無人機系統的基本結構介紹
無人(ren)(ren)機(ji)(ji)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)主要包(bao)括飛(fei)機(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)體、飛(fei)控系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、數(shu)據鏈(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、發(fa)射回收(shou)(shou)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、電源系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)等。飛(fei)控系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)又(you)稱為(wei)飛(fei)行管(guan)理與(yu)控制系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),相當于無人(ren)(ren)機(ji)(ji)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)“心臟(zang)”部分,對無人(ren)(ren)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)、數(shu)據傳輸(shu)的(de)(de)可靠性(xing)、精確(que)度、實時(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)等都有重要影響,對其飛(fei)行性(xing)能(neng)起決定(ding)性(xing)的(de)(de)作用;數(shu)據鏈(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可以(yi)(yi)保(bao)(bao)證對遙控指令的(de)(de)準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)傳輸(shu),以(yi)(yi)及無人(ren)(ren)機(ji)(ji)接收(shou)(shou)、發(fa)送(song)信息的(de)(de)實時(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)和(he)可靠性(xing),以(yi)(yi)保(bao)(bao)證信息反饋的(de)(de)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)有效性(xing)和(he)順(shun)利(li)、準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)的(de)(de)完成任務。發(fa)射回收(shou)(shou)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)保(bao)(bao)證無人(ren)(ren)機(ji)(ji)順(shun)利(li)升空以(yi)(yi)達到(dao)安全(quan)的(de)(de)高度和(he)速度飛(fei)行,并在執行完任務后(hou)從天空安全(quan)回落(luo)到(dao)地面。
無(wu)人機是(shi)一(yi)種自(zi)帶動力的(de)、無(wu)線電遙控或自(zi)主飛行(xing)的(de)、能執行(xing)多種任(ren)務并能多次使(shi)用的(de)無(wu)人駕駛飛行(xing)器。要實現無(wu)人機的(de)自(zi)主飛行(xing)、順(shun)利完成(cheng)指定任(ren)務,其飛行(xing)控制(zhi)、導航與制(zhi)導是(shi)最(zui)關鍵的(de)技術(shu)。
無(wu)(wu)人(ren)機(ji)自動飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)控制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本任務(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)當(dang)無(wu)(wu)人(ren)機(ji)在(zai)空中受到干擾時保持飛(fei)(fei)機(ji)姿態(tai)與航(hang)(hang)跡(ji)的(de)(de)穩定(ding),以及按地(di)面(mian)無(wu)(wu)線傳(chuan)輸指令的(de)(de)要求,改(gai)變飛(fei)(fei)機(ji)姿態(tai)與航(hang)(hang)跡(ji),并完(wan)成導(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)計(ji)算、遙測數(shu)據(ju)傳(chuan)送、任務(wu)(wu)控制(zhi)與管理等。無(wu)(wu)人(ren)機(ji)導(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本任務(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)控制(zhi)無(wu)(wu)人(ren)機(ji)按照預(yu)定(ding)的(de)(de)任務(wu)(wu)航(hang)(hang)路(lu)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)。實現導(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本條(tiao)件是(shi)(shi)必須能夠確定(ding)無(wu)(wu)人(ren)機(ji)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)實時位置和速度等相(xiang)關參數(shu)信息。