【電(dian)力系統自動(dong)化】電(dian)力系統自動(dong)化結(jie)構 電(dian)力系統自動(dong)化概述

電力系統自動化結構

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)生(sheng)產、傳輸和(he)管(guan)理(li)實現自(zi)動(dong)控(kong)制、自(zi)動(dong)調(diao)度和(he)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)管(guan)理(li)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)一個地域分布遼闊，由發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠、變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站、輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡(luo)和(he)用戶組成(cheng)的(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一調(diao)度和(he)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)復(fu)雜大系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)的(de)(de)領域包括(kuo)生(sheng)產過程的(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)檢測、調(diao)節(jie)和(he)控(kong)制，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)元件的(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)安(an)全保(bao)護，網絡(luo)信息的(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)傳輸，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)調(diao)度，以(yi)及企業的(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)經(jing)濟管(guan)理(li)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要目(mu)標是(shi)保(bao)證供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量（頻率和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓），保(bao)證系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)安(an)全可靠，提高經(jing)濟效益和(he)管(guan)理(li)效能(neng)。

傳輸系統

電力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)信(xin)息自動(dong)(dong)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)簡稱(cheng)遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。其功能(neng)是實現調(diao)度(du)中(zhong)心和(he)(he)(he)發電廠(chang)變(bian)電站(zhan)(zhan)間(jian)的(de)實時信(xin)息傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)。自動(dong)(dong)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)由遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)通(tong)道(dao)(dao)組成(cheng)。遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)通(tong)道(dao)(dao)有微波(bo)、載(zai)波(bo)、高頻、聲(sheng)頻和(he)(he)(he)光(guang)導通(tong)信(xin)等(deng)多種(zhong)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)。遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)按功能(neng)分為遙(yao)測(ce)、遙(yao)信(xin)、遙(yao)控(kong)三類。把廠(chang)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)模(mo)擬量通(tong)過(guo)(guo)變(bian)換輸(shu)(shu)送(song)到位于調(diao)度(du)中(zhong)心的(de)接收端并(bing)加以(yi)顯示的(de)過(guo)(guo)程稱(cheng)為遙(yao)測(ce)。把廠(chang)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)開關(guan)量輸(shu)(shu)送(song)到接收端并(bing)加以(yi)顯示的(de)過(guo)(guo)程稱(cheng)為遙(yao)信(xin)。把調(diao)度(du)端的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)調(diao)節信(xin)號輸(shu)(shu)送(song)到位于廠(chang)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)接收端實現對(dui)調(diao)節對(dui)象的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)過(guo)(guo)程，稱(cheng)為遙(yao)控(kong)或遙(yao)調(diao)。遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)按組成(cheng)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)分為布線邏輯(ji)式(shi)(shi)(shi)遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)存儲程序(xu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)邏輯(ji)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。前者(zhe)由硬件邏輯(ji)電路以(yi)固定接線方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)實現其功能(neng)，后者(zhe)是一(yi)種(zhong)計算機(ji)化的(de)遠(yuan)(yuan)動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

事故裝置

反事(shi)故自(zi)動裝置的(de)功能是(shi)防(fang)止(zhi)電(dian)力系(xi)統的(de)事(shi)故危及系(xi)統和(he)電(dian)氣設備(bei)的(de)運行。在電(dian)力系(xi)統中裝設的(de)反事(shi)故自(zi)動裝置有兩種基本類型。

（1）繼電保護裝置：其功能是防止系統故障對電氣設備的損壞，常用來保護線路、母線、發電機、變壓(ya)器、電(dian)(dian)動機等電(dian)(dian)氣設備。按照產生保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)作用的原理，繼電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)裝置分為過電(dian)(dian)流保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、方(fang)向保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、差動保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、距離保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)和高(gao)頻保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)等類型。

（2）系統(tong)安全保(bao)(bao)護裝(zhuang)置(zhi)：用(yong)以保(bao)(bao)證電力系統(tong)的安全運行(xing)，防(fang)止(zhi)出現系統(tong)振(zhen)蕩、失步(bu)解(jie)列、全網性頻率(lv)(lv)崩(beng)潰(kui)(kui)和電壓崩(beng)潰(kui)(kui)等(deng)(deng)(deng)災害性事故。系統(tong)安全保(bao)(bao)護裝(zhuang)置(zhi)按功(gong)(gong)能分(fen)為4種(zhong)形式(shi)：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)屬于備(bei)用(yong)設備(bei)的自(zi)動(dong)(dong)投入，如(ru)備(bei)用(yong)電源自(zi)動(dong)(dong)投入，輸電線路的自(zi)動(dong)(dong)重(zhong)合閘等(deng)(deng)(deng)；二是(shi)(shi)屬于控制(zhi)(zhi)受電端功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)缺額，如(ru)低周波(bo)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)減負荷裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、低電壓自(zi)動(dong)(dong)減負荷裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、機組低頻自(zi)起動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)；三是(shi)(shi)屬于控制(zhi)(zhi)送(song)電端功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)過剩，如(ru)快(kuai)速(su)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)切機裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、快(kuai)關汽(qi)門裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、電氣制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)；四是(shi)(shi)屬于控制(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)振(zhen)蕩失步(bu)，如(ru)系統(tong)振(zhen)蕩自(zi)動(dong)(dong)解(jie)列裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、自(zi)動(dong)(dong)并列裝(zhuang)置(zhi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。

