天(tian)師張道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵,于(yu)東漢中(zhong)期“自天(tian)目山游南岳(yue)(yue)(yue),謁青玉、光(guang)天(tian)二壇(tan),禮祝融君祠”,東漢末至魏(wei)晉(jin)之交,先后又有張正禮、冶明期和陳興(xing)明等名(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)在南岳(yue)(yue)(yue)棲止(zhi)修真(zhen),上清派第一代(dai)宗師魏(wei)華存,于(yu)東晉(jin)初入南岳(yue)(yue)(yue),開壇(tan)布(bu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。從東漢至晚清,在湖(hu)南境內從事修真(zhen)、傳道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的著名(ming)高道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),達數(shu)百(bai)人之多,其中(zhong)南岳(yue)(yue)(yue)高道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)一百(bai)一十(shi)(shi)余(yu)人。在“三十(shi)(shi)六(liu)洞(dong)天(tian)”、“七(qi)十(shi)(shi)二福地”中(zhong),湖(hu)南分(fen)別占(zhan)有六(liu)“洞(dong)天(tian)”和十(shi)(shi)二“福地”。
湖南道教宮(gong)觀(guan)的興(xing)建,始于魏晉,盛于唐宋,全(quan)盛時達數百所。目前,全(quan)省正式對外開放的著名宮(gong)觀(guan)除南岳(yue)廟(miao)(miao)東八觀(guan)以(yi)及黃庭、玄都、紫竹林、祖(zu)(zu)師殿、朱陵宮(gong)等宮(gong)觀(guan)外,尚(shang)有(you)長沙(sha)云麓宮(gong)、河(he)圖(tu)觀(guan)、陶公廟(miao)(miao),桃(tao)源(yuan)九龍山、株州仙(xian)岳(yue)山、茶陵云陽仙(xian)、郴州蘇(su)仙(xian)觀(guan),永順(shun)祖(zu)(zu)師殿等宮(gong)觀(guan)50余座(zuo)。
道(dao)教是中國土生土長的(de)宗(zong)教。湖南(nan)(nan)是道(dao)教傳(chuan)播和活動的(de)重要地(di)區(qu)。據傳(chuan)說,早(zao)在道(dao)教創始(shi)期,東漢(han)末年創建五斗米道(dao)的(de)張(zhang)道(dao)陵,“嘗自天(tian)(tian)目山游南(nan)(nan)岳(yue)(yue),謁表玉、光天(tian)(tian)二(er)壇,禮祝融君祠”。道(dao)教在湖南(nan)(nan)的(de)正式傳(chuan)播,當始(shi)于東晉(jin)時期的(de)著名女道(dao)姑(gu)魏華存,在南(nan)(nan)岳(yue)(yue)潛(qian)心修道(dao)16年,傳(chuan)播上清經(jing)錄(lu),為(wei)(wei)道(dao)教上清派(pai)的(de)創始(shi)人(ren)(ren),在湖南(nan)(nan)最早(zao)播下了道(dao)教的(de)種子。被(bei)封為(wei)(wei)南(nan)(nan)岳(yue)(yue)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren),人(ren)(ren)稱魏夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)。唐代道(dao)教鼎(ding)盛,湖南(nan)(nan)亦獲(huo)得(de)長足發展(zhan)。
當(dang)時(shi)(shi)全(quan)國道教(jiao)(jiao)活動地(di)(di)(di)(di)址(zhi),逐步有三(san)(san)山(shan)五(wu)岳(yue)(yue)、三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)洞(dong)天(tian)、七十(shi)(shi)(shi)二福地(di)(di)(di)(di)之稱。而在三(san)(san)山(shan)五(wu)岳(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),湖(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)占(zhan)其一(yi),即南(nan)岳(yue)(yue)衡山(shan);三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)洞(dong)天(tian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),湖(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)占(zhan)其六(liu);七十(shi)(shi)(shi)二福地(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),湖(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)有其十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)。