注塑機變頻器改造常見問題
1、解決生產周期可能延長的辦法
在對注塑機進(jin)行變(bian)頻改造時,可能經(jing)常會(hui)發現,生產(chan)周期(qi)在變(bian)頻工(gong)作時會(hui)慢0.3s~1.2s。且變(bian)頻器功率越(yue)大,產(chan)品工(gong)況(kuang)越(yue)復雜,周期(qi)就會(hui)相應地(di)增(zeng)加。這主要是由于(yu)在不(bu)(bu)同工(gong)序段切換(huan)時,變(bian)頻器需要根據各工(gong)序所(suo)需要的不(bu)(bu)同壓力(li)、量(liang)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)斷改變(bian)輸(shu)出頻率,而(er)(er)使電(dian)機經(jing)常處于(yu)加減速過程中。
盡管變頻器的(de)(de)加減速(su)時間(jian)可調得(de)很(hen)短(duan),但相比(bi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)頻(pin)(pin)運行時電磁閥通(tong)斷速(su)度有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)滯后,這(zhe)就導致了(le)相同工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)參(can)(can)數下變頻(pin)(pin)控(kong)制時單位加工(gong)(gong)(gong)周期有(you)所延長,生產(chan)效率受到一(yi)定影(ying)響(xiang)。對于這(zhe)個問(wen)題,一(yi)方面(mian),要求選用(yong)的(de)(de)變頻(pin)(pin)器有(you)很(hen)好(hao)的(de)(de)動態響(xiang)應性能,以盡量縮短(duan)響(xiang)應時間(jian);另(ling)一(yi)方面(mian),可以根據實際情況,調整注塑機的(de)(de)部分工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)參(can)(can)數,如(ru)加大壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力設定值等。當然(ran),也可以對液壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系(xi)統(tong)和(he)控(kong)制系(xi)統(tong)進(jin)行改進(jin)來解決問(wen)題。例(li)如(ru),工(gong)(gong)(gong)頻(pin)(pin)時注塑機在液壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系(xi)統(tong)設計要考慮到液壓(ya)(ya)(ya)沖(chong)擊帶來的(de)(de)危害,在液壓(ya)(ya)(ya)回路上(shang)采(cai)用(yong)很(hen)多緩沖(chong)回路。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)能提高液壓(ya)(ya)(ya)回路反應時間(jian)就可以彌補變頻(pin)(pin)加速(su)過程帶來的(de)(de)滯后。而(er)對于變頻(pin)(pin)器控(kong)制系(xi)統(tong),如(ru)果(guo)(guo)能采(cai)用(yong)流(liu)量和(he)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力兩路信號控(kong)制,也能夠較好(hao)地解決這(zhe)個問(wen)題。
2、壓力不夠的原因及相應措施
個(ge)別(bie)(bie)情況下(xia),由于機(ji)器采用的元(yuan)件質(zhi)量不過關,或(huo)保養不好,液壓回路中(zhong)個(ge)別(bie)(bie)液壓元(yuan)件磨(mo)損,導(dao)致自(zi)身的壓力一流量特性有所下(xia)降,造(zao)成控(kong)(kong)制壓力隨流量的變(bian)化較大。這時(shi)(shi)表現(xian)出有時(shi)(shi)夠(gou)力而有時(shi)(shi)不夠(gou)力的現(xian)象。工頻生產時(shi)(shi)由于流量恒定,因此問題沒(mei)有被暴露出來。采用變(bian)頻控(kong)(kong)制時(shi)(shi)就會(hui)表現(xian)出壓力不夠(gou)。
為(wei)了解決這(zhe)一(yi)問(wen)題,采用(yong)兩種(zhong)方(fang)法:一(yi)種(zhong)是通(tong)過調整注(zhu)(zhu)塑機(ji)的工(gong)藝參數,將變頻(pin)工(gong)作時注(zhu)(zhu)塑機(ji)的壓力流(liu)量設定(ding)得比工(gong)頻(pin)時高一(yi)些;另一(yi)種(zhong)是從控(kong)制方(fang)法上想(xiang)辦法,例如采用(yong)基于速度環(huan)節(jie)的壓力閉(bi)環(huan)控(kong)制,保證壓力滿(man)足要求(qiu)。
3、應對變頻器對注塑機干擾的措施
由于變頻器在工作時輸入、輸出電(dian)流中都會有一(yi)定(ding)量高次諧(xie)波(bo),會對(dui)(dui)注塑(su)機的控制(zhi)系統產生干擾,嚴重(zhong)時可能影(ying)響(xiang)到(dao)注塑(su)機的正常動作。對(dui)(dui)此,可采取以(yi)下措施:
(1)在輸(shu)(shu)入側和輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)側加裝變頻器(qi)專(zhuan)用(yong)濾波(bo)(bo)器(qi)、電(dian)抗器(qi)等以(yi)減(jian)小高次(ci)諧波(bo)(bo)電(dian)流;
(2)控制信號線使用屏(ping)(ping)蔽電纜,并把屏(ping)(ping)蔽層一(yi)端接到變頻器的公(gong)共(gong)輸入端子上;
(3)變頻(pin)器的輸(shu)入、輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)纜與控制信號線(xian)分(fen)開走線(xian),它們(men)之間(jian)應該至(zhi)少保證20cm以上(shang)的距(ju)離且盡可能遠;
(4)減少變頻器的載波頻率;
(5)同(tong)一電(dian)源下(xia)的其他設備最好能做到(dao)隔離供電(dian)。
4、實際應用中發現的問題
節(jie)能變頻器的使用效果,與注射工(gong)藝參數設(she)定密(mi)切(qie)相關。其中涉及塑(su)料(liao)制品的重量與注塑(su)機的鎖模力(li)問(wen)題。