電力系統自動化分類

按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的生產和分配過程，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網調度(du)(du)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)、火力(li)(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)、水力(li)(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)綜合自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統信(xin)息自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)傳輸系(xi)(xi)(xi)統、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統反事故(gu)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業管理(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)等(deng)7個(ge)方面，并形成(cheng)一個(ge)分層分級(ji)(ji)的自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(見圖）。區域調度(du)(du)中心、區域變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)和區域性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)組(zu)成(cheng)最(zui)低層次；中間(jian)層次由(you)省（市(shi)）調度(du)(du)中心、樞紐變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)和直屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)組(zu)成(cheng)，由(you)總調度(du)(du)中心構(gou)成(cheng)最(zui)高層次。而在每(mei)個(ge)層次中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)、變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡等(deng)又構(gou)成(cheng)多級(ji)(ji)控制(zhi)。

電網調度

現代的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網自動(dong)化調度系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)是以計(ji)(ji)算機為(wei)核心(xin)的(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，包(bao)括(kuo)實時(shi)信息(xi)(xi)收(shou)集(ji)和顯示系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，以及供實時(shi)計(ji)(ji)算、分(fen)(fen)析(xi)、控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)用的(de)軟件系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。信息(xi)(xi)收(shou)集(ji)和顯示系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)具有數據采集(ji)、屏幕顯示、安(an)全檢測(ce)、運行工況計(ji)(ji)算分(fen)(fen)析(xi)和實時(shi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)功(gong)能。在(zai)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)和變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)收(shou)集(ji)信息(xi)(xi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)稱為(wei)遠動(dong)端(duan)，位于調度中心(xin)的(de)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)稱為(wei)調度端(duan)。軟件系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)由(you)靜(jing)態狀態估計(ji)(ji)、自動(dong)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、最優(you)潮流、自動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓與(yu)無功(gong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、負荷預測(ce)、最優(you)機組(zu)開停(ting)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)、安(an)全監視與(yu)安(an)全分(fen)(fen)析(xi)、緊急控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)路恢復等(deng)程(cheng)序(xu)組(zu)成。

火力發電

火力發(fa)電廠的自動化項目包括：

（1）廠(chang)內機、爐、電運行設(she)備的安(an)全(quan)檢(jian)測，包括數據采集、狀態監視、屏幕顯示(shi)、越限報警、故障檢(jian)出等。

（2）計算機實(shi)時控制(zhi)，實(shi)現由(you)點火至(zhi)并網的全(quan)部自(zi)動(dong)(dong)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)過(guo)程。

（3）有(you)功(gong)負荷的經濟分(fen)配和自動(dong)增減。

（4）母線電壓控制和(he)無功功率的自(zi)動(dong)增減。

（5）穩定(ding)監(jian)視和控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。采用的控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)有(you)兩(liang)種(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)：一種(zhong)是(shi)計算機(ji)輸出通過(guo)外圍設(she)備去調整常規模擬式(shi)調節(jie)器的設(she)定(ding)值而(er)實現監(jian)督控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)；另一種(zhong)是(shi)用計算機(ji)輸出外圍設(she)備直接控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)生產過(guo)程而(er)實現直接數(shu)字控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。

水力發電

需要實施自動(dong)化(hua)的項目(mu)包括(kuo)大壩監護(hu)、水庫調度和電站運行三個方面。

（1）大壩計算機(ji)自動監(jian)控(kong)系統：包括數據采(cai)集、計算分析、越限報警和提供維護方(fang)案等。

（2）水庫水文(wen)信(xin)息的自(zi)動(dong)監控系統：包(bao)括雨(yu)量和水文(wen)信(xin)息的自(zi)動(dong)收集(ji)、水庫調(diao)度計劃的制訂，以及攔洪(hong)和蓄(xu)洪(hong)控制方案的選擇等。

（3）廠(chang)內計(ji)算機自動監控(kong)系統(tong)：包括(kuo)全廠(chang)機電運行設(she)備的(de)安全監測、發電機組的(de)自動控(kong)制、優化(hua)運行和經濟(ji)負荷分(fen)配、穩定監視和控(kong)制等。