語(yu)(yu)義的(de)平衡美。培根善(shan)用排(pai)比(bi)和(he)比(bi)喻，深入淺(qian)出(chu)地說(shuo)(shuo)明道理。文(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)格言(yan)警(jing)句(ju)層出(chu)不(bu)窮，除連結句(ju)外，幾乎句(ju)句(ju)是警(jing)句(ju)，言(yan)簡(jian)意賅，很(hen)有說(shuo)(shuo)服力。這(zhe)些論(lun)說(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)特色在原(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)體(ti)(ti)現得(de)非常(chang)明顯，堪(kan)稱(cheng)論(lun)說(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)典范。

內容介紹

作品原文

Of Studies

Studies serve for delight, for ornament①, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition② of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling③ of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth④; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning⑤, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute⑥; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things⑦.

Reading makes a full man; conference⑧ a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend⑨. Abeunt studia in mores⑩:Studies pass into the character. Nay, there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but maybe wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen ; for they are cymini sectores?. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind, may have a special receipt?.?

注釋譯文

詞句注釋

①ornament：n.裝飾(shi)；裝飾(shi)物。

②disposition：n.處(chu)置。

③marshalling：n.處理。

④sloth：n.懶惰。

⑤pruning：n.修剪；剪枝。

⑥confute：vt.駁斥，駁倒。

⑦flashy things：索然(ran)無(wu)味的東西。

⑧conference：n.談話，會談。

⑨contend：vt & vi. 辯論(lun)。

⑩Abeunt studia in mores：拉丁(ding)文，學問塑造氣質(zhi)（Studies influence manners）。

?cymini sectores：善于區分細節的人（splitters of hairs）。

?receipt：n.處方(fang)。

中文譯文

論讀書

讀書(shu)(shu)足(zu)(zu)(zu)以怡(yi)情，足(zu)(zu)(zu)以博(bo)才，足(zu)(zu)(zu)以長才。其(qi)(qi)怡(yi)情也(ye)，最(zui)(zui)見(jian)于獨(du)處幽居之時；其(qi)(qi)博(bo)才也(ye)，最(zui)(zui)見(jian)于高談闊論之中；其(qi)(qi)長才也(ye)，最(zui)(zui)見(jian)于處世判事(shi)之際(ji)。練達之士雖能分別處理細事(shi)或一一判別枝節，然(ran)縱觀統(tong)籌、全(quan)(quan)(quan)局策劃，則(ze)舍(she)好學深思(si)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)莫屬。讀書(shu)(shu)費時過(guo)多易惰，文采藻飾太盛則(ze)矯，全(quan)(quan)(quan)憑(ping)條文斷(duan)事(shi)乃學究故態。讀書(shu)(shu)補天然(ran)之不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)(zu)，經驗(yan)又補讀書(shu)(shu)之不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)(zu)，蓋天生才干猶如自然(ran)花(hua)草，讀書(shu)(shu)然(ran)后知如何修剪(jian)移接；而書(shu)(shu)中所(suo)示，如不(bu)(bu)以經驗(yan)范之，則(ze)又大而無當。有一技之長者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)鄙讀書(shu)(shu)，無知者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)羨讀書(shu)(shu)，唯明智之士用(yong)(yong)(yong)讀書(shu)(shu)，然(ran)書(shu)(shu)并不(bu)(bu)以用(yong)(yong)(yong)處告(gao)人，用(yong)(yong)(yong)書(shu)(shu)之智不(bu)(bu)在(zai)書(shu)(shu)中，而在(zai)書(shu)(shu)外，全(quan)(quan)(quan)憑(ping)觀察得之。讀書(shu)(shu)時不(bu)(bu)可(ke)存(cun)心(xin)詰(jie)難作(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，不(bu)(bu)可(ke)盡信書(shu)(shu)上所(suo)言，亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)只(zhi)為尋章摘句(ju)，而應(ying)推敲細思(si)。書(shu)(shu)有可(ke)淺嘗(chang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，有可(ke)吞食者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，少(shao)數(shu)則(ze)須咀嚼(jiao)消化。換言之，有只(zhi)須讀其(qi)(qi)部分者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，有只(zhi)須大體涉獵者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，少(shao)數(shu)則(ze)須全(quan)(quan)(quan)讀，讀時須全(quan)(quan)(quan)神貫注(zhu)，孜(zi)孜(zi)不(bu)(bu)倦。書(shu)(shu)亦(yi)可(ke)請人代讀，取(qu)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)作(zuo)摘要，但(dan)只(zhi)限題材較次或價值不(bu)(bu)高者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，否則(ze)書(shu)(shu)經提煉(lian)猶如水經蒸餾、淡而無味矣(yi)。

