直流充電樁簡介

直流充電樁可以(yi)從功率(lv)大小、充電(dian)槍的(de)多少、結(jie)構形式(shi)、安裝方式(shi)等不同維度進行分(fen)(fen)類。其中，按(an)結(jie)構形式(shi)比(bi)較主流的(de)分(fen)(fen)類是將(jiang)直流充電(dian)樁分(fen)(fen)為兩種(zhong)：一體式(shi)直流充電(dian)樁和分(fen)(fen)體式(shi)直流充電(dian)樁。

直流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)樁的電(dian)氣部分由(you)主回(hui)路(lu)(lu)和(he)(he)二(er)次(ci)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)組成。主回(hui)路(lu)(lu)的輸入是三相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)，經過輸入斷路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)、交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)智能電(dian)能表之后由(you)充(chong)電(dian)模塊（整流(liu)(liu)(liu)模塊）將(jiang)三相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)轉換(huan)為電(dian)池可以接受的直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)，再(zai)連接熔斷器(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)充(chong)電(dian)槍，給電(dian)動汽(qi)車充(chong)電(dian)。 二(er)次(ci)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)由(you)充(chong)電(dian)樁控制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)、讀卡器(qi)(qi)、顯(xian)示屏、直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)表等組成。二(er)次(ci)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)還提供“啟停”控制(zhi)與(yu)“急停”操作(zuo);信號(hao)燈提供“待機”、“充(chong)電(dian)”與(yu)“充(chong)滿”狀態指示;顯(xian)示屏作(zuo)為人機交(jiao)互(hu)設備則(ze)提供刷卡、充(chong)電(dian)方式設置與(yu)啟停控制(zhi)操作(zuo)。

直流充電樁充電過程

在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩端加載(zai)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，以(yi)恒定大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)漸(jian)漸(jian)地(di)緩慢地(di)上升，上升到一定程度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)達(da)到標稱值，SoC達(da)到95%（針對不(bu)同電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，不(bu)一樣）以(yi)上，繼續以(yi)恒壓(ya)(ya)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上去了，但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量沒有充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是沒有充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)實(shi)，如果(guo)有時間，可(ke)以(yi)改用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)實(shi)”。 為(wei)了實(shi)現這個充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)在功(gong)能上就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)有“直流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)”提供直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan);需(xu)要(yao)(yao)有“充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)控(kong)制器”控(kong)制充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)的(de)“開機(ji)、關機(ji)、輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)”;需(xu)要(yao)(yao)有“觸摸(mo)屏(ping)”作(zuo)為(wei)人機(ji)界面下發(fa)指(zhi)令，通過(guo)控(kong)制器將“開機(ji)、關機(ji)、輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)”等指(zhi)令下發(fa)給(gei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣層(ceng)面理解的(de)最(zui)簡充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)只要(yao)(yao)有充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)，控(kong)制板和觸摸(mo)屏(ping)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)了; 如果(guo)開機(ji)、關機(ji)和輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)］輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)等指(zhi)令在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)上做(zuo)成幾個鍵盤，那么一個充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了。

直流充電樁充電過程詳解

直流充電樁輸出由9根線(xian)組(zu)成，分別是：

直流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)：DC+、DC-；設備地(di)線(xian)：PE；充電(dian)通(tong)信線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)：S+、S-；充電(dian)連接確認線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)：CC1、CC2；低壓輔助電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)：A+、A-。

直流(liu)充電(dian)樁就(jiu)是通過這9根線給電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車進行充電(dian)，其具體的充電(dian)模(mo)型如下(xia)：

非車載充電機（即直流充電樁）和電動汽車二者通過車(che)輛插(cha)座相(xiang)連(lian)。S開(kai)關(guan)(guan)是(shi)一(yi)個常閉開(kai)關(guan)(guan)，與直流(liu)充(chong)電槍(qiang)(qiang)頭上的(de)按(an)(an)鍵（即(ji)機械鎖(suo)）相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)聯，當我們按(an)(an)下充(chong)電槍(qiang)(qiang)頭上的(de)按(an)(an)鍵，S開(kai)關(guan)(guan)即(ji)打開(kai)。而U1、U2是(shi)一(yi)個12V上拉電壓，R1~R5是(shi)阻值約1000歐的(de)電阻，R1、R2、R3在充(chong)電槍(qiang)(qiang)上，R4、R5在車(che)輛插(cha)座上。

