【鏡(jing)(jing)子(zi)(zi)原理(li)】平面鏡(jing)(jing)成(cheng)像原理(li) 鏡(jing)(jing)子(zi)(zi)的原理(li)是什么

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平面鏡成像原理

原理(li)是遵(zun)從光的反射定(ding)律

光(guang)(guang)的(de)反(fan)射(she)定(ding)律(lv)：反(fan)射(she)光(guang)(guang)線(xian)與入射(she)光(guang)(guang)線(xian)、法(fa)線(xian)在同一平面上(shang)；反(fan)射(she)光(guang)(guang)線(xian)和入射(she)光(guang)(guang)線(xian)分居在法(fa)線(xian)的(de)兩(liang)側(ce)；反(fan)射(she)角等(deng)于入射(she)角。可(ke)(ke)歸(gui)納為(wei)：“三線(xian)共面，兩(liang)線(xian)分居，兩(liang)角相等(deng)，光(guang)(guang)路(lu)可(ke)(ke)逆(ni)”。

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鏡子的原理是什么

單(dan)位時間內從界面單(dan)位面積上反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)(guang)所帶(dai)走的(de)(de)能(neng)量與(yu)(yu)(yu)入射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)(guang)入射(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)能(neng)量之比(bi)，稱為(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)率。能(neng)量之比(bi)等于光(guang)(guang)(guang)強(qiang)之比(bi)，故(gu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)率即為(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)(guang)強(qiang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)入射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)(guang)強(qiang)之比(bi)，也等于反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)(guang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)入射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)振(zhen)幅平方(fang)之比(bi)。正反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)時，反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)率可用第二媒質對第一媒質的(de)(de)相(xiang)對折射(she)(she)(she)率n21（=n2/n1）表示(shi)，為(wei)R=(n21-1)2/(n21+2)2。反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)(guang)波(bo)振(zhen)幅與(yu)(yu)(yu)入射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)(guang)波(bo)振(zhen)幅之比(bi)，稱為(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)比(bi)或反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)系(xi)數。

研(yan)(yan)究某材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)射情況，需(xu)要測定(ding)(ding)該材(cai)料(liao)樣(yang)品平面在各方向上對(dui)各種波長的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)射率(lv)。對(dui)于一(yi)(yi)般性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究工作，國際照明委員會(hui)（簡(jian)寫CIE）推薦取45°±5°方向上照明，90°±10°的(de)(de)(de)(de)法線(xian)方向觀(guan)測；也可以90°±10°照明而以45°±5°觀(guan)測。物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)射率(lv)與厚度(du)有關，因為一(yi)(yi)部分光要稍進入物(wu)體內部，然后再被反(fan)射出來。故嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)義還應限定(ding)(ding)材(cai)料(liao)樣(yang)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)。

反射(she)率有時也稱為反射(she)比，反射(she)系數，反射(she)本領或反射(she)因數。我(wo)國全國自然科(ke)學名詞審定委員會于1988年公布的物(wu)理(li)學名詞（基礎物(wu)理(li)學部分）中，把這些術(shu)語統(tong)一規(gui)范(fan)為強度反射(she)率和(he)振幅反射(she)率。

光的(de)反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)是生活(huo)中常見(jian)的(de)現象。例如(ru)人們日(ri)常照鏡(jing)子，物體在湖面形(xing)成倒影等，都屬于(yu)光的(de)反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)現象。

反(fan)射(she)(she)鏡(jing)（mirror）利用反(fan)射(she)(she)面(mian)反(fan)射(she)(she)光線的光學元(yuan)件。通常有(you)平(ping)面(mian)反(fan)射(she)(she)鏡(jing)、球(qiu)面(mian)反(fan)射(she)(she)鏡(jing)和非球(qiu)面(mian)反(fan)射(she)(she)鏡(jing)三種。根據反(fan)射(she)(she)的程度又可分(fen)為全反(fan)射(she)(she)和半透(tou)半反(fan)射(she)(she)兩種，后者常簡稱為分(fen)束鏡(jing)。

平(ping)面(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)反(fan)射鏡(jing)(jing)通常由(you)鍍銀或鍍鋁的平(ping)面(mian)玻璃制成(cheng)。平(ping)面(mian)反(fan)射鏡(jing)(jing)對(dui)實物成(cheng)虛像(xiang)，對(dui)虛物成(cheng)實像(xiang)。它是唯一(yi)不(bu)破壞光束單(dan)心性的光學元(yuan)件(jian)，能形成(cheng)完善的像(xiang)。

球(qiu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)(she)鏡(jing)(jing)反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)(she)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)為(wei)(wei)球(qiu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。若球(qiu)心位(wei)于(yu)受光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)一(yi)側，則(ze)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)凹(ao)(ao)(ao)球(qiu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)，簡稱(cheng)(cheng)凹(ao)(ao)(ao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)；球(qiu)心位(wei)于(yu)受光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)另(ling)一(yi)側，則(ze)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)凸球(qiu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)，簡稱(cheng)(cheng)凸面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)。凹(ao)(ao)(ao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)是(shi)會聚鏡(jing)(jing)，平行光(guang)(guang)束(shu)(shu)經它反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)(she)后(hou)(hou)會聚于(yu)一(yi)點(dian)(dian)(dian)，此點(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)實焦(jiao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)。把點(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)源(yuan)放在實焦(jiao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)置上，光(guang)(guang)束(shu)(shu)經反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)(she)后(hou)(hou)成為(wei)(wei)平行光(guang)(guang)束(shu)(shu)。凸面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)是(shi)發散鏡(jing)(jing)，平行光(guang)(guang)束(shu)(shu)經它反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)(she)后(hou)(hou)成發散光(guang)(guang)束(shu)(shu)，反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)線的反(fan)(fan)向延長(chang)線交于(yu)一(yi)點(dian)(dian)(dian)，此點(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)虛(xu)焦(jiao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)。汽車駕(jia)駛(shi)室兩旁安置的觀(guan)察鏡(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)凸面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)，遠(yuan)處的物體在虛(xu)焦(jiao)點(dian)(dian)(dian)前附(fu)近形(xing)成正立縮小(xiao)的虛(xu)像。

非球面(mian)(mian)(mian)反射鏡有拋(pao)(pao)(pao)物(wu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡、雙曲(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡、橢球面(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡、錐面(mian)(mian)(mian)和柱面(mian)(mian)(mian)反射鏡等。平(ping)行(xing)光軸的(de)光束經(jing)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)物(wu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡反射后會聚于(yu)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)物(wu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)焦點(dian)，在反射式(shi)天文望(wang)遠鏡中做物(wu)鏡，可以使遙遠的(de)星體成像于(yu)焦點(dian)處。反之由焦點(dian)發出的(de)光束經(jing)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)物(wu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡反射后形(xing)成平(ping)行(xing)光束，用于(yu)做探照燈(deng)。雙曲(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡和橢球面(mian)(mian)(mian)鏡常用于(yu)某些(xie)特殊的(de)光學系統中，以簡化(hua)結構和改進成像質量。