讀(du)書使(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)充(chong)實，討(tao)論(lun)使(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)機(ji)智(zhi)，筆記使(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)準確。因此(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)常(chang)作筆記者須(xu)記憶特強，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)常(chang)討(tao)論(lun)者須(xu)天生聰穎，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)常(chang)讀(du)書者須(xu)欺世有(you)(you)術，始(shi)能無知而顯有(you)(you)知。讀(du)史(shi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)明智(zhi)，讀(du)詩(shi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)靈(ling)秀，數學(xue)(xue)使(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)周(zhou)密(mi)，科學(xue)(xue)使(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)深刻(ke)，倫理學(xue)(xue)使(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)莊重，邏輯修(xiu)辭之(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)使(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)善辯(bian)：凡有(you)(you)所(suo)學(xue)(xue)，皆(jie)成性(xing)格。人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)智(zhi)但(dan)有(you)(you)滯礙，無不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)讀(du)適當之(zhi)(zhi)書使(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)順暢，一(yi)如(ru)身體百病，皆(jie)可(ke)借相宜之(zhi)(zhi)運動(dong)除之(zhi)(zhi)。滾球利(li)(li)睪腎，射箭(jian)利(li)(li)胸(xiong)肺，慢步利(li)(li)腸胃，騎術利(li)(li)頭(tou)腦，諸如(ru)此(ci)類。如(ru)智(zhi)力不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)集中，可(ke)令(ling)讀(du)數學(xue)(xue)，蓋演(yan)題須(xu)全(quan)神貫注，稍有(you)(you)分散即(ji)須(xu)重演(yan)；如(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能辨(bian)異，可(ke)令(ling)讀(du)經院(yuan)哲學(xue)(xue)，蓋是輩皆(jie)吹(chui)毛(mao)求(qiu)疵之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)；如(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)善求(qiu)同(tong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)善以一(yi)物闡證另一(yi)物，可(ke)令(ling)讀(du)律師之(zhi)(zhi)案卷。如(ru)此(ci)頭(tou)腦中凡有(you)(you)缺陷，皆(jie)有(you)(you)特藥可(ke)醫。

（王佐良譯）

背景介紹

文藝復興時期，人(ren)文主義者關心人(ren)本身，把完美的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)作為自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)理想。為救(jiu)治與教化(hua)有(you)弱點(dian)與弊病的(de)(de)(de)凡人(ren)，當時的(de)(de)(de)文章常帶有(you)教誨目的(de)(de)(de)。《論讀書》就是(shi)在這樣的(de)(de)(de)歷史背景下創作的(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)《培根隨筆(bi)》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)一篇(pian)重要的(de)(de)(de)文章，發表于(yu)1653年。

