【電力系統自動化(hua)(hua)】電力系統自動化(hua)(hua)結構 電力系統自動化(hua)(hua)概述

電力系統自動化結構

電力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)對電能(neng)生(sheng)產(chan)、傳輸(shu)和(he)(he)管理(li)實(shi)現自(zi)動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)、自(zi)動(dong)(dong)調(diao)度和(he)(he)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)管理(li)。電力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是一(yi)個地(di)域分布遼闊，由發電廠、變電站、輸(shu)配(pei)電網絡和(he)(he)用戶組成的(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)調(diao)度和(he)(he)運行的(de)(de)復(fu)雜大系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。電力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)的(de)(de)領域包(bao)括生(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)檢(jian)測、調(diao)節和(he)(he)控制(zhi)，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)元件的(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)安(an)全保(bao)(bao)護，網絡信息的(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)傳輸(shu)，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)調(diao)度，以及(ji)企(qi)業的(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)經濟(ji)管理(li)等(deng)。電力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要目標(biao)是保(bao)(bao)證供電的(de)(de)電能(neng)質量（頻率和(he)(he)電壓），保(bao)(bao)證系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)運行的(de)(de)安(an)全可靠，提高(gao)經濟(ji)效益和(he)(he)管理(li)效能(neng)。

傳輸系統

電(dian)力系(xi)統信(xin)(xin)息自動(dong)(dong)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸系(xi)統簡稱(cheng)(cheng)遠動(dong)(dong)系(xi)統。其(qi)功能(neng)(neng)是(shi)實現調(diao)(diao)度中心(xin)和發電(dian)廠變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)實時信(xin)(xin)息傳(chuan)(chuan)輸。自動(dong)(dong)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸系(xi)統由遠動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置和遠動(dong)(dong)通(tong)道組成(cheng)。遠動(dong)(dong)通(tong)道有(you)微波(bo)、載波(bo)、高(gao)頻、聲頻和光導通(tong)信(xin)(xin)等多種形式(shi)(shi)。遠動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置按(an)功能(neng)(neng)分為(wei)(wei)遙(yao)(yao)測(ce)、遙(yao)(yao)信(xin)(xin)、遙(yao)(yao)控三類。把(ba)廠站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模擬量(liang)(liang)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)變(bian)換(huan)輸送(song)到(dao)位于(yu)調(diao)(diao)度中心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)收(shou)(shou)端(duan)并加(jia)以(yi)顯示(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)遙(yao)(yao)測(ce)。把(ba)廠站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開關量(liang)(liang)輸送(song)到(dao)接(jie)收(shou)(shou)端(duan)并加(jia)以(yi)顯示(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)遙(yao)(yao)信(xin)(xin)。把(ba)調(diao)(diao)度端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制和調(diao)(diao)節信(xin)(xin)號輸送(song)到(dao)位于(yu)廠站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)收(shou)(shou)端(duan)實現對調(diao)(diao)節對象的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)遙(yao)(yao)控或(huo)遙(yao)(yao)調(diao)(diao)。遠動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置按(an)組成(cheng)方式(shi)(shi)可分為(wei)(wei)布線邏輯(ji)(ji)式(shi)(shi)遠動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置和存儲(chu)程(cheng)(cheng)序式(shi)(shi)邏輯(ji)(ji)裝(zhuang)置。前(qian)者由硬(ying)件(jian)邏輯(ji)(ji)電(dian)路以(yi)固定接(jie)線方式(shi)(shi)實現其(qi)功能(neng)(neng)，后者是(shi)一種計算機化的(de)(de)(de)(de)遠動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置。

事故裝置

反事故(gu)自動裝置(zhi)的功(gong)能是防(fang)止電(dian)力系統的事故(gu)危及系統和電(dian)氣設備的運(yun)行。在電(dian)力系統中裝設的反事故(gu)自動裝置(zhi)有(you)兩種基本類(lei)型。

（1）繼電保護裝置：其功能是防止系統故障對電氣設備的損壞，常用來保護線路、母線、發電機、變壓器(qi)、電(dian)動機等(deng)電(dian)氣設備。按照產生保(bao)護(hu)作(zuo)用的原(yuan)理，繼(ji)電(dian)保(bao)護(hu)裝置分(fen)為(wei)過(guo)電(dian)流保(bao)護(hu)、方向保(bao)護(hu)、差動保(bao)護(hu)、距離(li)保(bao)護(hu)和高(gao)頻保(bao)護(hu)等(deng)類(lei)型。