車輛接口連接確認階段：

當我們按下槍頭按鍵，插(cha)入車輛插(cha)座，再放開(kai)槍頭按鍵。充電(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)檢測(ce)點1將檢測(ce)到(dao)12V-6V-4V的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)平變化。一(yi)旦(dan)檢測(ce)到(dao)4V、充電(dian)樁(zhuang)將判斷充電(dian)槍插(cha)入成功，車輛接(jie)口完全連接(jie)，并將充電(dian)槍中的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)鎖進行鎖定，防止槍頭脫(tuo)落(luo)。

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直流充電樁自檢階段：

在(zai)車輛(liang)(liang)接口完全連接后，充電(dian)樁將閉合(he)(he)K3、K4，使低壓(ya)輔(fu)助供電(dian)回路(lu)導通(tong)(tong)，為電(dian)動汽車控制(zhi)裝(zhuang)置供電(dian)（有的車輛(liang)(liang)不需要供電(dian)）（車輛(liang)(liang)得到供電(dian)后，將根(gen)據監測點2的電(dian)壓(ya)判(pan)斷(duan)車輛(liang)(liang)接口是否(fou)連接，若電(dian)壓(ya)值為6V，則車輛(liang)(liang)裝(zhuang)置開始(shi)周期發送通(tong)(tong)信握(wo)手(shou)報文(wen)），接著閉合(he)(he)K1、K2，進(jin)行絕緣(yuan)(yuan)檢測，所謂絕緣(yuan)(yuan)檢測，即檢測DC線路(lu)的絕緣(yuan)(yuan)性能，保證(zheng)后續充電(dian)過(guo)程的安全性。絕緣(yuan)(yuan)檢測結(jie)束后，將投入泄(xie)放(fang)回路(lu)泄(xie)放(fang)能量(liang)，并斷(duan)開K1、K2，同時(shi)開始(shi)周期發送通(tong)(tong)信握(wo)手(shou)報文(wen)。

充電準備就緒階段：

接下來(lai)，就(jiu)是(shi)電動汽車與(yu)直流充(chong)(chong)電樁相互配置的(de)(de)階段(duan)，車輛(liang)控制K5、K6閉合，使充(chong)(chong)電回(hui)路導通，充(chong)(chong)電樁檢測到車輛(liang)端電池(chi)電壓正常（電壓與(yu)通信(xin)報文描(miao)述地電池(chi)電壓誤差≤±5%，且(qie)在充(chong)(chong)電樁輸出最(zui)大(da)、最(zui)小電壓的(de)(de)范圍內）后閉合K1、K2，那(nei)么直流充(chong)(chong)電線路導通，電動汽車就(jiu)準備開(kai)始充(chong)(chong)電了。

充電階段：

在充電階段，車輛向充電樁實時發送電池充(chong)電(dian)需求的參數，充(chong)電(dian)樁會根據該參數實時調整充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓和電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，并相互發送各自的狀態信息（充(chong)電(dian)樁輸出(chu)電(dian)壓電(dian)流(liu)(liu)、車輛電(dian)池電(dian)壓電(dian)流(liu)(liu)、SOC等）。

充電結束階段：

車(che)輛(liang)會根據BMS是(shi)否達到(dao)(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)狀態或是(shi)受到(dao)(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)發(fa)來的“充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)中(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)報文(wen)“來判斷是(shi)否結(jie)束充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)（非正常條(tiao)件(jian)在后續文(wen)章進(jin)行介(jie)紹）。滿(man)足以上充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)結(jie)束條(tiao)件(jian)，車(che)輛(liang)會發(fa)送“車(che)輛(liang)中(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)報文(wen)“，在確認(ren)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流小于5A后斷開K5、K6。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)在達到(dao)(dao)操作人員設定的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)結(jie)束條(tiao)件(jian)，或者收到(dao)(dao)汽車(che)發(fa)來的”車(che)輛(liang)中(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)報文(wen)“，會發(fa)送”充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)中(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)報文(wen)”，并控(kong)制充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)停(ting)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，在確認(ren)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流小于5A后斷開K1、K2，并再次投入泄放電(dian)路，然后再斷開K3、K4。