作者介紹

弗朗西斯(si)·培(pei)(pei)根（Francis Bacon，1561年1月(yue)22日(ri)—1626年4月(yue)9日(ri)），第一代(dai)圣(sheng)阿爾(er)本(ben)子(zi)爵（1st Viscount St Alban），英(ying)國文(wen)藝復興時期散文(wen)家、哲(zhe)學(xue)(xue)家。英(ying)國唯物主(zhu)義哲(zhe)學(xue)(xue)家，實驗(yan)(yan)科學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)創始人，是近代(dai)歸(gui)納法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)創始人，又是給科學(xue)(xue)研究程序進行邏輯(ji)組織化的(de)(de)(de)(de)先驅。培(pei)(pei)根12歲入劍橋大(da)學(xue)(xue)，后擔任女王特別法(fa)律顧問以及朝廷的(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)席檢(jian)察官、掌(zhang)璽大(da)臣等(deng)(deng)。晚年，受宮(gong)廷陰謀逐(zhu)出(chu)宮(gong)廷，脫離政(zheng)治生(sheng)涯，專心從事學(xue)(xue)術(shu)研究和(he)著述活動，寫(xie)成(cheng)了一批在近代(dai)文(wen)學(xue)(xue)思(si)想史(shi)上具(ju)有(you)重(zhong)大(da)影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)著作，其中(zhong)最重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一部(bu)是《偉(wei)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復興新工具(ju)論》。另外，他(ta)以哲(zhe)學(xue)(xue)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)眼(yan)光(guang)，思(si)考了廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)人生(sheng)問題，寫(xie)出(chu)了許(xu)多形式短小、風(feng)格(ge)活潑的(de)(de)(de)(de)隨筆(bi)小品，集成(cheng)《培(pei)(pei)根隨筆(bi)》。1626年3月(yue)底，培(pei)(pei)根由于身體孱(chan)弱，在實驗(yan)(yan)中(zhong)遭受風(feng)寒，支氣管炎(yan)復發，病情惡化。1626年4月(yue)9日(ri)清晨(chen)病逝。主(zhu)要(yao)著作有(you)《新工具(ju)》《論科學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)增進》以及《學(xue)(xue)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)偉(wei)大(da)復興》等(deng)(deng)。

鑒賞評價

文學賞析

詞匯分析

《論讀(du)書》這篇隨筆，文字干凈利落，多用古語詞(ci)（archaism）和大詞(ci)（big words），語言(yan)顯得莊重、典雅，給(gei)人以厚重、正式的(de)感覺。詞(ci)的(de)運用幾(ji)乎未選(xuan)possibly, perhaps, probably, inmy opinion 等謙遜、客氣、模棱兩可的(de)詞(ci)。

文中(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)到的(de)(de)文言詞(ci)有(you)：marshalling, humour, maketh, doth, stond, discourse。這(zhe)些詞(ci)的(de)(de)使用(yong)就像古(gu)漢語中(zhong)(zhong)“之”、“乎”、“者”、“也”詞(ci)匯的(de)(de)使用(yong)一樣，給人一種古(gu)老、厚重的(de)(de)感覺。

文(wen)中還用到一些現代英語詞的古用法(fa)形式。其(qi)中很多詞今(jin)天已經不再具備(bei)它原有的語法(fa)和語義功能。它們和中國(guo)的文(wen)言(yan)文(wen)一樣具有特定(ding)歷史(shi)時(shi)期(qi)的語言(yan)色(se)彩。例(li)如：proyning = pruning, subtile = subtle, stond = hindrance, stoppage, receipt = recipe, nay = no, like as = as, except = unless, else = or else, never = ever, natural philosophy= natural science, in the wit = in themind, bounded in = checked, disposition = management。

文中還有兩處(chu)使用了(le)拉丁語，這(zhe)是作者的(de)偏(pian)好，認(ren)為(wei)拉丁語能流傳長久，能給(gei)文章增添古色古香的(de)味道。“Abeunt studia in mores”一句，培根在Advancement of Leaning 一文中的(de)解釋為(wei)：“studieshave an influence upon the manners of those that are conversant in them”，意為(wei)：“專心學問者，性格也受陶(tao)冶。”Cymini sectores = hair-splitters，即“過分(fen)講究細節的(de)人”。