(1)制品(pin)的(de)重量大(da),應由相應較大(da)的(de)鎖(suo)模力和(he)較大(da)注(zhu)射(she)(she)量的(de)注(zhu)塑機進(jin)行加工(gong)(一般是(shi)在300噸級以(yi)上(shang))。這類制品(pin)的(de)加工(gong)成型(xing)周期(qi)較長,特別是(shi)冷卻階段(duan)尤為突出,注(zhu)射(she)(she)動作(zuo)時要(yao)有可靠的(de)鎖(suo)模力和(he)瞬時增壓力。通過一些實際(ji)使用,進(jin)行變頻調速的(de)定量泵均能(neng)滿足這種(zhong)工(gong)況,并(bing)使變頻調速的(de)節能(neng)作(zuo)用得到充分發揮(hui)。
(2)對于加工(gong)全(quan)是小型制(zhi)品的(de)注(zhu)塑廠,最大的(de)注(zhu)塑機鎖(suo)模力不超過(guo)180t,工(gong)藝參(can)數設定幾乎沒有冷(leng)卻過(guo)程,節(jie)能效果不顯(xian)著。
注塑機改造中使用變頻器的好處
1、調速節能
根據注塑機(ji)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)要求,把總壓(ya)(ya)閥(fa)(fa)、低(di)壓(ya)(ya)閥(fa)(fa)、一壓(ya)(ya)閥(fa)(fa)、二壓(ya)(ya)閥(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)開關信號經轉(zhuan)換(huan)后加在變(bian)頻器的(de)(de)輸入(ru)端作為變(bian)頻器的(de)(de)頻率給定(ding)信號,變(bian)頻器通過(guo)對(dui)其進行實時采樣并通過(guo)CPU處理(li),使輸出頻率隨比例閥(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)模擬信號成線形(xing)變(bian)化,在需要壓(ya)(ya)力和流量(liang)較小的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)過(guo)程中使電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)速降低(di),從而(er)降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)輸出功率,在冷卻和半(ban)成品置入(ru)過(guo)程中可以(yi)讓電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)停轉(zhuan),使電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)在整個負載范圍內(nei)的(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)損耗達到最小程度。
2、提高功率因數節能
無功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)不但(dan)增(zeng)加線損和設備的(de)發熱,更主要的(de)是因(yin)為(wei)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)(shu)的(de)降低導(dao)致電網有功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)的(de)降低。由公(gong)式S2=P2+Q2,Q=S*SINφ,P=S*COSφ,其(qi)中:S-視(shi)在功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)。Q-無功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv),P-有功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv),COSφ-功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)(shu)。可知,當(dang)COSφ越大,有功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)P越大。普通定量泵注(zhu)塑機COSφ值在0.6-0.8之(zhi)間,而(er)使(shi)用(yong)變(bian)頻調速(su)裝置后,由于(yu)變(bian)頻器內濾(lv)波電容的(de)補償(chang)作用(yong),使(shi)得COSφ≈1,從而(er)減小了無功(gong)(gong)(gong)損耗,增(zeng)大了電網的(de)有功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)。
3、軟啟動節
由于原電(dian)(dian)(dian)機為直接啟動(dong)(dong)或Y/△啟動(dong)(dong),啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流等于(3-7)倍額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流,這樣會(hui)對(dui)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備和供電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網造(zao)成嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)沖(chong)擊,而且還會(hui)增(zeng)加電(dian)(dian)(dian)網容量要求,啟動(dong)(dong)時產生的(de)(de)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流和震動(dong)(dong)對(dui)設(she)(she)備的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)壽命極為不利。而使(shi)(shi)用(yong)變頻節能裝置后,利用(yong)變頻器的(de)(de)軟啟動(dong)(dong)功(gong)能將使(shi)(shi)啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流從(cong)零開始,最大(da)值被限(xian)制在變頻器設(she)(she)置的(de)(de)加速中電(dian)(dian)(dian)流限(xian)幅(fu)水平以內,一般不超過(guo)1.7倍額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流,減輕了對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)沖(chong)擊和對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網容量的(de)(de)要求,延長(chang)了設(she)(she)備和模具的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)壽命。
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