直流充電樁簡介

直流充電樁可(ke)以從功率大(da)小、充(chong)電(dian)槍的(de)多少(shao)、結(jie)(jie)構形式(shi)、安(an)裝方(fang)式(shi)等不(bu)同維度進行(xing)分(fen)類。其中(zhong)，按結(jie)(jie)構形式(shi)比較主(zhu)流的(de)分(fen)類是將直流充(chong)電(dian)樁分(fen)為兩種：一體式(shi)直流充(chong)電(dian)樁和分(fen)體式(shi)直流充(chong)電(dian)樁。

直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁的電(dian)氣部分由(you)主(zhu)回(hui)路(lu)和二(er)次回(hui)路(lu)組成(cheng)。主(zhu)回(hui)路(lu)的輸(shu)入(ru)是三相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)，經(jing)過輸(shu)入(ru)斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)器(qi)(qi)、交(jiao)流(liu)智能(neng)電(dian)能(neng)表之后由(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)模塊(kuai)（整(zheng)流(liu)模塊(kuai)）將三相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)轉換為(wei)電(dian)池可以接受的直流(liu)電(dian)，再連(lian)接熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)槍，給電(dian)動汽(qi)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)。 二(er)次回(hui)路(lu)由(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)、讀(du)卡器(qi)(qi)、顯(xian)示(shi)屏、直流(liu)電(dian)表等組成(cheng)。二(er)次回(hui)路(lu)還提(ti)供(gong)“啟(qi)停(ting)”控(kong)制(zhi)與(yu)“急停(ting)”操作(zuo)(zuo);信(xin)號燈提(ti)供(gong)“待(dai)機”、“充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)”與(yu)“充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿”狀態(tai)指示(shi);顯(xian)示(shi)屏作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)人機交(jiao)互設備則提(ti)供(gong)刷(shua)卡、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)方式設置與(yu)啟(qi)停(ting)控(kong)制(zhi)操作(zuo)(zuo)。

直流充電樁充電過程

在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端加載直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以(yi)(yi)恒定大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)漸(jian)漸(jian)地緩慢地上(shang)(shang)(shang)升(sheng)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)升(sheng)到一定程度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達(da)到標稱值(zhi)，SoC達(da)到95%（針對(dui)(dui)不同電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，不一樣）以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，繼續以(yi)(yi)恒壓(ya)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上(shang)(shang)(shang)去了，但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量沒有(you)(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿，就(jiu)(jiu)是沒有(you)(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)實(shi)(shi)，如(ru)果(guo)有(you)(you)時(shi)間，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)改用小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)實(shi)(shi)”。 為了實(shi)(shi)現這個(ge)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)在(zai)功能上(shang)(shang)(shang)就(jiu)(jiu)需要(yao)有(you)(you)“直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊(kuai)(kuai)”提(ti)供直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan);需要(yao)有(you)(you)“充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)控制器”控制充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊(kuai)(kuai)的“開(kai)機(ji)、關(guan)(guan)(guan)機(ji)、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)”;需要(yao)有(you)(you)“觸摸屏”作為人機(ji)界(jie)面(mian)下(xia)發指(zhi)令，通(tong)過控制器將“開(kai)機(ji)、關(guan)(guan)(guan)機(ji)、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)”等(deng)指(zhi)令下(xia)發給充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊(kuai)(kuai)。從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)層面(mian)理解的最簡充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)只要(yao)有(you)(you)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊(kuai)(kuai)，控制板和觸摸屏就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)了; 如(ru)果(guo)開(kai)機(ji)、關(guan)(guan)(guan)機(ji)和輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)］輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)等(deng)指(zhi)令在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊(kuai)(kuai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)做成幾個(ge)鍵盤，那么一個(ge)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊(kuai)(kuai)就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了。

直流充電樁充電過程詳解

直流充電(dian)樁輸出由(you)9根(gen)線組成，分別是：

直流電(dian)源線(xian)路：DC+、DC-；設備地(di)線(xian)：PE；充(chong)電(dian)通信(xin)線(xian)路：S+、S-；充(chong)電(dian)連接確認線(xian)路：CC1、CC2；低壓輔助電(dian)源線(xian)路：A+、A-。

直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁就(jiu)是(shi)通(tong)過這(zhe)9根線(xian)給電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，其具(ju)體的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模型(xing)如下：