文中還用到(dao)一些(xie)大詞，例(li)如：ornament, disposition, contradict, confute, attention, extracts, conference, cunmng, impediment, demonstrations，等等。這些(xie)詞給人一種高雅、莊嚴(yan)的色(se)彩感覺，適于(yu)嚴(yan)肅、正式的場合。

句式分析

并列句

《論讀書(shu)》這篇文(wen)章句(ju)(ju)式(shi)單(dan)(dan)一(yi)(yi)，19個句(ju)(ju)子(zi)就有12個句(ju)(ju)子(zi)采用(yong)(yong)了并列結構，體(ti)現了語(yu)言的(de)平衡(heng)美(mei)。這樣的(de)文(wen)章樸實大(da)方，讀起來毫無矯揉(rou)造作之感。盡管(guan)如此，作者還是十(shi)分注意長、短(duan)句(ju)(ju)的(de)交替使用(yong)(yong)，以避免(mian)整齊(qi)劃一(yi)(yi)的(de)句(ju)(ju)式(shi)顯得單(dan)(dan)調乏味(wei)，從而使行文(wen)更富節奏感。例如：

Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to content.

這是由分號(hao)(hao)連結起(qi)來(lai)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個并(bing)(bing)列句(ju)。第(di)一(yi)(yi)個分號(hao)(hao)之后各句(ju)承前省(sheng)(sheng)略(lve)了make men。這樣的(de)(de)句(ju)子(zi)排列整(zheng)齊，表意鮮(xian)明。并(bing)(bing)列的(de)(de)部分都省(sheng)(sheng)略(lve)前面相同(tong)的(de)(de)成分，重點(dian)突出，使(shi)讀(du)者一(yi)(yi)目了然(ran)，給人以(yi)清晰明快的(de)(de)感覺(jue)。而且平(ping)衡的(de)(de)句(ju)式形成排比風格(ge)，猶如排山倒(dao)海(hai)之勢，頗具說服力。

“關于make的(de)(de)用(yong)法(fa)(fa)，培根在(zai)此篇文章中(zhong)采(cai)用(yong)兩種(zhong)用(yong)法(fa)(fa)，一(yi)是帶(dai)賓(bin)補的(de)(de)用(yong)法(fa)(fa)，即這一(yi)句中(zhong)：histories make men wise；另一(yi)種(zhong)是帶(dai)賓(bin)語的(de)(de)用(yong)法(fa)(fa)，如：reading maketh a full man，作者(zhe)用(yong)make和(he)maketh加以區別make所帶(dai)的(de)(de)不同結構。”

For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling ofaffairs, come best from those that are learned.

這(zhe)一(yi)并(bing)列(lie)句不(bu)(bu)同(tong)于上一(yi)句，這(zhe)句中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)并(bing)列(lie)關系是(shi)由(you)連(lian)詞and，but連(lian)接起來的(de)(de)(de)。每一(yi)個分句不(bu)(bu)如(ru)上句那(nei)么(me)短(duan)(duan)促、明快，而是(shi)多一(yi)些推理(li)和(he)描述(shu)(shu)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)語言，這(zhe)主(zhu)要是(shi)因為(wei)此句中(zhong)作(zuo)者旨在(zai)(zai)分析(xi)讀書給(gei)(gei)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)益處，分析(xi)那(nei)些有經驗的(de)(de)(de)“練達之士雖然(ran)能處理(li)細事(shi)，一(yi)一(yi)判別枝節，然(ran)縱觀統籌，全(quan)局策劃，則非好學(xue)深思多讀書之人(ren)莫屬”（王(wang)佐良譯(yi)）。這(zhe)是(shi)短(duan)(duan)句和(he)長句給(gei)(gei)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)感覺。短(duan)(duan)句，短(duan)(duan)小利落，給(gei)(gei)人(ren)以確信、勿庸置(zhi)疑的(de)(de)(de)味道，多使人(ren)受教；而長句，尤其由(you)連(lian)詞連(lian)接的(de)(de)(de)長句，語氣連(lian)貫、舒緩，善于推理(li)、論述(shu)(shu)，在(zai)(zai)陳述(shu)(shu)和(he)分析(xi)中(zhong)給(gei)(gei)人(ren)以啟迪和(he)思考的(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)。

省略句

Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find and discourse; but to weigh and consider.

