一、什么是光伏逆變器
逆變器又(you)稱電(dian)源(yuan)調整器(qi),根據逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)在光伏發(fa)電(dian)系統(tong)(tong)中的(de)用途可分為(wei)獨立型電(dian)源(yuan)用和(he)并網用二種。根據波(bo)形(xing)調制方式又(you)可分為(wei)方波(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)、階梯波(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)、正(zheng)弦波(bo)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)和(he)組合式三相逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)。對于用于并網系統(tong)(tong)的(de)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi),根據有(you)無變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)又(you)可分為(wei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)型逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)和(he)無變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)型逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)。
二、結構原理
逆變器是一種由半導體器件組成的電力調整裝置,主要用于把直流電力轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成(cheng)(cheng)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)力。一(yi)般由(you)升(sheng)壓(ya)回(hui)路和逆(ni)(ni)變橋(qiao)式回(hui)路構成(cheng)(cheng)。升(sheng)壓(ya)回(hui)路把太陽電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升(sheng)壓(ya)到逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)輸(shu)出(chu)控制所(suo)需(xu)的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya);逆(ni)(ni)變橋(qiao)式回(hui)路則(ze)把升(sheng)壓(ya)后(hou)的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等價地轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成(cheng)(cheng)常用(yong)頻率的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)主要(yao)由(you)晶體管(guan)等開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)元件(jian)構成(cheng)(cheng),通過有規則(ze)地讓(rang)開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)元件(jian)重復開(kai)(kai)(kai)-關(guan)(ON-OFF),使(shi)直流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)入變成(cheng)(cheng)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)出(chu)。當(dang)然(ran),這樣(yang)單純地由(you)開(kai)(kai)(kai)和關(guan)回(hui)路產生的(de)(de)逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)輸(shu)出(chu)波(bo)形(xing)并不實用(yong)。一(yi)般需(xu)要(yao)采用(yong)高頻脈(mo)寬(kuan)調制(SPWM),使(shi)靠(kao)近正弦(xian)波(bo)兩端的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)寬(kuan)度(du)變狹,正弦(xian)波(bo)中央的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)寬(kuan)度(du)變寬(kuan),并在半周期內始終讓(rang)開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)元件(jian)按(an)一(yi)定(ding)頻率朝一(yi)方向動作(zuo),這樣(yang)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)個脈(mo)沖波(bo)列(擬正弦(xian)波(bo))。然(ran)后(hou)讓(rang)脈(mo)沖波(bo)通過簡單的(de)(de)濾波(bo)器(qi)(qi)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)正弦(xian)波(bo)。
三、逆變器的元器件構成
1、電流傳感器
對于電(dian)流傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)器要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)精度高、響應時間快,而且(qie)耐低溫、高溫等(deng)環(huan)境要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu),目前國內(nei)很多(duo)廠家都用開環(huan)電(dian)流傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)器來取(qu)代閉環(huan)電(dian)流傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)器,如(ru):JCE1000-AXS、JCE1500-AXS、JCE2000-AXS等(deng)
2、電流互感器
一(yi)般采(cai)用BRS系列電(dian)流(liu)互感器,從幾百到幾千(qian)A不等,輸出信號一(yi)般采(cai)用0-5A為標準
3、電抗器
三、功能
1、自動運行和停機功能