明代,湖(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)道教(jiao)(jiao)多為武當(dang)道的(de)(de)繼承和(he)傳播者,各(ge)地(di)(di)(di)(di)多建(jian)有供奉真武大(da)帝神像的(de)(de)“祖師(shi)殿(dian)”。著(zhu)名的(de)(de)有長(chang)沙(sha)岳(yue)(yue)麓(lu)山(shan)云麓(lu)宮、慈利五(wu)雷山(shan)、岳(yue)(yue)陽大(da)云山(shan)、張家界朝天(tian)觀等。近代時(shi)(shi)期,湖(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)道教(jiao)(jiao)在總的(de)(de)趨向(xiang)衰落過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),仍有所(suo)建(jian)樹,主要是新(xin)建(jian)和(he)重建(jian)了一(yi)些宮觀,如(ru):長(chang)沙(sha)河圖觀、斗(dou)姥閣(ge),南(nan)岳(yue)(yue)祖師(shi)殿(dian),及瀏陽青(qing)陽山(shan)道院等。
湖南(nan)(nan)道(dao)教(jiao)不僅由來已久,而且歷(li)代高(gao)道(dao)輩(bei)出。僅清(qing)《南(nan)(nan)岳志(zhi)》記載,從東漢至明清(qing)時代,在南(nan)(nan)岳隱居(ju)和授業的名羽(yu)高(gao)道(dao)就有109人,或(huo)結廬修(xiu)道(dao),或(huo)參訪云游,或(huo)談玄講道(dao),或(huo)立說著書。近代湖南(nan)(nan)道(dao)教(jiao)人士還適應時代潮(chao)流,組織(zhi)過一些(xie)道(dao)教(jiao)社團和機構(gou),如1912年成(cheng)立的中(zhong)國道(dao)教(jiao)會湘支部。
特別(bie)有(you)影響的是1939年(nian)在南岳(yue)(yue)成(cheng)立的“南岳(yue)(yue)佛道(dao)救難協會(hui)”。這是周(zhou)恩(en)來、葉劍英(ying)同志親(qin)自動員支(zhi)持(chi)并建議(yi)定(ding)(ding)名的抗(kang)日救亡組(zu)織,葉劍英(ying)應(ying)邀參加了成(cheng)立會(hui),并發表講演,號(hao)召(zhao)愛國(guo)宗教徒走出(chu)禪房道(dao)觀,積(ji)極投入抗(kang)日救亡運(yun)動,在全(quan)國(guo)產生了良好的影響在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的許多旅(lv)游勝(sheng)地(di),常常見到洞天、福地(di)之名,所謂“洞天福地(di)”,是道(dao)教選定(ding)(ding)的仙境:“洞天”,指有(you)山巒合抱中(zhong)(zhong)虛(xu),兼采陰陽二氣(qi)的“洞室”通達上天,神仙主治(zhi),眾仙所居,凡夫(fu)道(dao)士居此(ci)修煉,即(ji)可登(deng)仙;“福地(di)”即(ji)謂“得福之地(di)”,多為(wei)地(di)仙、真人(ren)主宰,居此(ci)即(ji)可受福度世成(cheng)仙。
洞(dong)天(tian)福(fu)地(di)觀念形成于東晉以前,早期道(dao)經(jing)《道(dao)跡(ji)經(jing)》、《真誥(gao)》均已(yi)提到(dao)“十(shi)(shi)大洞(dong)天(tian)”、“福(fu)地(di)志(zhi)”。南北(bei)朝道(dao)書(shu)《敷齋威儀經(jing)》將天(tian)下(xia)分為“二(er)十(shi)(shi)四治、三十(shi)(shi)六靖廬,七十(shi)(shi)二(er)福(fu)地(di),三百六十(shi)(shi)五(wu)名(ming)(ming)山……”,洞(dong)天(tian)福(fu)地(di)具體名(ming)(ming)目則首先載于唐道(dao)士(shi)(shi)司馬(ma)承(cheng)禎(zhen)(647——735)所編《天(tian)地(di)宮府圖》,以及后(hou)來唐道(dao)士(shi)(shi)杜光庭(ting)(850——933)《洞(dong)天(tian)福(fu)地(di)岳瀆名(ming)(ming)山記》和(he)北(bei)宋道(dao)士(shi)(shi)李思(si)聰《洞(dong)淵集》等書(shu)中。