這一(yi)句(ju)省略(lve)了表(biao)語(yu) is，全句(ju)結構緊湊(cou)、表(biao)意突出，具有言簡意賅的(de)強烈(lie)效果。三個(ge)否定(ding)詞(ci)not，nor，nor的(de)使用把“讀(du)書不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)為(wei)了要辯駁，不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)要盲(mang)目信從，不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)要尋找談資”排(pai)列得緊湊(cou)整齊，強烈(lie)地表(biao)達了作(zuo)者否定(ding)的(de)語(yu)氣(qi)(qi)和不(bu)(bu)(bu)贊成的(de)態度。最后以一(yi)個(ge)轉折詞(ci)but連接(jie)收(shou)尾，簡潔有力，語(yu)氣(qi)(qi)上由(you)否定(ding)轉向肯定(ding)，給人一(yi)種義(yi)正詞(ci)嚴、豁然開朗的(de)感受。由(you)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)要”、“不(bu)(bu)(bu)要”、“不(bu)(bu)(bu)要”轉為(wei)“而要權衡和思考”，給人留(liu)下深刻(ke)的(de)印(yin)象，很有說服(fu)力。

復合句

復(fu)合(he)句(ju)(ju)的(de)使用有(you)并(bing)列(lie)句(ju)(ju)所(suo)不及(ji)的(de)文體功能，即善于表(biao)現事(shi)物間的(de)種種復(fu)雜關系，“在復(fu)合(he)句(ju)(ju)中，主(zhu)(zhu)句(ju)(ju)結(jie)構獨立，從(cong)句(ju)(ju)依(yi)附于主(zhu)(zhu)句(ju)(ju)；從(cong)句(ju)(ju)所(suo)表(biao)達的(de)概念是對主(zhu)(zhu)句(ju)(ju)意義的(de)補(bu)充、解釋(shi)或限定”。

They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience:for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in experience.

這一(yi)句(ju)(ju)中(zhong)的(de)主句(ju)(ju)后帶有一(yi)個由連詞(ci)(ci)for引(yin)導(dao)的(de)原因(yin)(yin)狀語從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)，從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)中(zhong)有主句(ju)(ju)、由that引(yin)導(dao)的(de)定(ding)語從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)和由except引(yin)導(dao)的(de)條件(jian)從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)。原因(yin)(yin)狀語從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)用來(lai)(lai)解釋(shi)讀書(shu)和經(jing)驗的(de)互補關系；定(ding)語從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)是補充說明“天生的(de)才干猶如(ru)天然花木，須靠(kao)讀書(shu)修剪枝葉”。條件(jian)從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)是用來(lai)(lai)限制“讀書(shu)如(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)以經(jing)驗范之，則又大而無當”（王(wang)佐良(liang)譯）。語義雖(sui)然冗繁復雜，但使用不(bu)(bu)(bu)同從(cong)(cong)句(ju)(ju)的(de)關系連詞(ci)(ci)來(lai)(lai)引(yin)導(dao)，則又顯得條理十分清楚。這是并列句(ju)(ju)乃至其他(ta)句(ju)(ju)式所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)比擬(ni)的(de)文(wen)體功能(neng)優勢。

修辭特點

排比

排比就是把結構相同、意(yi)氣并(bing)重、語(yu)氣一致的(de)詞組(zu)或(huo)句子排列成串，形成一個整體。《論讀書》中這樣(yang)的(de)結構隨(sui)處可見(jian)，而且作者運用得當，很有氣勢。

To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humour ofa scholar.

