獸藥殘留產生原因
1、非法使用
我(wo)國農(nong)業部在2003年(265)號公告中(zhong)(zhong)明文規定(ding),不得(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)不符合《獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao)標簽(qian)和說明書管理辦法》規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao)產(chan)品,不得(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)《食品動物禁(jin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao)及其(qi)他化合物清單》所(suo)列(lie)21類藥(yao)物及未經農(nong)業部批準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao),不得(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)進口國明令(ling)禁(jin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao),畜(chu)禽產(chan)品中(zhong)(zhong)不得(de)檢出禁(jin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)物。但事實上,養殖(zhi)戶為了追求(qiu)最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益,將禁(jin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)物當作添(tian)加(jia)劑使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象相當普(pu)遍,如(ru)飼料中(zhong)(zhong)添(tian)加(jia)鹽酸克侖特羅(瘦肉精)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)豬(zhu)肉中(zhong)(zhong)毒事件等(deng)。
2、不遵守規定
休(xiu)藥期(qi)的(de)(de)長短與藥物(wu)在(zai)動物(wu)體內的(de)(de)消除率和殘留量(liang)有關(guan),而且與動物(wu)種類(lei),用(yong)藥劑量(liang)和給藥途徑有關(guan)。國家(jia)對有些獸藥特別(bie)是藥物(wu)飼料添(tian)加劑都規定(ding)(ding)了休(xiu)藥期(qi),但是大部分(fen)養(yang)殖場(chang)(戶)使用(yong)含藥物(wu)添(tian)加劑的(de)(de)飼料時很少(shao)按規定(ding)(ding)施行休(xiu)藥期(qi)。
3、濫用藥物
在養(yang)殖過程中,普遍存在長期使(shi)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)添加劑(ji),隨意(yi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)新或高(gao)效(xiao)抗生(sheng)素(su),大(da)量使(shi)用(yong)(yong)醫用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)等現象。此外,還大(da)量存在不符合用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)劑(ji)量、給藥(yao)(yao)途徑(jing)、用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)部位和用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)動物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)類等用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)規(gui)定以及重復(fu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)幾種(zhong)商品名不同(tong)(tong)但(dan)成分相同(tong)(tong)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)的現象。所(suo)有這些因素(su)都(dou)能造(zao)成藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)在體內過量積累,導致(zhi)獸藥(yao)(yao)殘留。
4、違背有關規定
《獸藥(yao)(yao)管理條例》明確規定,標簽(qian)必須寫明獸藥(yao)(yao)的主要(yao)成(cheng)(cheng)分及其含量等。可(ke)是有些獸藥(yao)(yao)企(qi)業(ye)為了逃避報批(pi),在產(chan)品中(zhong)添(tian)加一些化學物質,但不在標簽(qian)中(zhong)進(jin)行說明,從而造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)用戶盲(mang)目用藥(yao)(yao)。這些違規做法(fa)均可(ke)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)獸藥(yao)(yao)殘留超標。
5、屠宰前用藥
屠宰(zai)前(qian)(qian)使用獸(shou)藥(yao)用來掩飾有病畜禽(qin)臨床癥狀,以逃避(bi)宰(zai)前(qian)(qian)檢驗,這也能造成肉食(shi)畜產品中的獸(shou)藥(yao)殘(can)留。此(ci)外,在休藥(yao)期結(jie)束(shu)前(qian)(qian)屠宰(zai)動物(wu)同樣能造成獸(shou)藥(yao)殘(can)留量超標。
獸藥殘留的危害有哪些
1、對人體的直接毒性作
(1)急、慢性毒性
獸(shou)藥(yao)殘(can)(can)留(liu)由(you)于(yu)濃度低(di),加(jia)上人們食(shi)用數量有(you)限,大多數藥(yao)物(wu)并不能由(you)于(yu)殘(can)(can)留(liu)引起(qi)急性(xing)毒(du)性(xing),但也有(you)少(shao)(shao)數人,由(you)于(yu)吃(chi)了含有(you)藥(yao)物(wu)殘(can)(can)留(liu)的動(dong)物(wu)性(xing)食(shi)品(pin)而(er)發生急性(xing)中毒(du),前面所提到(dao)的廣東、浙江等(deng)地吃(chi)了含鹽酸克侖特羅(luo)的豬內(nei)臟(zang)而(er)發生的急性(xing)中毒(du)事例。許(xu)多獸(shou)藥(yao)都有(you)一定(ding)的毒(du)性(xing),據報(bao)道(dao),如現(xian)已淘(tao)汰的氯霉素,就可引起(qi)再生障礙性(xing)貧血,磺胺二(er)甲嘧啶(ding)能誘發人的甲狀腺癌,硝(xiao)基咪唑及硝(xiao)基呋(fu)喃類藥(yao)物(wu),能引起(qi)人體(ti)細胞染色體(ti)突變和致畸胎(tai)作用,如果長(chang)期吃(chi)含有(you)這些藥(yao)物(wu)的動(dong)物(wu)性(xing)食(shi)品(pin),就有(you)可能產生慢性(xing)毒(du)性(xing)作用,由(you)于(yu)目前研究不夠(gou),診斷還跟不上去(qu),故(gu)很少(shao)(shao)見到(dao)這方面的報(bao)道(dao)。