制(zhi)導(dao)(dao)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本任務(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)確定(ding)無(wu)(wu)人(ren)機(ji)與目標(biao)的(de)(de)相(xiang)對位置,操(cao)縱無(wu)(wu)人(ren)機(ji)飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing),在(zai)一定(ding)的(de)(de)準確度下,引(yin)導(dao)(dao)無(wu)(wu)人(ren)機(ji)沿(yan)預(yu)定(ding)的(de)(de)軌(gui)跡(ji)飛(fei)(fei)向(xiang)目標(biao)。對于無(wu)(wu)人(ren)機(ji)來(lai)說(shuo),在(zai)自動飛(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)控制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎上,導(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)、制(zhi)導(dao)(dao)和飛(fei)(fei)控系(xi)統(tong)之間是(shi)(shi)相(xiang)互聯系(xi)的(de)(de)。
無人機飛控系統的工作原理
無人機飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)控(kong)制(zhi)系統(Flight control system)簡稱飛(fei)控(kong),可以看作飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)器(qi)的(de)大腦。多(duo)軸飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)器(qi)的(de)飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)、懸停,姿(zi)(zi)態變化等等都是由(you)(you)多(duo)種傳感器(qi)將飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)器(qi)本(ben)身的(de)姿(zi)(zi)態數據(ju)傳回(hui)飛(fei)控(kong),再由(you)(you)飛(fei)控(kong)通過運(yun)算和判斷下達指令,由(you)(you)執行(xing)(xing)機構完成動作和飛(fei)行(xing)(xing)姿(zi)(zi)態調整。
懸停是飛行(xing)控制系統(tong)的(de)重要動作,在(zai)懸停狀態下,無(wu)人機四個旋翼(yi)具(ju)有相(xiang)等(deng)的(de)轉速,產生的(de)上升合力正好(hao)與自身重力相(xiang)等(deng),并且因為旋翼(yi)轉速大(da)小相(xiang)等(deng),前后端(duan)(duan)轉速和(he)左右(you)端(duan)(duan)轉速方向相(xiang)反,從而(er)使得(de)飛行(xing)器(qi)總扭矩為零,使得(de)飛行(xing)器(qi)靜止(zhi)在(zai)空中(zhong),實現(xian)懸停狀態。
垂直(zhi)(zhi)運(yun)動(dong)是飛行控制系(xi)統的普通(tong)動(dong)作,在保證四旋(xuan)翼(yi)無(wu)人(ren)機每(mei)個旋(xuan)轉速(su)度(du)大(da)小(xiao)相(xiang)等(deng)的倩況下(xia),同時(shi)(shi)對(dui)每(mei)個旋(xuan)翼(yi)增加或減小(xiao)大(da)小(xiao)相(xiang)等(deng)的轉速(su),便可實(shi)現(xian)飛行器的垂直(zhi)(zhi)運(yun)動(dong)。當同時(shi)(shi)増(zeng)加四個旋(xuan)翼(yi)轉速(su)時(shi)(shi),使得旋(xuan)翼(yi)產生的總升力大(da)小(xiao)超過四旋(xuan)翼(yi)無(wu)人(ren)機的重力時(shi)(shi),即,四旋(xuan)翼(yi)無(wu)人(ren)機便會(hui)垂直(zhi)(zhi)上升。反之,則(ze)垂直(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)降(jiang)。
翻滾運動是在保持(chi)四旋(xuan)翼(yi)無人機(ji)前(qian)后端旋(xuan)翼(yi)轉速不變的(de)情(qing)況下,通過(guo)改(gai)變左(zuo)右(you)端的(de)旋(xuan)翼(yi)轉速,使(shi)得(de)左(zuo)右(you)旋(xuan)翼(yi)之間形成一定的(de)升(sheng)力差,從(cong)而使(shi)得(de)沿飛行器(qi)機(ji)體左(zuo)右(you)對稱軸上(shang)產生一定力矩,導致在方(fang)向上(shang)產生角加速度實現控制的(de)。
俯仰(yang)運動(dong)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)保持(chi)機(ji)身(shen)左右端(duan)旋翼轉(zhuan)速(su)不變(bian)的(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)(qian)提(ti)下(xia),通過改變(bian)前(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)端(duan)旋翼轉(zhuan)速(su)形(xing)成前(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)旋翼升(sheng)力差,從(cong)而(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)機(ji)身(shen)前(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)端(duan)對(dui)稱軸上形(xing)成一定力矩,引(yin)起角方向上的(de)(de)角加速(su)度實現控(kong)制的(de)(de),而(er)(er)偏航(hang)運動(dong)是(shi)通過同時兩兩控(kong)制四個(ge)旋翼轉(zhuan)速(su)實現控(kong)制的(de)(de)。
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