三個(ge)同樣的不定式結(jie)構語氣一(yi)致，分(fen)析褥淋漓盡致、準確生動。這種排比(bi)結(jie)構用來說明(ming)和(he)定論，不僅結(jie)構嚴謹整齊，而且(qie)文章(zhang)的節(jie)奏也勻稱悅(yue)耳(er)，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提(ti)高了語言的表現力。

優美的(de)散文(wen)之(zhi)所以(yi)能給人們的(de)聽覺帶(dai)來美的(de)享(xiang)受，在(zai)很大程度上應歸功于其(qi)優美的(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)。散文(wen)的(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)雖不像詩的(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)那樣有固定的(de)模(mo)式和規律，但作家總是(shi)(shi)注意(yi)選擇某種節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)，使(shi)節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)成(cheng)為烘托(tuo)語(yu)義的(de)一種表達手段；而文(wen)學批評家則(ze)總是(shi)(shi)把節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)看作“文(wen)體風格的(de)組成(cheng)部分（anintegral part of the style）”。S.H. Burton在(zai)《The Criticism ofProse》一書中指出(chu)：早期英語(yu)散文(wen)的(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)多(duo)是(shi)(shi)靠排(pai)比(bi)結構(gou)予以(yi)實現(xian)的(de)。在(zai)《論(lun)讀書》這篇散文(wen)中，培根(gen)就十分注重(zhong)使(shi)用排(pai)比(bi)結構(gou)來實現(xian)節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)美，還注意(yi)交替(ti)使(shi)用并列句和復合句來體現(xian)節(jie)(jie)(jie)奏(zou)(zou)感。例如：

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.

比喻

培根善用形(xing)象(xiang)的(de)比(bi)喻深(shen)(shen)入淺出地說明一個道(dao)(dao)理，因而文中充(chong)滿(man)了諸(zhu)如(ru)taste, swallow, chew, digest等比(bi)喻。“Natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study”，是(shi)說天生的(de)才干需(xu)要(yao)(yao)知識來磨練就像草木需(xu)要(yao)(yao)修枝剪葉一樣；“some books are to be tasted, others to beswallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested”，是(shi)說讀(du)書(shu)猶如(ru)吃食(shi)物，“有的(de)書(shu)淺嘗即可，有的(de)書(shu)可以狼吞虎(hu)咽，少數則須咀嚼消化”（王(wang)(wang)楫 譯）。“else distilled books are, likecommon distilled waters, flashy things”，這一句是(shi)說“書(shu)經(jing)提(ti)煉(lian)猶如(ru)水經(jing)蒸(zheng)餾，淡而無(wu)味矣”（王(wang)(wang)佐良譯）。這些深(shen)(shen)刻的(de)讀(du)書(shu)之道(dao)(dao)，若不是(shi)用這么(me)形(xing)象(xiang)的(de)比(bi)喻，很難達到(dao)這么(me)通俗易懂的(de)效果，形(xing)象(xiang)的(de)比(bi)喻用得(de)恰到(dao)好處(chu)，令人信(xin)服(fu)。

語言特色

《論讀書》全文(wen)沒有(you)分段，一氣呵成(cheng)。文(wen)中短句(ju)多，并列句(ju)多，標點多。像(xiang)培根這樣的文(wen)風(feng)在當時被稱為“松散、自由的風(feng)格（loose and free style）”（1987: 340）。文(wen)中不大使用復合結構，并列句(ju)中各個意思(si)都處于平等的地位，一個接一個說下去，逐(zhu)步深入。因此，并列連詞(ci)（and, but, for, nor 等）遠遠多于主從連詞(ci)（as, smce, because等）。“這類文(wen)章，雖則(ze)是松散自由的，它還是很講究修辭”，排比和比喻隨處可見。