(2)特殊毒性
許多獸藥都(dou)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)畸、致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)突變及(ji)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)癌作用(yong)(稱“三致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”作用(yong)),如(ru)苯丙咪唑類(lei)抗蠕(ru)蟲(chong)藥,通(tong)過抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)細(xi)胞活性(xing)(xing),可殺滅蠕(ru)蟲(chong)及(ji)蟲(chong)卵,抗蠕(ru)蟲(chong)作用(yong)廣泛。然而,這種抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)細(xi)胞活性(xing)(xing)的作用(yong),使其具(ju)(ju)(ju)有潛在的致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)突變性(xing)(xing)和致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)畸性(xing)(xing)。又如(ru)雌激素、硝基呋喃類(lei)及(ji)喹惡(e)啉類(lei),都(dou)已證明具(ju)(ju)(ju)有致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)癌作用(yong)。我記得中國(guo)獸醫藥品監察(cha)所(suo)曾用(yong)喹乙醇作致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)突變試驗的陽性(xing)(xing)對(dui)照物。
在人(ren)(ren)們日常的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong),是不(bu)允許含(han)有任(ren)何量的(de)(de)(de)(de)已知致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai)(ai)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de),對(dui)曾用致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai)(ai)物(wu)(wu)(wu)進行治療或(huo)飼喂過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品動物(wu)(wu)(wu),屠宰時其食(shi)(shi)用部分是不(bu)允許有致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai)(ai)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)殘留(liu)(liu)。否則(ze),人(ren)(ren)們長(chang)期(qi)食(shi)(shi)用含(han)三致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)用藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)殘留(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)性食(shi)(shi)品時,這(zhe)些殘留(liu)(liu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)便會對(dui)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)產生(sheng)有害(hai)作(zuo)用,或(huo)在人(ren)(ren)體(ti)中(zhong)蓄積,最終產生(sheng)致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)癌(ai)(ai)、致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)畸、致(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)突變作(zuo)用。近年(nian)來,人(ren)(ren)群中(zhong)腫瘤(liu)發生(sheng)率不(bu)斷升高(gao),人(ren)(ren)們一直在懷疑這(zhe)與(yu)環境污染及動物(wu)(wu)(wu)性食(shi)(shi)品中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)殘留(liu)(liu)有關。
(3)激素樣作用
激(ji)素(su)類(包括雌激(ji)素(su)與同(tong)化激(ji)素(su)),除用(yong)(yong)于疾(ji)病防治和(he)同(tong)步(bu)發情外,還曾用(yong)(yong)作畜、禽的(de)促生(sheng)長劑,后來發現有致癌作用(yong)(yong),先后被禁(jin)止用(yong)(yong)作促生(sheng)長劑。上世(shi)紀八十年代,美、加因使(shi)用(yong)(yong)激(ji)素(su)作為(wei)(wei)肉(rou)牛促生(sheng)長劑,牛肉(rou)出(chu)口到歐(ou)盟遭到了(le)(le)封(feng)殺,美、加等出(chu)口國(guo)為(wei)(wei)此上訴(su)至WTO,此案歷(li)時了(le)(le)10年,歐(ou)盟雖然敗訴(su),但仍迫使(shi)美、加在出(chu)口牛肉(rou)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中,不(bu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)任何激(ji)素(su)。目(mu)前,我國(guo)一些(xie)人(ren)非法(fa)將這類藥物用(yong)(yong)于畜禽、水產(chan)(chan)養殖,如果(guo)吃(chi)了(le)(le)含有這類藥物殘留(liu)的(de)產(chan)(chan)品,有可能破(po)壞人(ren)機體的(de)激(ji)素(su)平衡,干擾人(ren)的(de)內分泌功能,影響生(sheng)育能力,甚至發生(sheng)癌癥,這不(bu)得(de)不(bu)引起人(ren)們的(de)關(guan)注。
(4)過敏反應
