一、閃存是什么意思
閃存(cun)(cun)(Flash Memory)是(shi)(shi)一種長壽(shou)命的(de)(de)非易失性(在(zai)斷(duan)電(dian)情況下仍(reng)(reng)能(neng)(neng)保(bao)持所存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)信息)的(de)(de)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)器(qi),數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)刪除(chu)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)個(ge)的(de)(de)字(zi)(zi)節為(wei)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位,而是(shi)(shi)以(yi)固定的(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)塊為(wei)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(注意:NOR Flash為(wei)字(zi)(zi)節存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)。),區(qu)(qu)塊大(da)(da)小一般為(wei)256KB到20MB。閃存(cun)(cun)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)子(zi)可擦除(chu)只讀存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)器(qi)(EEPROM)的(de)(de)變種,閃存(cun)(cun)與EEPROM不(bu)同的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),EEPROM能(neng)(neng)在(zai)字(zi)(zi)節水平上進行刪除(chu)和重寫而不(bu)是(shi)(shi)整(zheng)個(ge)芯片擦寫,而閃存(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)部分芯片需要塊擦除(chu)。由(you)于其斷(duan)電(dian)時仍(reng)(reng)能(neng)(neng)保(bao)存(cun)(cun)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju),閃存(cun)(cun)通常被用來(lai)保(bao)存(cun)(cun)設(she)置信息,如在(zai)電(dian)腦的(de)(de)BIOS(基本程序(xu))、PDA(個(ge)人數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)助理)、數(shu)(shu)(shu)碼相機中(zhong)保(bao)存(cun)(cun)資料等。
二、閃存的存儲原理
要(yao)講(jiang)解閃存的(de)存儲原理,還是要(yao)從EPROM和EEPROM說起。
EPROM是(shi)指(zhi)其(qi)(qi)中的內容可以(yi)通過(guo)特殊手段擦去,然后(hou)重(zhong)新寫入(ru)(ru)。其(qi)(qi)基本單元電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(存(cun)(cun)儲細胞),常采用浮空柵(zha)雪(xue)崩注入(ru)(ru)式MOS電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu),簡稱為FAMOS。它與MOS電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)相似,是(shi)在(zai)N型基片(pian)上生長出兩個高濃度(du)的P型區,通過(guo)歐姆接觸分(fen)別(bie)引(yin)出源極(ji)(ji)(ji)S和漏(lou)極(ji)(ji)(ji)D。在(zai)源極(ji)(ji)(ji)和漏(lou)極(ji)(ji)(ji)之間有一個多晶(jing)硅柵(zha)極(ji)(ji)(ji)浮空在(zai)SiO2絕(jue)緣層中,與四周無直(zhi)接電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)聯接。這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)以(yi)浮空柵(zha)極(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)否(fou)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)來(lai)表示存(cun)(cun)1或者0,浮空柵(zha)極(ji)(ji)(ji)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(譬如負電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷),就在(zai)其(qi)(qi)下面,源極(ji)(ji)(ji)和漏(lou)極(ji)(ji)(ji)之間感應出正的導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)溝道(dao),使(shi)MOS管導(dao)通,即(ji)表示存(cun)(cun)入(ru)(ru)0。若浮空柵(zha)極(ji)(ji)(ji)不帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian),則不形(xing)成導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)溝道(dao),MOS管不導(dao)通,即(ji)存(cun)(cun)入(ru)(ru)1。
EEPROM基本存儲單(dan)元電(dian)路的(de)工(gong)作原理如下圖所示。與EPROM相似(si),它是在EPROM基本單(dan)元電(dian)路的(de)浮(fu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)柵(zha)(zha)的(de)上(shang)面再生成一(yi)個浮(fu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)柵(zha)(zha),前者稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)第一(yi)級浮(fu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)柵(zha)(zha),后(hou)者稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)第二(er)(er)級浮(fu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)柵(zha)(zha)。可給第二(er)(er)級浮(fu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)柵(zha)(zha)引出一(yi)個電(dian)極,使第二(er)(er)級浮(fu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)柵(zha)(zha)極接某一(yi)電(dian)壓VG。若(ruo)(ruo)VG為(wei)(wei)正電(dian)壓,第一(yi)浮(fu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)柵(zha)(zha)極與漏(lou)極之間產生隧道(dao)效應,使電(dian)子注入第一(yi)浮(fu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)柵(zha)(zha)極,即(ji)編(bian)程寫(xie)入。若(ruo)(ruo)使VG為(wei)(wei)負電(dian)壓,強使第一(yi)級浮(fu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)柵(zha)(zha)極的(de)電(dian)子散失,即(ji)擦除(chu)。擦除(chu)后(hou)可重新寫(xie)入。