全篇文章(zhang)旨在(zai)強調讀書的功(gong)效，作者(zhe)相信(xin)人(ren)(ren)們頭(tou)腦中一切病端都有辦法救治，而讀書就是一劑萬能的良藥。這種對人(ren)(ren)的自我完(wan)善(shan)的渴求(qiu)及確信(xin)必(bi)達目的之抱負(fu)，反映(ying)了(le)文藝復興時代崇尚理(li)性、相信(xin)人(ren)(ren)的力量和人(ren)(ren)具(ju)有無限潛力的“人(ren)(ren)文主(zhu)義精神(shen)”。

為(wei)反映(ying)作者的(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)靜(jing)、理(li)性和自信(xin)的(de)(de)(de)態度，文(wen)章(zhang)也采用簡(jian)潔這一(yi)風格。“簡(jian)潔就是言簡(jian)意賅。文(wen)章(zhang)沒有多余(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)詞(ci)，沒有多余(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)句，但內容又很豐富，含義也很深(shen)刻(ke)。”例如：

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament,is in discourse, and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition ofbusiness...

這個句子寫得干凈利落，讓人聽來(lai)仿佛(fo)覺得作者(zhe)在述說(shuo)一條千真萬確(que)的真理(li)，語氣(qi)肯定，絲毫未表現謙遜、遲(chi)疑(yi)和含混的語氣(qi)。

外界評價

天(tian)文學家(jia)、科普作(zuo)家(jia)卞(bian)毓麟《恬(tian)淡悠閱——卞(bian)毓麟書(shu)(shu)事選錄》：“英國思想家(jia)、哲學家(jia)、實驗科學的先(xian)驅者弗朗西斯·培根的一篇Of Studies，400年來引得世(shi)上多少讀(du)(du)者競折腰(yao)。數十(shi)年前讀(du)(du)王佐良先(xian)生的譯(yi)文（篇名譯(yi)為《談讀(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)》），唯覺詞清句(ju)麗(li)，妙不可(ke)言。……”

上海師范大學人文(wen)與(yu)傳播學院教(jiao)授劉文(wen)榮《經(jing)典作家談書與(yu)讀書》：“全文(wen)不足兩千字，卻(que)將讀書之(zhi)功用、讀書之(zhi)方法(fa)及(ji)讀書與(yu)性格之(zhi)關系一(yi)一(yi)道來(lai)，且句(ju)句(ju)有理(li)，實為言(yan)簡(jian)意賅之(zhi)典范。”

天(tian)津外(wai)國語大(da)學教授馬鐘元《每天(tian)讀(du)點(dian)英(ying)文(wen)英(ying)美文(wen)化常識全集 超值(zhi)(zhi)白金版》：“《論(lun)讀(du)書(shu)(shu)》是弗朗(lang)西(xi)斯·培(pei)根的(de)(de)(de)《散文(wen)集》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)篇(pian)(pian)，其(qi)(qi)文(wen)風以簡潔(jie)、緊湊(cou)和有力而(er)著稱。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，《論(lun)讀(du)書(shu)(shu)》是最膾炙人口的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)篇(pian)(pian)。在(zai)文(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，培(pei)根分析了讀(du)書(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)目的(de)(de)(de)、讀(du)書(shu)(shu)所應采用的(de)(de)(de)不同方式以及(ji)讀(du)書(shu)(shu)對人的(de)(de)(de)性格的(de)(de)(de)影響。文(wen)章最精彩(cai)的(de)(de)(de)地方不僅在(zai)于其(qi)(qi)論(lun)據具有說服(fu)(fu)力，而(er)且(qie)在(zai)于遣詞造句(ju)(ju)、句(ju)(ju)型(xing)和結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)優(you)美。……總之，本文(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)運用了許(xu)多寫作技(ji)巧(qiao)。整(zheng)體(ti)行文(wen)語句(ju)(ju)優(you)美，用詞準(zhun)確，令人信服(fu)(fu)。《論(lun)讀(du)書(shu)(shu)》是一(yi)篇(pian)(pian)優(you)美散文(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)典范(fan)，值(zhi)(zhi)得仔細(xi)咀嚼。”