湖(hu)南地(di)處(chu)華中,道(dao)教(jiao)文化淵(yuan)源流長。全國(guo)“36小洞(dong)天”,湖(hu)南境內就(jiu)有6處(chu):即南岳(yue)衡山洞(dong)天、醴陵小溈山洞(dong)天、醴陵瓷業源頭——溈山古洞(dong)天;東堡(bao)溈山,眾山環(huan)繞,綿亙數十里,泉清林(lin)茂(mao),風景秀麗,當地(di)稱(cheng)“古洞(dong)天”。所謂(wei)“洞(dong)天福(fu)地(di)”,是道(dao)教(jiao)選定的仙境。“洞(dong)天”,指有山巒合抱,中虛而兼(jian)采(cai)陰陽二(er)氣的“洞(dong)室”,可(ke)直達上天,為神仙所居洞(dong)府,凡(fan)夫、道(dao)士居此(ci)修煉,即可(ke)登仙。
雖是道家之說,但這些地(di)方確實是神奇清(qing)幽,山靈水秀,有(you)其獨特魅力。溈山洞(dong)天(tian),峽谷幽深,溪(xi)流潺潺,清(qing)澈見底。沖口截流筑壩,建望仙橋水庫(ku)。日益(yi)成為令人向(xiang)往自然(ran)的(de)旅游佳境。相(xiang)對于十大洞(dong)天(tian),唐代道教(jiao)名(ming)人司馬承楨《天(tian)宮地(di)府(fu)圖》,列全國道教(jiao)36小洞(dong)天(tian),72福(fu)地(di)中(zhong),湖(hu)南有(you)洞(dong)天(tian)6處(chu),福(fu)地(di)12處(chu)。
醴(li)(li)陵溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)是第十(shi)三小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)洞(dong)天:小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)好生玄上洞(dong)天,相傳為仙人花邱林(lin)和傅天師修煉之(zhi)仙居(ju)(ju)。唐代,大(da)緣禪師在溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)建寺,宋(song)殿元易祓書(shu)匾:小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)寺,又名大(da)通寺。清雍(yong)正(zheng)七年(1729),自廣東興寧移居(ju)(ju)醴(li)(li)陵的廖仲威(wei),在溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)及附近廣大(da)地區(qu)發現瓷(ci)泥,即(ji)向(xiang)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)溈(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)寺住持智慧(hui)賃山(shan)(shan)(shan)采泥,并(bing)邀約同鄉技(ji)(ji)工20余人,在當(dang)地招工,傳授技(ji)(ji)藝,創辦瓷(ci)廠(chang),生產(chan)釉下青花瓷(ci),是醴(li)(li)陵瓷(ci)業(ye)發源地。后逐(zhu)漸向(xiang)赤竹(zhu)嶺、老鴉山(shan)(shan)(shan)、王仙、大(da)林(lin)、漆家坳(ao)、五石(shi)窯(yao)前(qian)等地擴展(zhan)。
興旺(wang)時、溈(gui)山(shan)有瓷(ci)廠百余家,成為(wei)醴(li)陵(ling)(ling)的瓷(ci)業(ye)生產經營中心,成為(wei)造福溈(gui)山(shan)及(ji)其周邊地(di)區(qu)的新(xin)興產業(ye)基地(di),成為(wei)推動醴(li)陵(ling)(ling)經濟社(she)會(hui)進步(bu)的新(xin)“洞(dong)(dong)天(tian)”,曾(ceng)有“小南京”之(zhi)美稱(cheng)。廖仲威等在小溈(gui)山(shan)寺后為(wei)先師樊(fan)進德(明朝人(ren))建樊(fan)公廟。每年(nian)農歷五(wu)月(yue)十(shi)六日(ri)為(wei)樊(fan)公生日(ri),大開(kai)廟門,各廠業(ye)主、技師、徒工齊來拜祭(ji)。平時各廠開(kai)窯必(bi)祭(ji)祀小溈(gui)山(shan)寺于1990年(nian)前后修復(fu),1996年(nian)再建山(shan)門。樊(fan)公廟于1958年(nian)被拆毀。寧遠九(jiu)嶷(yi)山(shan)洞(dong)(dong)天(tian)、望城洞(dong)(dong)陽(yang)山(shan)洞(dong)(dong)天(tian)、辰(chen)溪(xi)大酉山(shan)洞(dong)(dong)天(tian)、桃源桃源山(shan)洞(dong)(dong)天(tian),第二十(shi)五(wu),幕阜山(shan)洞(dong)(dong),名“玄真(zhen)太元天(tian)”。