（2）系(xi)統安全保(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：用以(yi)保(bao)證電(dian)力系(xi)統的(de)安全運(yun)行，防止出現系(xi)統振(zhen)蕩(dang)、失(shi)步解列、全網性(xing)頻率(lv)(lv)崩潰和電(dian)壓(ya)崩潰等(deng)災(zai)害性(xing)事故。系(xi)統安全保(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)按功能分為4種形(xing)式(shi)：一是(shi)(shi)屬于備用設備的(de)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)投入，如(ru)(ru)備用電(dian)源自(zi)動(dong)(dong)投入，輸電(dian)線路的(de)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)重合閘等(deng)；二是(shi)(shi)屬于控(kong)(kong)制受電(dian)端功率(lv)(lv)缺額，如(ru)(ru)低(di)周波自(zi)動(dong)(dong)減負荷(he)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、低(di)電(dian)壓(ya)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)減負荷(he)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、機組(zu)低(di)頻自(zi)起動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)；三是(shi)(shi)屬于控(kong)(kong)制送電(dian)端功率(lv)(lv)過剩，如(ru)(ru)快速自(zi)動(dong)(dong)切機裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、快關(guan)汽門裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)氣制動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)；四是(shi)(shi)屬于控(kong)(kong)制系(xi)統振(zhen)蕩(dang)失(shi)步，如(ru)(ru)系(xi)統振(zhen)蕩(dang)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)解列裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、自(zi)動(dong)(dong)并列裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)。

電力系統自動化分類

按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)生產和(he)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)過程，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)度(du)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化、火(huo)力(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化、水力(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)綜合自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)信息自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)傳輸系統(tong)(tong)(tong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)反(fan)事故(gu)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業管理系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化等(deng)7個方面，并形(xing)成(cheng)一個分(fen)層(ceng)分(fen)級(ji)的(de)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(見(jian)圖）。區(qu)域(yu)(yu)調(diao)度(du)中心(xin)、區(qu)域(yu)(yu)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)和(he)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)組(zu)成(cheng)最(zui)低層(ceng)次；中間層(ceng)次由(you)省（市）調(diao)度(du)中心(xin)、樞(shu)紐變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)和(he)直屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)組(zu)成(cheng)，由(you)總調(diao)度(du)中心(xin)構成(cheng)最(zui)高層(ceng)次。而在(zai)每個層(ceng)次中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)、變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)、配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡等(deng)又構成(cheng)多(duo)級(ji)控制(zhi)。

電網調度

現代的電(dian)(dian)網自動(dong)(dong)化調度(du)系統(tong)是以計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)機為核心的控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)，包括實時信息收(shou)(shou)集和顯(xian)示系統(tong)，以及供實時計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)、分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)、控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)用的軟件(jian)系統(tong)。信息收(shou)(shou)集和顯(xian)示系統(tong)具有數據采集、屏幕顯(xian)示、安(an)全檢測、運行工況計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)和實時控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的功(gong)能。在發電(dian)(dian)廠和變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站的收(shou)(shou)集信息部分(fen)(fen)(fen)稱為遠(yuan)動(dong)(dong)端(duan)，位于(yu)調度(du)中心的部分(fen)(fen)(fen)稱為調度(du)端(duan)。軟件(jian)系統(tong)由靜態(tai)狀態(tai)估計(ji)(ji)(ji)、自動(dong)(dong)發電(dian)(dian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、最優潮流、自動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)壓與無(wu)功(gong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、負荷預測、最優機組開(kai)停計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃、安(an)全監視與安(an)全分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)、緊急控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和電(dian)(dian)路恢(hui)復等程序組成。

火力發電

火力發(fa)電廠的自動化(hua)項目包括(kuo)：

（1）廠內(nei)機、爐、電運(yun)行設(she)備(bei)的安全檢測，包括數據(ju)采集(ji)、狀態監視、屏幕(mu)顯示、越(yue)限報(bao)警、故障檢出等。

（2）計算機實時控制(zhi)，實現(xian)由(you)點火至(zhi)并網的(de)全部(bu)自動(dong)起動(dong)過程。

（3）有功負荷的經(jing)濟分配和(he)自動增減。

（4）母線(xian)電壓控制和無(wu)功(gong)功(gong)率的自動增減(jian)。

（5）穩定監(jian)視(shi)和控制。采用的(de)(de)控制方(fang)式有兩(liang)種形式：一種是(shi)計算(suan)機(ji)輸出通過外(wai)圍設備去調整常規模擬式調節器的(de)(de)設定值(zhi)而實(shi)現監(jian)督(du)控制；另(ling)一種是(shi)用計算(suan)機(ji)輸出外(wai)圍設備直接控制生產(chan)過程而實(shi)現直接數(shu)字(zi)控制。

水力發電

需要實(shi)施自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)的項目包括大(da)壩監護、水庫(ku)調度和電站運行三個(ge)方面(mian)。

（1）大壩計算機自動監控(kong)系統：包括(kuo)數據采集、計算分析(xi)、越(yue)限報警和提供維護(hu)方案等。

（2）水庫(ku)水文信息的自動監控系統(tong)：包括雨量和(he)水文信息的自動收集、水庫(ku)調度計劃的制(zhi)訂，以及攔洪(hong)和(he)蓄洪(hong)控制(zhi)方案的選擇等(deng)。

（3）廠內計算(suan)機自(zi)動監(jian)控系統：包括全廠機電運(yun)行設(she)備的安全監(jian)測(ce)、發電機組的自(zi)動控制、優化運(yun)行和經濟負荷分配、穩(wen)定監(jian)視和控制等。