許多抗菌(jun)藥如:青(qing)霉(mei)素(su)(su)、四環素(su)(su)類、磺胺類及某些(xie)(xie)氨基糖甙類等(deng)藥物(wu),均可(ke)引起人的(de)過敏(min)(min)反應(ying),這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)藥物(wu)無論是全身,還是局部(乳(ru)管)用(yong)藥,均可(ke)從乳(ru)汁(zhi)排(pai)出,奶(nai)中的(de)青(qing)霉(mei)素(su)(su)經加(jia)熱都(dou)不能被(bei)完全破壞,喝了殘留(liu)這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)藥物(wu)的(de)奶(nai),引起皮膚瘙癢和蕁麻疹(zhen)屢見不鮮(xian),嚴重(zhong)時(shi),可(ke)出現過敏(min)(min)性休克,甚至危及生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)。當這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)抗菌(jun)藥物(wu)殘留(liu)進入人體(ti)(ti)后,就(jiu)使(shi)敏(min)(min)感人群致敏(min)(min),產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)抗體(ti)(ti),當這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)被(bei)致敏(min)(min)的(de)人,再接(jie)觸這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)抗生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)或用(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)抗生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)治療時(shi),這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)抗生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)就(jiu)會(hui)與抗體(ti)(ti)結合(he)(he),生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)抗原抗體(ti)(ti)復合(he)(he)物(wu),發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)過敏(min)(min)反應(ying)。
2、對人類胃腸道微生物的影響
近年來,國內、外許(xu)多研究者(zhe)認為,有抗(kang)菌(jun)(jun)藥物殘留的(de)動物性食品,可以對人的(de)胃(wei)腸道的(de)正常菌(jun)(jun)群產生不良(liang)影響,部分(fen)敏感(gan)菌(jun)(jun)受抑(yi)制或(huo)被殺(sha)死,耐(nai)藥菌(jun)(jun)或(huo)條件性致病菌(jun)(jun)〔如大(da)腸桿菌(jun)(jun)〕大(da)量繁殖,致使胃(wei)腸道中微(wei)生物平衡遭到(dao)破(po)壞,使機體易發感(gan)染性疾(ji)病,而且由于耐(nai)藥而難以治療。
3、對人類病原菌耐藥性的影響
近年來,獸藥抗菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)廣泛使(shi)(shi)用(yong),細菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)不斷加強(qiang),而且(qie)很多細菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)已(yi)由單一(yi)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)發展到多重耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。動(dong)(dong)物(wu)飼料中(zhong)添(tian)加抗菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)比例很少,造成動(dong)(dong)物(wu)機體(ti)長(chang)期與(yu)低濃(nong)度(du)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)接觸,使(shi)(shi)得耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)不斷增(zeng)多,耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)也不斷增(zeng)強(qiang)。抗菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)殘留在動(dong)(dong)物(wu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)食品中(zhong),同樣道理,也使(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)長(chang)期與(yu)低濃(nong)度(du)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)接觸,導致(zhi)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)內(nei)(nei)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)增(zeng)加。如今,不論是動(dong)(dong)物(wu)體(ti)內(nei)(nei),還(huan)是在人(ren)(ren)體(ti)內(nei)(nei),細菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)已(yi)經到了(le)相當嚴重的(de)程度(du)。現已(yi)證實(shi),細菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)基因可(ke)以在人(ren)(ren)群中(zhong)細菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、動(dong)(dong)物(wu)群中(zhong)細菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)和生(sheng)態系統中(zhong)細菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)間互相傳遞,由此可(ke)導致(zhi)致(zhi)病菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(沙(sha)門氏菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、大腸桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、腸球菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)等)產生(sheng)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing),而引(yin)起人(ren)(ren)類(lei)和動(dong)(dong)物(wu)感染性(xing)(xing)(xing)疾病治(zhi)療的(de)失敗。所(suo)有國家都應建立對(dui)食品動(dong)(dong)物(wu)中(zhong)細菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)監測,對(dui)用(yong)作動(dong)(dong)物(wu)促生(sheng)長(chang)與(yu)治(zhi)療用(yong)抗生(sheng)素(su)和可(ke)引(yin)起交(jiao)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)抗生(sheng)素(su),應禁止使(shi)(shi)用(yong),以免人(ren)(ren)類(lei)醫療資源的(de)浪費(fei)。