閃存(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本單(dan)元電(dian)(dian)路,與EEPROM類似,也是由(you)雙(shuang)層(ceng)浮空柵(zha)MOS管(guan)組成。但是第(di)(di)一(yi)層(ceng)柵(zha)介(jie)質很(hen)薄(bo),作為(wei)隧(sui)道氧化層(ceng)。寫(xie)入方法與EEPROM相(xiang)同(tong)(tong),在(zai)第(di)(di)二級浮空柵(zha)加以正電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),使電(dian)(dian)子進入第(di)(di)一(yi)級浮空柵(zha)。讀出方法與EPROM相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。擦(ca)(ca)(ca)除方法是在(zai)源極加正電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)利用第(di)(di)一(yi)級浮空柵(zha)與源極之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)隧(sui)道效(xiao)應,把(ba)注(zhu)入至浮空柵(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負電(dian)(dian)荷吸引到(dao)源極。由(you)于利用源極加正電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)擦(ca)(ca)(ca)除,因此各單(dan)元的(de)(de)(de)(de)源極聯在(zai)一(yi)起,這樣,快擦(ca)(ca)(ca)存(cun)(cun)儲器不能(neng)按字節擦(ca)(ca)(ca)除,而是全片(pian)或(huo)分塊擦(ca)(ca)(ca)除。 到(dao)后(hou)來,隨(sui)著半導體(ti)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)改進,閃存(cun)(cun)也實(shi)現了(le)單(dan)晶(jing)體(ti)管(guan)(1T)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計,主要就是在(zai)原有的(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)體(ti)管(guan)上加入了(le)浮動柵(zha)和選擇(ze)柵(zha),
在源極和(he)漏(lou)極之間(jian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)單向傳導(dao)的(de)半(ban)導(dao)體上形(xing)成貯存電(dian)(dian)子的(de)浮(fu)動(dong)(dong)棚(peng)。浮(fu)動(dong)(dong)柵(zha)包裹(guo)著一層硅氧(yang)化膜(mo)絕緣體。它的(de)上面(mian)是(shi)在源極和(he)漏(lou)極之間(jian)控制傳導(dao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)選擇(ze)/控制柵(zha)。數(shu)據是(shi)0或1取決(jue)于在硅底板(ban)上形(xing)成的(de)浮(fu)動(dong)(dong)柵(zha)中是(shi)否有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)子。有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)子為0,無(wu)電(dian)(dian)子為1。
閃存(cun)就如(ru)同其(qi)名字(zi)一樣(yang),寫入前刪(shan)除數據進(jin)行初(chu)始化(hua)。具體(ti)說(shuo)就是從所(suo)有浮動(dong)柵(zha)中(zhong)導出電子。即將有所(suo)數據歸“1”。
寫入(ru)(ru)時(shi)(shi)只有數據為0時(shi)(shi)才進行寫入(ru)(ru),數據為1時(shi)(shi)則什(shen)么也不做。寫入(ru)(ru)0時(shi)(shi),向(xiang)柵(zha)(zha)電極(ji)和(he)(he)漏極(ji)施加高電壓,增加在源極(ji)和(he)(he)漏極(ji)之間(jian)傳導(dao)的電子能量(liang)。這(zhe)樣一來,電子就會突破氧(yang)化膜絕緣體,進入(ru)(ru)浮動柵(zha)(zha)。
讀(du)取數(shu)(shu)據時,向(xiang)柵(zha)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)施(shi)加一定(ding)的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya),電(dian)(dian)流大為(wei)1,電(dian)(dian)流小則定(ding)為(wei)0。浮動柵(zha)沒(mei)有電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(數(shu)(shu)據為(wei)1)下,在柵(zha)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)施(shi)加電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態時向(xiang)漏(lou)極(ji)施(shi)加電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya),源極(ji)和漏(lou)極(ji)之(zhi)間(jian)由于大量(liang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的移動,就會產生電(dian)(dian)流。而(er)在浮動柵(zha)有電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(數(shu)(shu)據為(wei)0)下,溝道中(zhong)傳導的電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)就會減少。因為(wei)施(shi)加在柵(zha)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)被浮動柵(zha)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸收(shou)后,很難對溝道產生影(ying)響。
三、閃存和硬盤的區別
優點
1.閃存(cun)的(de)(de)體積小。并不(bu)(bu)是說閃存(cun)的(de)(de)集(ji)成度就一(yi)定會高(gao)。微硬(ying)盤(pan)(pan)做的(de)(de)這么大一(yi)塊主要(yao)原因就是微硬(ying)盤(pan)(pan)不(bu)(bu)能做的(de)(de)小過閃存(cun),并不(bu)(bu)代(dai)表微硬(ying)盤(pan)(pan)的(de)(de)集(ji)成度就不(bu)(bu)高(gao)。
2.相(xiang)對于(yu)硬盤來說閃存(cun)結構不(bu)(bu)怕震(zhen),更抗摔。硬盤最(zui)怕的就(jiu)是強烈震(zhen)動。雖然(ran)我們使用的時候可以很小心(xin),但老虎也(ye)有打(da)盹的時候,不(bu)(bu)怕一萬就(jiu)怕萬一。
3.閃存可以提供更快的數據讀(du)取速度,硬盤則受(shou)到轉速的限(xian)制。
4.閃存存儲數據(ju)更加安全,原(yuan)因包括:
(1)其(qi)非機械結構,因此移動并(bing)不(bu)會對它的(de)讀寫產生影(ying)響;
(2)廣泛(fan)應用(yong)的機械(xie)型硬(ying)盤的使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命與讀寫(xie)次數(shu)和(he)讀寫(xie)速度關系非常大,而閃存受影響不大;
(3)硬盤的寫入是靠磁性來寫入,閃存(cun)則采(cai)用電壓,數據不會因為(wei)時間而消除。
5.質量更輕。
缺點
1、材料(liao)貴,所以單位容(rong)量更(geng)貴。
2、讀(du)寫速度相對較(jiao)慢。
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