非車載充電機（即直流充電樁）和電動汽車二者通過車輛插(cha)座(zuo)(zuo)相(xiang)連。S開(kai)關是(shi)一(yi)個常閉開(kai)關，與直流充電槍頭上的按(an)鍵(jian)（即機(ji)械鎖(suo)）相(xiang)關聯，當我們(men)按(an)下充電槍頭上的按(an)鍵(jian)，S開(kai)關即打開(kai)。而(er)U1、U2是(shi)一(yi)個12V上拉電壓，R1~R5是(shi)阻(zu)值約1000歐的電阻(zu)，R1、R2、R3在充電槍上，R4、R5在車輛插(cha)座(zuo)(zuo)上。

車輛接口連接確認階段：

當我們按(an)下槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)頭(tou)按(an)鍵，插入車輛插座，再放開槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)頭(tou)按(an)鍵。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的檢測點(dian)1將檢測到12V-6V-4V的電(dian)(dian)平變化。一(yi)旦檢測到4V、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)將判斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)插入成功，車輛接(jie)口完全(quan)連接(jie)，并將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)中的電(dian)(dian)子鎖進(jin)行鎖定(ding)，防止槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)頭(tou)脫落。

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直流充電樁自檢階段：

在車(che)輛接(jie)口(kou)完全連接(jie)后(hou)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁將閉合(he)K3、K4，使低壓(ya)輔助供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回路導(dao)通，為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)控(kong)制裝(zhuang)置(zhi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（有的車(che)輛不(bu)需要供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）（車(che)輛得到供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)，將根據監(jian)測點(dian)2的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)判斷車(che)輛接(jie)口(kou)是(shi)否連接(jie)，若電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值為6V，則車(che)輛裝(zhuang)置(zhi)開始(shi)周期發送通信(xin)(xin)握手報(bao)文(wen)），接(jie)著閉合(he)K1、K2，進行絕(jue)緣檢測，所(suo)謂絕(jue)緣檢測，即檢測DC線路的絕(jue)緣性能，保證后(hou)續充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的安全性。絕(jue)緣檢測結(jie)束后(hou)，將投入泄放(fang)回路泄放(fang)能量，并斷開K1、K2，同(tong)時開始(shi)周期發送通信(xin)(xin)握手報(bao)文(wen)。

充電準備就緒階段：

接(jie)下來(lai)，就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)與(yu)(yu)直(zhi)(zhi)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁相互配置的階(jie)段，車(che)輛(liang)控制K5、K6閉(bi)合，使充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)回路(lu)導(dao)通(tong)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁檢測(ce)到車(che)輛(liang)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)正常(chang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)與(yu)(yu)通(tong)信(xin)報文描述地電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)誤差≤±5%，且在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁輸出最大、最小電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的范圍內）后閉(bi)合K1、K2，那么(me)直(zhi)(zhi)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)導(dao)通(tong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)就(jiu)準備開(kai)始充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)了。

充電階段：

在充電階段，車輛向充電樁實時發送電池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)需(xu)求(qiu)的(de)參數(shu)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)會根(gen)據(ju)該參數(shu)實(shi)時調整充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)流，并相互發送各自的(de)狀態信息（充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)流、車輛電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)流、SOC等）。

充電結束階段：

車(che)輛(liang)會根據BMS是否達到充(chong)(chong)滿狀態或(huo)是受到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁發(fa)來的(de)“充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁中(zhong)止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文“來判斷(duan)(duan)是否結束充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（非正常條件在(zai)后(hou)續(xu)文章(zhang)進行介(jie)紹）。滿足以上充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束條件，車(che)輛(liang)會發(fa)送(song)“車(che)輛(liang)中(zhong)止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文“，在(zai)確(que)認充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流小于(yu)(yu)5A后(hou)斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)K5、K6。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁在(zai)達到操作人(ren)員設定的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束條件，或(huo)者收到汽車(che)發(fa)來的(de)”車(che)輛(liang)中(zhong)止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文“，會發(fa)送(song)”充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁中(zhong)止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)報(bao)文”，并控(kong)制充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁停止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)確(que)認充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流小于(yu)(yu)5A后(hou)斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)K1、K2，并再(zai)次投入(ru)泄(xie)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，然后(hou)再(zai)斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)K3、K4。