早晨日出(chu)后,太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)輻射強度(du)逐漸(jian)增強,太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)池的(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)也隨(sui)之增大,當達到逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)工作(zuo)所需的(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率(lv)后,逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)即(ji)自動開始運行。進入運行后,逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)便時時刻刻監視(shi)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)池組(zu)件的(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu),只要(yao)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)池組(zu)件的(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率(lv)大于逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)工作(zuo)所需的(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率(lv),逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)就(jiu)持續(xu)運行;直到日落(luo)停機(ji),即(ji)使陰雨天逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)也能運行。當太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)池組(zu)件輸(shu)出(chu)變小,逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)輸(shu)出(chu)接近0時,逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)便形成待機(ji)狀態。
2、最大功率跟蹤控制功能
太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)件的(de)(de)輸(shu)出是(shi)隨(sui)太陽(yang)(yang)輻射強度(du)和太陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)件自(zi)身溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(芯片溫(wen)(wen)度(du))而(er)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)。另外由于太陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)件具有電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)隨(sui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流增大(da)而(er)下(xia)降的(de)(de)特性,因此存在能獲(huo)取最(zui)(zui)大(da)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)的(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)佳工(gong)作點(dian)(dian)。太陽(yang)(yang)輻射強度(du)是(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)著的(de)(de),顯然最(zui)(zui)佳工(gong)作點(dian)(dian)也是(shi)在變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)。相(xiang)對于這(zhe)些(xie)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua),始(shi)終(zhong)讓太陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)件的(de)(de)工(gong)作點(dian)(dian)處于最(zui)(zui)大(da)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)點(dian)(dian),系(xi)統(tong)始(shi)終(zhong)從(cong)太陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)(zu)件獲(huo)取最(zui)(zui)大(da)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)輸(shu)出,這(zhe)種控制就是(shi)最(zui)(zui)大(da)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)跟(gen)蹤控制。太陽(yang)(yang)能發電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)用的(de)(de)逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)器的(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大(da)特點(dian)(dian)就是(shi)包括了最(zui)(zui)大(da)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)點(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(MPPT)這(zhe)一功(gong)(gong)(gong)能。
四、選購步驟及方法
1、功率
一般根據系(xi)統的要求配置對應功率(lv)(lv)(lv)段(duan)的逆變(bian)器,選型的逆變(bian)器的功率(lv)(lv)(lv)應該(gai)與(yu)太(tai)陽能電池方陣的最大(da)功率(lv)(lv)(lv)匹配,一般選取光(guang)伏逆變(bian)器的額定輸出功率(lv)(lv)(lv)與(yu)輸入總(zong)功率(lv)(lv)(lv)相近左右,這樣可以節約成本。
2、關鍵技術指標
1)選擇合適的(de)輸入(ru)輸出(chu)電壓(ya)范(fan)圍,確(que)保產品(pin)的(de)最優組合。
2)逆變(bian)器的歐洲效率:它的高(gao)低(di)將直接影響到光(guang)伏發電(dian)系統的設計(ji)成本與發電(dian)效率。
3)太陽電池方陣最大功率跟蹤(zong)功能(neng)(MPPT)及其效率。
4)應注(zhu)意所選用(yong)的逆變器(qi)應有基(ji)本(ben)的保(bao)(bao)護(hu)功能,如過流/短路保(bao)(bao)護(hu)、過功率(lv)保(bao)(bao)護(hu),過溫保(bao)(bao)護(hu),防雷保(bao)(bao)護(hu)、孤(gu)島保(bao)(bao)護(hu)等功能。
5)逆變(bian)器輸出電(dian)流波形畸(ji)變(bian)率(THD%)要低于4%。
3、認證標準
作為(wei)光伏電站的(de)(de)核心(xin)設備,為(wei)保(bao)證電站的(de)(de)穩(wen)定(ding)、可(ke)靠(kao)、持續運行,并網逆變器必須有很高(gao)的(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)性。它應具有銷售目的(de)(de)地(di)的(de)(de)安規認(ren)證,電磁(ci)兼容(rong)認(ren)證,及各國并網認(ren)證:(以(yi)歐洲為(wei)例)
安規:EN62109-1,EN62109-2
電磁兼容:EN61000-6-1,EN61000-6-2,EN61000-6-3,EN61000-6-4
并網認證:VDE0126-1-1(德國)
4、品牌與服務
建議購買目前市場(chang)上(shang)口(kou)碑不錯的(de)(de)品牌,因為一般品牌形象好的(de)(de)公司,通常會(hui)在技術,以及維(wei)修(xiu)服務上(shang)有較大(da)的(de)(de)投資,能滿足對客戶的(de)(de)承諾。